微生态制剂预防老年抗生素相关性腹泻的临床研究

目的 评价预防性应用微生态制剂(金双歧)在老年人抗生素相关性腹泻中的作用.方法 2010年5月至2013年2月应用抗生素的住院老年患者55例纳入观察对象,随机分为2组,预防组28例,给予微生态制剂双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(金双歧)4片,3次/d,连续服用7～l0d;对照组27例,腹泻患者给予给予思密达3.76 g,3次/d.观察两组发生抗生素相关性腹泻情况,并进行肠道菌群分析.结果 预防组腹泻发生率、腹泻次数、腹泻持续时间与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组腹泻病例的大便培养及常规检查无异常,大便涂片检查出现细菌计数减少或大便杆球菌比失调;预防组粪检结果杆球比例倒置、细菌计数减少、真菌感染例数等与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(金双歧)可预防和减少老年人抗生素相关性腹泻的发生,减轻腹泻症状.     

布拉氏酵母菌防治婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床研究

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌防治婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床效果。方法选用58例诊断为支气管肺炎的住院患儿(均需要使用抗生素治疗),采用数字单双号的模式分为对照组与观察组,每组各29例。对照组给予抗生素及对症治疗,观察组则在此基础上辅以布拉氏酵母菌口服。观察两组患儿的腹泻发生率、腹泻发生的次数以及腹泻持续时间。结果观察组患儿的腹泻发生率(27.59%)显著低于对照组(51.72%)(P0.05);观察组患儿的腹泻次数与腹泻持续时间[(3.1±0.9)d]均显著优于对照组[(5.2±1.7)d](P0.05)。结论布拉氏酵母菌不仅能够有效降低婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生率,同时通过早期预防性使用,能够有效减少腹泻次数与缩短腹泻持续时间,值得临床应用推广。     

酪酸梭菌二联活菌散防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻116例疗效观察

目的 了解微生态制剂(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散)防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的疗效.方法 选取2008年1月至2010年12月收住清徐县第二人民医院呼吸科诊断为支气管肺炎继发腹泻的患儿共116例,随机分为2组,以住院期间抗生素治疗同时应用微生态制剂(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散)的患儿为治疗组60例,仅使用抗生素治疗的患儿为对照组56例,分别观察腹泻次数、大便性状、腹痛、止泻时间及大便镜检与大便培养正常时间及治疗有效率.结果 微生态制剂(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂)治疗组腹泻次数减少时间、大便性状变稠时间、腹泻停止时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.05),腹痛消失时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.01),治疗组临床症状消失时间明显比对照组短;治疗组大便镜检恢复正常时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.05),大便细菌培养恢复正常时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.01),2组患儿治疗效果比较,治疗组有效率为91.67％,对照组有效率为76.79％,经卡方检验x2=4.89,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义,治疗组有效率明显高于对照组.结论 酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻,能使腹泻时间缩短、疗效明显、方法简便,经济,易于患儿及父母接受.     

双歧杆菌三联活菌散治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的疗效及安全性观察

目的探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌散治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的疗效及安全性观察。方法选取抗生素相关性腹泻的患儿86例,采用随机数字表将纳入患者分为观察组（n=43例）和对照组（n=43例）。两组患儿均予以调整饮食、口服或静脉补液及口服蒙脱石散等常规治疗。观察组患儿加用双歧杆菌三联活菌散1.0 g/次,3次/d,溶解于温水中口服。对照组患儿除不使用双歧杆菌三联活菌散外余治疗同观察组。观察并记录两组患儿治疗后大便次数恢复时间和性状改变时间,并比较其临床疗效及不良反应。结果观察组患儿大便次数恢复时间和性状改变时间明显短于对照组（P〈0.05）;治疗72 h后,观察组患儿的临床总有效率为明显优于对照组（95.35%vs.81.40%）（χ^2=4.07,P〈0.05）,两组患儿治疗中均未出现明显的不良反应。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌散治疗抗生素相关性腹泻具有较好效果及安全性,能明显减少患儿腹泻次数及程度,改善患儿大便性状,较快缓解患儿的病情。     

凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片联合蒙脱石散治疗小儿腹泻的效果

目的探讨凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片联合蒙脱石散治疗小儿腹泻的效果。方法将我院2016年7月～2018年7月收治的96例腹泻患儿随机分为对照组和研究组,每组48例。对照组给予蒙脱石散治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上加用凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片。比较两组患儿的治疗效果与症状缓解时间。结果研究组的治疗总有效率为93.75%,优于对照组的81.25%,各项症状缓解时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论蒙脱石散联合凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片治疗小儿腹泻的效果显著,值得临床应用。     

婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的危险因素分析及其护理

目的探讨引起婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的危险因素及预防护理措施。方法选择798例住院应用抗生素的患者作为研究对象,以发生AAD者作为观察组,与没有发生腹泻者进行对比分析。结果 798例中发生AAD 187例(23.4%)。单因素分析结果显示:结果显示婴幼儿AAD的发生与发病年龄、合并有感染性疾病、病情严重程度、抗生素种类、抗生素使用天数、抗生素联合应用、微生态制剂使用、激素应用、住院天数、血红蛋白量、侵入性操作等因素相关,差异有统计学意义。经Logistic回归分析,筛选出5个AAD独立相关因素:合并有感染性疾病(OR=1.431)、病情重(OR=1.985)、抗生素时间长(OR=2.117)、抗生素联合应用≥2种(OR=3.783)、侵入性操作(OR=4.092)、使用微生态制剂(OR=0.706)。微生态制剂OR1,表示使用微生态制剂为AAD的保护因素。。结论接受抗生素治疗的婴幼儿特别是婴儿发生AAD的可能性大,侵袭性操作、重症患儿、抗生素应用时间长、联合用药是AAD的高危因素,应合理应用抗生素,预防性应用微生态制剂,防止AAD的发生。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻的效果及卫生经济学评价

目的评价酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻的临床疗效,进一步从卫生经济学角度探讨其成本-效果比及经济学价值。方法选择深圳市儿童医院收治的571例小儿肺炎患者,随机分为预防组与对照组,预防组286例,对照组285例,两组患儿均给予抗生素及对症治疗,预防组在治疗同时加服酪酸梭菌活菌散,出现腹泻后继续服用:对照组待出现腹泻后服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,至腹泻痊愈为止。观察两组患儿腹泻的发生率、严重程度、腹泻持续时间、住院时间,并比较分析治疗期间直接费用、间接费用、成本-效果比。结果预防组患儿腹泻发生率、严重程度、腹泻持续时间及住院时间均明显低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05):预防组的直接费用、间接费用和成本效果比均明显低于对照组,预防性应用微生态制剂酪酸梭菌活菌散可减少次均住院总费用283.68元。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻有很好的成本效果,值得临床推广使用。     

地衣芽孢杆菌治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸的疗效观察

目的了解地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(整肠生)治疗母乳性黄疸的疗效。方法选取2012年1月至2015年4月我院门诊治疗的新生儿母乳性黄疸69例,随机分为两组,对照组给予口服茵栀黄颗粒,观察组给予茵栀黄颗粒及整肠生治疗,观察治疗效果及两组血清胆红素值及黄疸消退时间、大便次数。结果 (1)治疗后观察组总有效率97.14%,对照组治疗总有效率82.35%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)治疗第5天观察组血清总胆红素值明显低于对照组,黄疸消退时间短于对照组,平均大便次数多于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。(3)两组患儿均无过敏及脱水等不良反应。结论整肠生治疗母乳性黄疸可缩短黄疸持续时间,显著降低血清总胆红素水平,提高治疗有效率。     

双歧杆菌四联活菌在预防小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床应用

目的探讨双歧杆菌四联活菌预防小儿抗生素相关性腹泻（AAD）的临床效果。方法132例住院患儿随机分成2组;对照组常规抗感染治疗,预防组在此基础上加用口服双歧杆菌四联活菌片。结果对照组72例发生腹泻27例（37.5%）,预防组60例,发生腹泻10例（16.7%）（χ^2=7.58,P〈0.01）;发生腹泻次数：对照组为（6.42±2.66）次/d,预防组为（3.92±1.03）次/d（t=3.29,P〈0.01）;腹泻平均持续时间：对照组为（4.97±1.20）d,预防组为（3.90±1.02）d（t=5.60,P〈0.01）,2组比较差异均有显著性。结论口服双歧杆菌四联活菌制剂可以减少小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生率。     

益生菌联合抗生素对抗生素相关性腹泻新生儿肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂联合头孢唑肟钠对抗生素相关性腹泻新生儿肠道菌群的影响。方法选取2017年1月至2019年12月期间我院收治的80例抗生素相关性腹泻新生儿为研究对象,采用随机数字法将其分为对照组(n=40)与观察组(n=40)。对照组患儿采用头孢唑肟钠治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂治疗,治疗72 h后比较两组患儿治疗效果及肠道菌群数量。结果治疗72 h后,观察组患儿肠鸣音恢复时间、腹痛缓解时间、腹泻消失时间、腹胀消失时间及住院时间均短于对照组(t=7.873、6.807、5.096、4.977、4.794,均P0.001),临床有效率高于对照组(95.00%vs 82.50%,χ~2=4.486,P=0.034)。治疗72 h后,观察组患儿肠道大肠埃希菌数量低于对照组(t=3.924,P0.001),而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量均高于对照组(t=2.169、3.016,P=0.033、0.003)。结论酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂联合头孢唑肟钠可通过改善肠道菌群数量发挥治疗新生儿抗生素相关性腹泻的效果。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.