烧伤病房难愈性创面病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析烧伤病房难愈性创面病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据.方法 对2006年1月至2012年6月间中国人民解放军第八五医院烧伤病房收治的难愈性创面患者创面分离出的病原菌,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,分析病原菌耐药性.结果 分离出病原菌154株,革兰阳性菌62株,占40.26％;革兰阴性菌92株,占59.74％.常见病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.烧伤难愈性创面中金黄色葡萄球菌最多见,压迫性溃疡创面中常见铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,其他难愈性创面中铜绿假单胞菌最常见.创面革兰阳性菌对利奈唑烷和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低,革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、氨曲南和头孢西丁的耐药率较低,无万古霉素耐药菌.常见病原菌中金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率较低.结论 不同病因的难愈性创面病原菌分布不同,引起难愈性创面的病原菌主要为多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.     

老年患者难愈性创面的病原菌分布及耐药性

目的分析老年患者难愈性创面的病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法对2011年1月至2014年12月间中国人民解放军第八五医院烧伤外科收治老年难愈性创面患者创面分离出的病原菌,采用VITEK2全自动微生物分析仪对病原菌进行鉴定,K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,数据统计采用SPSS 17.0软件处理。结果分离出病原菌132株,其中革兰阳性菌28株(21.21%),革兰阴性菌104株(78.79%)。常见病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌(42株,31.82%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(21株,15.91%)、大肠埃希菌(20株,15.15%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(16株,12.12%)。革兰阳性菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、克林霉素、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松的耐药率高于70%,对万古霉素、利奈唑烷、达托霉素和奎奴普丁/达福普汀的耐药率均为0%。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、替卡西林/克拉维酸的耐药率高于70%,对头孢噻肟、左氧氟沙星、头孢呋辛、头孢吡肟的耐药率介于50%~70%,对美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率低于30%。结论老年患者难愈性创面病原菌以革兰阴性菌居多,病原菌耐药严重,应引起临床重视。     

创面分泌物病原菌的分布及危险因素分析

目的分析烧伤外科患者创面分泌物病原菌的分布及感染危险因素,为临床防控提供理论依据。方法采用回顾性分析方法,收集2012年至2014年期间本院烧伤外科住院患者的临床细菌学资料,分析创面病原菌的分布。根据创面分泌物细菌培养结果分为病原菌阴性组和阳性组,对比两组患者临床资料,分析创面分泌物病原菌阳性的相关危险因素,并采用非条件Logistic回归法分析独立危险因素。结果创面分泌物培养401次,阳性结果302次(75.31%)。分离出315株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌148株(46.98%),革兰阴性菌167株(53.02%)。常见病原菌为:金黄色葡萄球菌(37.46%)、铜绿假单胞菌(23.81%)、大肠埃希菌(8.89%)、粪肠球菌(5.08%)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(5.08%)。255例患者纳入研究,其中创面分泌物病原菌阴性组92例(36.08%),阳性组163例(63.92%)。单因素分析显示:住院史、危重症、创面深度、难愈性创面、血红蛋白、近期导管植入、近期输液、近期手术、近期抗菌药物治疗是创面分泌物病原菌阳性的相关危险因素(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:难愈性创面和近期抗菌药物治疗是创面分泌物病原菌阳性的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论创面分泌物病原菌分布广泛,金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌是常见菌。难愈性创面和近期抗菌药物治疗与创面分泌物病原菌阳性有关。     

开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌的分布及药物敏感性

目的分析开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌的分布及药物敏感性,为此类患者的治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2016年8月至2019年8月我院收治的81例开放性骨折创面感染患者的临床资料,收集其创面感染病原菌培养鉴定及药物敏感试验结果,分析其病原菌分布及药物敏感性特点。结果 81例开放性骨折创面感染患者共分离病原菌113株,其中革兰阴性菌68株(60.18%),以铜绿假单胞菌(33株,29.20%)为主;革兰阳性菌30株(26.55%),以金黄色葡萄球菌(18株,15.93%)为主;真菌15株(13.27%),以白假丝酵母(10株,8.85%)为主。铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南耐药率最高,对美洛培南不耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢西丁耐药率最高,对万古霉素耐药率最低。白假丝酵母对两性霉素耐药率最高,对伊曲康唑耐药率最低。结论开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,应根据病原菌药敏特点合理选用抗菌药物。     

老年患者血培养病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解老年患者血液感染的病原菌种类以及对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法对2290份老年住院患者血培养标本中186例培养阳性检出菌及药敏结果进行统计学分析。结果在分离的172株细菌中,革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌及真菌分别占54.7%、34.9%和10.5%;革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌占绝对优势(20.9%),假单胞菌其次(10.5%),革兰阳性菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)占绝对优势(20.9%),金黄色葡萄球菌仅为2.9%。药敏试验表明老年菌血症的病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药严重,尤其是CNS及假单胞菌属细菌表现为较高的耐药率及多重耐药性。结论老年菌血症病原菌以机会致病菌感染比例较高,致病菌耐药问题严重,及时监测老年致病菌的变迁和耐药发展趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者和坠积性肺炎患者肺内病原菌比较及感染影响因素分析

目的对比老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者和坠积性肺炎患者肺内一般病原菌和多重耐药菌的分布,同时分析COPD患者和坠积性肺炎患者多重耐药菌感染的影响因素。方法对入选COPD患者和坠积性肺炎患者下呼吸道痰标本进行培养和鉴定,对比两组患者病原菌以及多重耐药菌的检出率,同时比较两组患者性别、年龄、住院时间、糖尿病病史、有创机械通气治疗和留置尿管等因素对多重耐药菌感染的影响。结果 COPD患者革兰阴性菌的检出率(48.39%)显著低于坠积性肺炎患者(66.13%),COPD患者真菌的检出率(11.06%)显著高于坠积性肺炎患者(2.42%)。两组患者检出的多重耐药菌均以产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和多重耐药/泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌为主。COPD患者中感染多重耐药菌患者的年龄和住院时间显著高于非感染患者;坠积性肺炎患者中感染多重耐药菌患者的住院时间、机械通气治疗率和留置尿管使用率显著高于非感染患者。结论影响老年COPD患者和坠积性肺炎患者多重耐药菌感染的因素有区别,应有针对性地应用抗生素以减少多重耐药菌的感染。     

明确感染病原菌有利于治疗中度烧伤创面

为探讨病原菌检查及感染因素分析在治疗中度烧伤患者发生创面感染时的作用,本研究选取2013年1月-2016年12月在我院就诊的中度烧伤患者547例作为研究对象,采用回顾性分析的方法,分析患者创面感染发生率、病原菌分布、耐药性及创面感染的危险因素。本研究对烧伤感染创面进行分析,讨论了创面的发生情况及病原菌种类,对常见革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌及真菌进行耐药情况观察。剖析了中度烧伤患者发生创面感染的单因素及影响创面感染的多因素分析。结果显示,547例中度烧伤患者里,有约30%的患者发生了感染。在创面感染病原菌中,革兰氏阴性菌占了68.28%,革兰阳性菌占了24.6%。革兰氏阴性菌中鲍氏不动杆菌最为常见,但其病原菌的耐药情况最为严重。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,年龄、烧伤深度、3年内抗生素应用是导致创面感染的独立危险因素(p0.05),换药时间是创面感染的保护性因素(p0.05)。本研究表明,明确烧伤患者病的创面原菌种类,根据其耐药性分布有针对性地选择用药,同时注意感染创面换药时间,能有助于治疗烧伤感染,值得临床推广使用。     

烧伤病房患者创面金葡菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析烧伤病房患者不同创面金葡菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药提供依据。方法对2006年1月至2013年12月间中国人民解放军第八五医院烧伤病房患者创面分离出金葡菌,采用K—B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。分析金葡菌的耐药性,并对难愈性创面、非难愈性创面的耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）与甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）的耐药性进行对比分析。结果分离出金葡菌112株,其中难愈性创面有70株MRSA和17株MSSA来自难愈性创面,16株MRSA和9株MSSA来自非难愈性创面。金葡菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高（分别为94．64％、81．25％和74．11％）,对复方新诺明、呋喃妥因的耐药率较低（分别为16．07％和1．79％）,对万古霉素、利奈唑烷的耐药率为0。MRSA的耐药率高于MSSA。来源于难愈性创面与非难愈性创面的MRSA仅在对利福平的耐药率上有明显差异,而来源于两创面的MSSA的耐药率无明显差异。结论创面金葡菌中MRSA的构成比高,难愈性创面MRSA耐药严重,应积极防控创面MRSA感染和扩散。     

伴下呼吸道多重耐药菌感染的 慢性阻塞性肺病患者病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的 探讨伴下呼吸道多重耐药菌感染的慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者病原菌分布及其危险因素。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年6月我院收治的138例COPD伴下呼吸道感染患者作为研究对象,根据下呼吸道分泌物是否分离出多重耐药菌将患者分为多重耐药组(MDR组,71例)和非多重耐药组(NMDR组,67例)。采用全自动细菌鉴定仪对菌种进行鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,并分析多重耐药菌感染的危险因素。结果 多重耐药组患者共分离出84株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌所占比例最高,为58.33%;革兰阳性菌与真菌分别占22.62%和19.05%。MDR组与NMDR组患者在COPD分级、住院时间、机械通气治疗、侵入性操作、长期使用糖皮质激素、长期使用抗菌药物及糖尿病史方面差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示机械通气治疗、侵入性操作、使用糖皮质激素、长期使用抗菌药物及糖尿病史是多重耐药菌感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 COPD伴下呼吸道多重耐药菌感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,机械通气治疗、侵入性操作、长期使用糖皮质激素、长期使用抗菌药物及糖尿病史是发生感染的独立危险因素。建议根据病原菌种类选择相应的敏感药物,并采取针对危险因素的有效措施。     

骨科感染创面病原菌分布调查及耐药性分析

目的 调查浙江省桐庐县中医院骨科感染创面病原菌的分布及耐药性情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供必要的病原学依据.方法 对骨科病房2009年1月至2011年12月期间感染创面所分离病原菌的菌群分布及其耐药情况进行回顾性分析.结果 共分离出病原菌694株,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占53.6％,其中比例最高的为铜绿假单胞菌(16.9％),其次为大肠埃希菌(15.6％).革兰阳性球菌占45.8％,比例最高为金黄色葡萄球菌(25.6％).结论 革兰阴性杆菌为骨科感染创面主要病原菌,且呈现多重耐药趋势,需要加强骨科院内感染的检测和耐药菌监控,预防院内感染暴发流行.     

Surgical wound sepsis

With the help of a surgical nurse and using data-processing techniques, a prospective clinical study was conducted to determine the wound infection rate in two hospitals in Calgary. The overall sepsis rate was 5.2% and the clean wound rate 3.5%. The latter is the more meaningful figure as it allows for comparison between hospitals, specialties and individuals and is a good guide for hospital morbidity reviews. The groundwork for succeeding wound infection is laid in the operating theatre, and it is believed that wound infection would be reduced more by attention to Halsted''s principles than by more rigid aseptic techniques. It is estimated that wound sepsis costs the Province of Alberta 1.5 million dollars per year for hospitalization alone. This amounts to roughly $1 per person per year. The annual cost of a prospective study such as the present one is approximately $7000. This is equivalent to the cost of hospitalizing 24 patients with infected wounds for one week (at $300 per week). One dividend of a prospective study is an associated reduction in infection rate. This reduction more than pays for the cost of the program.     

Wet wound healing

Wound treatment in a flexible transparent chamber attached to the perimeter of the wound and containing a liquid has been extensively tested in preclinical experiments in pigs and found to offer several advantages. It protects the wound; the liquid medium or saline in the chamber provides in vivo tissue culture-like conditions; and antibiotics, analgesics, and various molecules can be delivered to the wound through the chamber. The wound chamber causes no injury to the wound itself or to the surrounding intact skin. Topical delivery of, for instance, antibiotics can provide very high concentrations at the wound site and with a favorable direction of the concentration gradient. A series of 28 wounds in 20 patients were treated with a wound chamber containing saline and antibiotics. Most patients had significant comorbidity and had not responded to conservative or surgical management with débridement and delayed primary closure or skin grafts. Six wounds had foreign bodies present; four of these were joint prostheses. Seven patients were on corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and four patients had diabetes. Most patients were treated with the wound chamber in preparation for a delayed skin graft or flap procedure, but one was treated with a wound chamber until the wound healed. Twenty-five of the wounds (89 percent) healed, and five wounds (18 percent) required additional conservative management after the initial chamber treatment and grafting procedure. Of the three wounds that did not heal, one healed after additional chamber treatment, one had a skin graft that did not take, and one required reamputation at a higher level. Antibiotic delivery was less than one intravenous dose daily, which avoided the potential for systemic absorption to toxic levels. Antibiotics such as vancomycin and gentamicin could be used in concentrations of up to 10,000 times the minimal inhibitory concentration. Forty-eight hours after application, 20 percent or more of the original antibiotic concentration was present in the wound chamber fluid. In conclusion, the wound chamber provides a safe, powerful tool in the treatment of difficult infected wounds.     

Innate defense regulator Peptide 1018 in wound healing and wound infection

Innate defense regulators (IDRs) are synthetic immunomodulatory versions of natural host defense peptides (HDP). IDRs mediate protection against bacterial challenge in the absence of direct antimicrobial activity, representing a novel approach to anti-infective and anti-inflammatory therapy. Previously, we reported that IDR-1018 selectively induced chemokine responses and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses. As there has been an increasing appreciation for the ability of HDPs to modulate complex immune processes, including wound healing, we characterized the wound healing activities of IDR-1018 in vitro. Further, we investigated the efficacy of IDR-1018 in diabetic and non-diabetic wound healing models. In all experiments, IDR-1018 was compared to the human HDP LL-37 and HDP-derived wound healing peptide HB-107. IDR-1018 was significantly less cytotoxic in vitro as compared to either LL-37 or HB-107. Furthermore, administration of IDR-1018 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in fibroblast cellular respiration. In vivo, IDR-1018 demonstrated significantly accelerated wound healing in S. aureus infected porcine and non-diabetic but not in diabetic murine wounds. However, no significant differences in bacterial colonization were observed. Our investigation demonstrates that in addition to previously reported immunomodulatory activities IDR-1018 promotes wound healing independent of direct antibacterial activity. Interestingly, these effects were not observed in diabetic wounds. It is anticipated that the wound healing activities of IDR-1018 can be attributed to modulation of host immune pathways that are suppressed in diabetic wounds and provide further evidence of the multiple immunomodulatory activities of IDR-1018.     

Exercise accelerates cutaneous wound healing and decreases wound inflammation in aged mice

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise on wound healing and inflammation in young (3 mo) and old (18 mo) female BALB/cByJ mice. Mice were assigned to either exercise or sedentary control (control) groups. The exercise group mice were run on a motorized treadmill at a moderate intensity 30 min/day for 8 days. All mice were given four full-thickness dermal wounds, and the rate of wound closure was assessed daily for 10 days. Four months later, the aged mice were rerandomized to treatment, wounded again in different locations, and wounds were harvested at 1, 3, or 5 days postwounding. Wound tissue was analyzed for IL-1beta, IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and TNF-alpha protein. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and F4/80 mRNA were assessed as an indirect measure of neutrophil and macrophage content, respectively. There was a trend (P = 0.10) for exercise to reduce wound size in young mice, and exercise significantly (P < 0.05) decreased wound size in old mice. TNF-alpha, KC, and MCP-1 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in wounds from exercised old mice compared with control. No group differences were found for wound IL-1beta or IL-6, MPO activity, or F4/80 mRNA. Our data suggest that exercise accelerates the wound healing process in old mice. This improved healing response in the old mice may be the result of an exercise-induced anti-inflammatory response in the wound.     

巨噬细胞与创伤愈合

巨噬细胞是创伤愈合过程中一系列复杂反应中的关键环节,它调节成纤维细胞和血管内皮细胞的生物学活性,在创伤愈合过程中占有不可替代的作用。加强巨噬细胞功能和应用细胞因匀能有效地促进创伤愈合。     

瘦素与创伤愈合

瘦素作为一种多靶器官、多功能的生长因子,它在机体中具有广泛的生理作用。瘦素可能是一种新的促创伤愈合因子,它参与了创伤愈合进程的调节,腹膜内注射瘦素或局部涂抹瘦素加速了动物伤口愈合的速度。本文主要综述了近年来瘦素促进伤口愈合作用的研究现状,并从瘦素在伤口愈合过程中对上皮再生、胶原合成、血管生成、炎症反应等几方面的作用,探讨了瘦素通过调控其它促创伤愈合因子的生成及活性来发挥促伤口愈合作用的机制与途径。