囊泡运输的功能与调控机制

真核细胞通过区隔化形成各种细胞器,这些膜状结构和细胞质膜共同构成了复杂的生物膜系统。细胞质膜和细胞器之间以及细胞器之间大量的物质和信息交流构成了细胞生命活动的基础。由马达蛋白驱动的囊泡运输是细胞内物质运输的主要形式,囊泡运输的调控机制是细胞生物学领域的重大科学问题。该文重点总结了近年来基于微管轨道的囊泡运输领域中关于马达蛋白kinesin和cytoplasmic dynein的货物识别机制、货物卸载机制的研究进展,并对马达蛋白对于微管轨道的识别机制进行了初步探讨。此外,该文还总结了囊泡运输与人类疾病之间的关系。     

Complexin在囊泡运输中的作用

神经递质释放对维持生物体正常的生命活动有着重要的意义,它是由囊泡运输介导完成的.神经元细胞中囊泡运输涉及许多蛋白质间的相互作用,共同调控这一复杂的过程,可溶性小分子蛋白Complexin(Cpx)在这一过程中起着重要的作用,它同时具有抑制囊泡自发发放和促进囊泡诱发发放的功能.本文综合国内外近20年的研究,着重介绍了Cpx蛋白各部分结构域的功能,及其与一些囊泡分泌相关蛋白,如SNARE复合体、Synaptotagmin(Syt),间的相互作用机制及其最新进展.     

细胞囊泡运输的发现者——鲁斯曼

细胞合成的分泌蛋白需运输到特定位置才可发挥重要的生物学功能,而此过程需要细胞囊泡介导完成。合成的蛋白首先进入细胞器,经过加工组装后通过出芽方式形成囊泡,然后运输到特定位置再和靶膜特异性融合而实现正确定位。囊泡运输生化机制是由鲁斯曼等科学家经过30多年研究得以阐明,拓展了对生命问题理解的同时还有望临床上得到广泛应用。     

生长素极性运输抑制剂(TIBA)对烟草离体花柄花芽分化的影响

在只含6-BA(2mg/L)的MS培养基上,烟草花柄外植体形态学基端膨大,上着生再生花芽,而花柄中部大多都形成愈伤组织。添加IAA(2,10,20 mg/L)后,花柄基端膨大的现象依然存在,但再生花芽的分布并不限于基端,在花柄中部、顶端都可见再生花芽。花柄外植体中部愈伤组织的形成也随添加的IAA和IAA浓度升高而受到抑制。在上述培养基中添加生长素极性运输抑制剂TIBA后,无一花柄中部能形成愈伤组织,再生花芽的形态变化也很大,有具锥形花柄的花芽、喇叭叶和一些难于确定由何种器官衍生而来的喇叭状器官。这些异于正常形态的器官发生,显然与花柄外植体中生长素极性运输受抑制有关,本文对它们的形成机理作了一些推测。     

植物囊泡运输与抗病性

细胞内的囊泡运输是生命活动中一个极其复杂的动态生物学过程,参与各种植物发育过程和对环境的响应,包括植物组织细胞特异性和防御响应。该文从蛋白质分选、分泌蛋白的合成和囊泡运输的特异性对植物囊泡运输与植物的先天性免疫的关系进行了详细阐述。     

植物囊泡运输与抗病性

细胞内的囊泡运输是生命活动中一个极其复杂的动态生物学过程,参与各种植物发育过程和对环境的响应,包括植物组织细胞特异性和防御响应。该文从蛋白质分选、分泌蛋白的合成和囊泡运输的特异性对植物囊泡运输与植物的先天性免疫的关系进行了详细阐述。     

生长素极性运输抑制剂（TIBA）对烟草离体花柄花芽分化的影响

在只含６－ＢＡ（２ｍｇ／Ｌ）的ＭＳ培养基上，烟草花柄外植体形态学基端膨大，上着生再生花芽，而花柄中部大多都形成俞伤组织。添加ＩＡＡ（２，１０，２０ｍｇ／Ｌ）后，花柄基端膨胀大的现象依然存在，但再生花芽的分布并不限于基端，在花柄中部顶端都可见再生花芽。     

Rab 蛋白调控胞内囊泡运输

细胞内各个细胞器之间通过囊泡的膜转运是真核细胞存在的基本。Rab蛋白确保了转运蛋白被运输至正确的目的地。Rab蛋白是小GTP酶中的一大家族,它通过募集其效应物蛋白,其中包括接头蛋白,栓系因子,激酶,磷酸酶以及动力蛋白等,调控了细胞膜的选取,囊泡出芽,去包被,转运以及膜融合等过程。本文主要从Rab蛋白循环着手,依次论述了Rab蛋白在囊泡出芽,去包被,转运和膜融合等过程中起到的作用,从而使读者对Rab蛋白能有一个更加系统的了解。     

囊泡运输的探秘者：兰迪？谢克曼

2013年10月7日凌晨,加州大学伯克利分校的兰迪·谢克曼教授正在加利福尼亚的家中熟睡。此时,电话响起一阵清脆的铃声。谢克曼太太被惊醒,马上意识到喜事临门,她兴奋地大声尖叫：“得奖了!     

真菌极性生长结构的研究现状

极性生长的模式普遍存在于真核细胞生物的形态发生过程中,参与真菌的极性生长的结构主要包含顶体(Spitzenk(o)rper)和极体(Polarisome)、胞吐体(Exocyst)、肌动蛋白、微管、脂筏等结构,真菌的极性生长是一极其精细和复杂的过程,需要顶体、极体、分泌囊泡、微管、脂筏以及包括其他相关蛋白在内各种调节蛋白的相互协调,从而促进其菌丝的生长.     

Emerging Role of the Scaffolding Protein Dlg1 in Vesicle Trafficking

Discs large 1 (Dlg1) is a modular scaffolding protein implicated in the control of cell polarity through assembly of specific multiprotein complexes, including receptors, ion channels and signaling proteins, at specialized zones of the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that in addition to these well‐known interaction partners, Dlg1 may also recruit components of the vesicle trafficking machinery either to the plasma membrane or to transport vesicles. Here, we discuss Dlg1 function in vesicle formation, targeting, tethering and fusion, in both the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. These pathways contribute to cell functions as major and diverse as glutamatergic activity in the neurons, membrane homeostasis in Schwann cell myelination, insulin stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes, or endothelial secretion of the hemostatic protein, von Willebrand factor (VWF).     

Root Hair Development

Root hairs are projections from the epidermal cells of the root that are thought to increase its effective surface area for nutrient and water uptake, enlarge the volume of exploited soil, and aid in anchoring the plant to the soil. Their formation occurs as a series of developmental processes starting with cell fate specification in the meristem. The root-hair-forming epidermal cell, or trichoblast, then participates in the diffuse growth phase associated with the elongation of the main root axis. After the fully elongated trichoblast exits the elongation zone, growth is reorganized and localized to the side in the process of root hair initiation. Initiation is then followed by a sustained phase of tip growth until the hair reaches its mature length. Thus, root hairs provide insight into a range of developmental processes from cell fate determination to growth control. The theme emerging from the molecular analysis of the control of root hair formation is that many regulators act at several stages of development. Root hair formation is also responsive to a multitude of nutrient and other environmental stimuli. Therefore, one explanation for the presence of the complex networks that regulate root hair morphogenesis may lie in the need to coordinate their highly plastic developmental program and entrain it to the current soil microenvironment being explored by the root.     

NtGNL1 is involved in embryonic cell division patterning, root elongation, and pollen tube growth in tobacco

The function of the ARF-GEF family has drawn great attention recently, especially GNOM and GNL1, owing to their important role in plant development. A homolog of GBF was identified in Nicotiana tabacum, named NtGNL1, which is ubiquitously expressed throughout the tobacco life cycle. In NtGNL1 RNAi plants, irregular orientation of cell division and asynchronous cell development during early embryogenesis disrupted the symmetry of the developing embryo. In addition, root growth in transgenic lines was significantly slower than that in wild-type plants, although the structure of the root tip was largely intact. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were also inhibited in the transgenic lines, and the tip of the pollen tube presented various aberrant morphologies in one of the transgenic lines. The phenotypes of different NtGNL1 RNAi transgenic lines suggest that the NtGNL1 is likely to be involved not only in embryogenesis and postembryonic development, but also in sexual reproduction; thus, NtGNL1 may play multiple and critical roles in plant development.     

磷酸肌醇激酶FAB1调控拟南芥根毛伸长

FAB1/PIKfyve是介导PI(3,5)P₂ (磷脂酰肌醇3,5-二磷酸)生物合成的磷酸肌醇激酶。在动物和酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中, PI(3,5)P₂参与调控胞内膜运输, 但在植物中的研究较少。该文通过分析拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) FAB1的T-DNA插入突变体的表型解析PI(3,5)P₂的生物学功能。拟南芥FAB1基因家族包含FAB1A、FAB1B、FAB1C和FAB1D四个基因。研究发现, fab1a/b呈现雄配子体致死的表型。利用遗传杂交获得fab1b/c/d三突变体, 发现FAB1B、FAB1C和FAB1D功能缺失导致根毛相比野生型变短, 经FAB1特异性抑制剂YM201636处理后的野生型中也观察到相似的短根毛表型。此外, fab1b/c/d三突变体中DR5转录水平降低。同时, 外源施加生长素类似物2,4-D和NAA能部分恢复fab1b/c/d植株短根毛的表型, 但fab1b/c/d突变体对生长素转运抑制剂(1-NOA和TIBA)的敏感性与野生型相似。此外, FAB1B/C/D功能缺失使根毛中ROS的含量减少且影响肌动蛋白的表达。上述结果表明, FAB1B/C/D通过调控生长素分布、ROS含量和肌动蛋白的表达影响拟南芥根毛伸长。     

地下根竞争对3种木本植物幼苗生长的影响

通过在广东南澳岛的野外试验样地移植外来种尾叶桉(Eucolyptus urophylla)、大叶相思(Acacia auriculaeformis)和本地种荷木(Schima superba）幼苗,研究南澳岛原有定居植物的地下根竞争对这些幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,地下根的竞争对3种幼苗生长影响显著,3种幼苗的生物量和生长速率在有根竞争时比无根竞争时小。3种幼苗受到的地下根的竞争强度随着苗龄的增大而不断减小,但一定时期后可达到平稳。荷木、尾叶桉和大叶相思幼苗受到的地下根的竞争强度分别为0．22、0．19和0．13。外来种尾叶桉和大叶相思在入侵森林群落的过程中,根系竞争力比本地植物荷木更强。     

甘蓝型油菜BcNA1基因启动子在转基因烟草中对GUS基因表达的调控

通过PCR扩增,从甘蓝型油菜（Brassica     

烟草初生胚乳细胞在微室培养中的发育

烟草初生胚乳细胞在微室培养中的发育 李师弢 房克凤 杨弘远*     

Stimulation of Human Hair Growth by the Recombinant Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 (KGF-2)

Keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2) is found in dermal papilla fibroblasts and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), in the neighboring outer root sheath of keratinocytes. Administration of recombinant human KGF-2 (rhKGF-2) at 10 ng ml⁻¹ significantly stimulated human hair-follicle cell proliferation in organ culture (26–35%). Thus, rhKGF-2 is a promising therapeutic agent to stimulate human hair growth.