不同分娩和喂养方式对婴儿生长发育的影响研究

目的：探讨不同分娩和喂养方式对婴儿生长发育的影响。方法：选择到北京市顺义区俸伯卫生院接受体检或注射疫苗的满1月龄婴儿194名,根据分娩和喂养方式分为6组,在1、3、6月龄时测量身长、体重、头围、胸围、腹围、前囟大小以及肱三头肌部、肩胛下角部、脐旁3个部位的皮褶厚度,采用方差分析法比较不同分娩方式、喂养方式婴儿的生长发育情况。结果：3月龄时,自然分娩母乳喂养组和剖宫产母乳喂养组婴儿身长和身长增长明显大于自然分娩混合喂养组,同时自然分娩母乳喂养组婴儿身长明显大于自然分娩人工喂养组,剖宫产人工喂养组婴儿身长增长大于自然分娩混合喂养组;剖宫产人工喂养组婴儿的脐旁皮褶厚度小于其他各组（P<0.05）。结论：喂养方式对6月龄内婴儿生长发育有一定影响,母乳喂养可以促进身长、体重和脂肪发育,而分娩方式对6月龄内婴儿生长发育没有明显影响。     

从细胞因子的分泌探讨过敏孕妇脐血来源树突状细胞的功能特点

目的通过分析过敏孕妇脐血单核细胞来源树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DCs）分泌细胞因子水平与正常孕妇来源DCs的差异,了解过敏来源树突状细胞功能的特点,为过敏性疾病的细胞学研究奠定基础,并为防治过敏性疾病寻找最佳时期。方法分离过敏及正常孕妇脐血内单核细胞,在GM-CSF及IL-4的作用下诱导生成未成熟DCs,在培养的第7天加入LPS（1μg/ml）诱导细胞成熟,阴性对照组仅加入细胞因子及培养基。于培养第9天收集培养上清,用ELISA法检测培养上清中IL-12p70及IL-10的分泌水平。结果过敏孕妇来源树突状细胞分泌细胞因子IL-12p70及IL-10的能力明显低于正常孕妇组。结论过敏孕妇来源树突状细胞可能存在功能上的缺陷,这可能是导致有过敏家庭史婴儿易患过敏性疾病的细胞学基础,孕期可能为防治过敏性疾病发生的最佳时期。     

先天性心脏病患儿相关危险因素及营养风险筛查的研究

目的:研究先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿相关危险因素及营养风险筛查情况,为临床诊治CHD患儿提供理论参考。方法:选取2014年1月-2019年12月成都医学院附属第一医院收治的CHD患儿150例作为研究组,另取同期于该院接受体检的健康儿童150例作为对照组。分别对比两组研究对象父母的年龄、胎数、产检次数、烟草暴露情况、负性生活事件情况以及产妇营养不良情况,多因素Logistic回归分析CHD患儿相关危险因素;同时,采用营养风险筛查工具对两组研究对象进行营养风险筛查。结果:研究组患儿疾病分布占比从高到低的顺序分别为房间隔缺损(29.33%)、动脉导管未闭(24.67%)、室间隔缺损(20.67%)、法洛四联症(8.00%)以及房室间隔缺损(6.67%)。研究组父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲年龄≥35岁、多胞胎、产检次数9次、烟草暴露、负性生活事件以及产妇营养不良人数占比均高于对照组(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得,父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲年龄≥35岁、多胞胎、产检次数9次以及烟草暴露均是CHD患儿的独立危险因素(P0.05)。研究组患儿低度风险人数占比低于对照组,而重度风险人数占比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组中度风险人数占比比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CHD患儿的影响因素包括父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲年龄≥35岁、多胞胎、产检次数9次以及烟草暴露,且患儿营养风险较高,值得临床重视。     

烟草烟雾暴露对哮喘大鼠气道CCR6 mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响

目的研究烟草烟雾暴露对支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）大鼠气道chemokine receptor 6（CCR6）表达的影响,探讨吸烟加重哮喘气道炎症的免疫学机制。方法雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为对照组、烟雾暴露组、哮喘组和哮喘＋烟雾暴露组,每组10只。建立哮喘大鼠模型和哮喘大鼠烟草烟雾暴露模型,采集大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）行白细胞计数及分类,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法及免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠气道CCR6 mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果①哮喘组（69.0±3.5;4.1±1.0;8.9±2.0）、哮喘＋烟雾暴露组（86.7±5.2;2.2±1.0;19.0±2.8）BALF中白细胞总数、嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞均高于对照组（10.1±3.8;1.3±0.7;2.2±1.1）、烟雾暴露组（47.7±6.8;0.5±0.3;2.7±1.4）（P均〈0.05）;哮喘＋烟雾暴露组BALF中白细胞总数和中性粒细胞高于哮喘组,嗜酸粒细胞低于哮喘组（P均〈0.05）。②哮喘组（8.15±0.88;0.452±0.013）、哮喘＋烟雾暴露组（15.16±0.87;0.531±0.024）CCR6 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平均明显高于对照组（1.01±0.52;0.299±0.027）、烟雾暴露组（5.55±0.54;0.442±0.018）（均P〈0.01）;哮喘＋烟雾暴露组明显高于哮喘组（均P〈0.01）。结论烟草烟雾暴露可通过促使气道CCR6 mRNA及其蛋白高表达,加重哮喘大鼠气道慢性炎症。     

不同喂养方式对婴儿骨密度及维生素A的影响

目的:探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿骨密度、维生素A的影响。方法:选择2015~2016年来我院体检的婴儿120例,根据不同喂养方式的不同分为母乳喂养组、混合喂养组及人工喂养组,比较三组婴儿1、3、6月的身长、头围、体质量、骨密度,6月时的维生素A及6月内的患病率。结果:三组婴儿1、3、6月内身长、体质量及头围对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);1月、3月时,母乳喂养组与混合喂养组骨密度与明显高于人工喂养组(P0.05);母乳喂养组与人工喂养组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);6月时,混合喂养组婴儿的骨密度显著高于人工喂养组和母乳喂养组(P0.05),人工喂养组显著低于母乳喂养组(P0.05)。6月时,母乳喂养组的维生素A明显低于人工喂养组及混合喂养组(P0.05)。母乳喂养组6月内的患病率明显低于混合喂养组及人工喂养组(P0.05)。结论:6个月前不同喂养方式对婴儿的体格发育无明显影响,而6个月左右母乳喂养的婴儿骨密度及维生素A含量均低于混合喂养,母乳喂养可降低婴儿的患病率,6个月内应提倡母乳喂养。     

喂养方式对西安地区0～2个月婴儿肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨母乳和混合喂养方式对西安地区婴儿肠道菌群的影响。方法 收集24例0～2月龄西安地区健康婴儿粪便样本,根据婴儿的喂养方式,将样本分为母乳喂养组（17例）和以奶粉为主的混合喂养组（7例）。利用16S rRNA基因测序技术对不同喂养方式的婴儿肠道菌群进行测序,比较不同喂养方式对婴儿肠道菌群多样性和菌群差异的影响。结果 母乳喂养组婴儿粪便样本Ace指数和Chao1指数显著高于混合喂养组（t=4.886, P<0.05; t=6.855, P<0.05）, Shannon指数显著低于混合喂养组（t=2.126,P<0.05）。门水平上,2组样本均以放线菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门为主,但比例存在差异。相比混合喂养组,母乳喂养组婴儿粪便样本放线菌门和拟杆菌门丰度显著升高（U=6,P<0.05;U=0,P<0.05）,厚壁菌门和变形菌门丰度显著降低（U=24,P<0.05;U=16,P<0.05）。属水平上,母乳喂养组婴儿粪便样本双歧杆菌相对丰度（72.04%）显著升高,同时发现罗氏菌属和葡萄球菌属相对丰度也高于混合喂养组（U=17,P<...     

孕妇体内维生素D含量与新生儿湿疹的相关性

目的:研究孕妇维生素D(25(OH)D)含量与新生儿湿疹的关系,为改善孕期维生素D缺乏,预防婴儿湿疹提供临床依据。方法:选取2013年9月-2013年11月在我院生产的孕妇及所生的新生儿,调查研究对象的基本情况。采集孕妇的静脉血进行25(OH)D含量测定,并诊断新生儿湿疹的发生情况。结果:孕妇25(OH)D含量的中位数是15.17 ng/m L,新生儿湿疹的发病率是26.1%。孕妇不同含量25(OH)D水平与孕中晚期补充复合维生素、服用奶制品、摄入鱼蛋类次数、每天晒太阳时间等有关(P0.05);孕妇25(OH)D含量20 ng/m L会增加子女6个月内患湿疹的风险(OR=3.19,95%;CI:1.54,4.21)。结论:孕妇25(OH)D含量缺乏会增加新生儿湿疹的发病率。     

学龄前儿童超重肥胖的调查和影响因素分析

目的：调查北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖流行现状并分析其影响因素,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法：选择842例3~5岁健康查体的学龄前儿童为研究对象,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数（BMI）。向儿童主要养护人进行问卷调查,获得母亲孕期、儿童早期喂养、身体活动和行为习惯、家庭情况和膳食情况等与儿童超重肥胖的相关信息。以儿童是否超重肥胖为因变量,影响儿童超重肥胖的23个因素为自变量,进行单因素和多因素Logistic 回归分析。结果：学龄前儿童超重率为10.69%、肥胖率为11.28%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,孕期增重、出生6月内喂养方式、屏幕暴露时长、谷薯类食物食用频率4个变量差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,孕期增重过多、出生6月内人工喂养、每日屏幕暴露时长≥1 h、每周食用谷薯类食物是儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论：北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖率处于较高水平,儿童超重肥胖受多种因素的共同影响。     

中国0~24月龄城市婴幼儿母乳喂养状况及相关因素分析#br#

目的：调查中国0~24月龄婴幼儿母乳喂养状况,分析其可能的相关因素。方法：采用方便抽样招募0~3月龄婴儿及其母亲459对为调查对象,在婴儿6~8、12~14、18~20、24~26月龄随访。通过问卷调查0~6月龄纯母乳喂养、7~24月龄继续母乳喂养状况及可能影响因素。结果：调查对象3月龄内、6月龄内纯母乳喂养率分别为34.4%和14.1%,基本纯母乳喂养率分别为61.6%和55.6%;12~14、18~20、24~26月龄继续母乳喂养率分别为59.1%、32.2%、19.5%。多因素分析显示,自报母乳充足（OR=3.155,95%CI：1.146~8.687）和自然分娩（OR=0.486,95%CI：0.239~0.986）是6月龄内纯母乳喂养促进因素,奶瓶喂养是不利因素（OR=0.486,95%CI：0.239~0.986）。自报母乳充足是12~14月龄（OR=2.144,95%CI：1.311~3.507）和18~20月龄（OR=0.596,95%CI：1.041~3.163）继续母乳喂养有利因素。奶瓶喂养（OR=0.405,95%CI：0.214~0.766）和健康食物禁忌（OR=0.447,95%CI：0.229~0.870）是24~26月龄母乳喂养的不利因素。结论：城市婴幼儿0~24月龄母乳喂养率随月龄增加不断降低,尤其12月龄后明显减少;母亲剖宫产、母乳分泌不足、健康食物禁忌和奶瓶喂养是母乳喂养的不利因素,应作为母乳喂养促进重点干预目标。     

用16S rRNA荧光定量PCR技术分析低出生体重儿肠道菌群变化及影响因素

目的监测低出生体重儿肠道细菌分布情况,并分析影响低出生体重儿肠道微生态平衡的因素。方法以低出生体重儿(1 500g≤体重2 500g)为研究对象,采用16SrRNA荧光定量PCR技术检测新生儿出生后第1天、3天、7天粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肠球菌4种细菌的含量,比较正常新生儿与低出生体重儿肠道菌群构建的差异;分析不同胎龄、体重、喂养方式、疾病状态等因素对低出生体重儿肠道微生态平衡的影响。结果 (1)低出生体重儿组和健康新生儿组粪便中大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌含量与婴儿日龄呈明显正相关关系,且低出生体重儿组婴儿粪便4种细菌含量均明显低于健康对照组(P0.05)。(2)2 000g≤体重2 500g组低出生体重儿大肠埃希菌和肠球菌含量在各日龄明显高于体重2 000g组新生儿(P0.05),双歧杆菌和乳杆菌含量在3日龄和7日龄阶段明显高于体重2 000g组(P0.05),而1日龄阶段差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)母乳喂养组在3日龄和7日龄阶段双歧杆菌和乳杆菌含量明显高于乳制品喂养组(P0.05)。(4)无并发症患儿组在3日龄和7日龄阶段乳杆菌和双歧杆菌含量明显高于有并发症组(P0.05)。结论低出生体重儿肠道菌群构建规律异于正常新生儿,尤其是乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的定植差异更为突出;低出生体重儿的出生体重与肠道乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的含量呈正相关;母乳喂养对低出生体重儿肠道中益生菌的定植有明显的优势;新生儿相关疾病直接影响低出生体重儿肠道微生态的构建,可导致其胃肠道生态系统的异常;16S rRNA荧光定量PCR技术适用于评价婴幼儿肠道微生态状况。     

城市化的生态风险及其管理

城市化体现在人口向城市聚集和城市景观扩张的同时,社会结构发生了极大变化,城市生产生活方式向更加广泛的地区扩散。然而,随着人口的过度密集和城市的日益扩张,交通拥堵、空气污染、废物堆积、流行病肆虐等"城市病"频发。城市通过大量汲取和消耗自然资源,向周围环境排放大量污染物,改变了区域生态系统的原有结构和功能,产生了严峻的生态风险,进而制约着城市生态系统的可持续发展。城市化的生态风险正逐步得到广泛关注,但对其具体的内涵和影响尚不明晰。归类描述了城市化过程中面临的各种生态风险,分析了导致生态风险的主要因素,阐述了辨识与评价生态风险的基本方法,提出了城市化生态风险的调控管理对策。     

Atherosclerosis risk factors in children of high risk families

The Objective of this study was to determine the frequency of care reactive atherosclerosis risk factors in children of parents with premature coronary heart disease observed before their 45 years of age for the promotion of the effectivity of the preventive work started in childhood and adolescent ages. METHODS: Height and weight was measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Fat analysis was performed in children with overweight. Blood pressure was measured and both 24 hour monitoring and fundoscopy were performed in cases with a blood pressure higher than 90 centile values. Fasting blood sugar (BS) level was measured. Oral glucose tolerance test was made in cases with a fasting BS level higher than 5 mmol/l. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDLC) and total triglyceride (TT) levels were measured and LDL-cholesterol (LDLC) level was calculated. The plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive system (TBARS) was investigated. Statistical analyses were performed by chi2 and Student t-probes. Data of 1140 offsprings and 457 referents without any high atherosclerotic risk family history were analyzed. RESULTS: BMI of 87 offsprings was higher than the 90 centile value. The fat percent of the body of these children was higher than 40. The blood pressure of 311 children and adolescents was higher than the 90 centile value. Fasting BS level was higher than 5 mmol/l in 47 cases 17 of them showed a pathologic oral glucose tolerance test. High serum TC level was observed in 67 cases, high serum TT level was found in 8 cases. 245 offsprings had a low serum HDLC level. The plasma TBARS level was high in 241 cases. Data of referents differed significantly from those of offsprings. Their serum TC, LDLC levels and plasma TBARS level were lower, serum HDLC level was higher than that of children and adolescents with high risk atherosclerotic family history. CONCLUSION: Risk factors of atherosclerosis are detectable in children and adolescents of high risk families. The measurement of these factors may help the efficacy of the preventive work.     

Effects of alternative styles of risk information on EMF risk perception

Risk scenarios characterized by exposures to new technologies with unknown health effects, together with limited appreciation of benefits pose a challenge to risk communication. The present report illustrates this situation through a study of the perceived risk from mobile phones and mobile masts in residential areas. Good information should objectively convey the current state of knowledge. The research question is then how to inform lay people so that they trust and understand the information. We used an Internet‐based survey with 1687 Danish participants randomized to three types of information about radiation from mobile phones and masts. The objective was to study whether different types of information were rated as equally useful, informative, comprehensible, and trustworthy. Moreover, an important issue was whether information would influence risk perception and intended behavior. The conclusion is that lay people rate information about risks associated with a new and largely unknown technology more useful and trustworthy when provided with brief statements about how to handle the risk, rather than more lengthy technical information about why the technology may or may not entail health hazards. Further, the results demonstrate that information may increase concern among a large proportion of the population, and that discrepancies exist between expressed concern and intended behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 31:504–512, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Offspring risk and sibling risk for multilocus traits

The recurrence risk of a trait in a relative of type R is the probability that an individual who is in relationship of type R to an affected proband has the trait. It is intuitively clear that closer relationships lead to higher recurrence risks. However, no exact analysis of this phenomenon has been presented for multilocus traits. We prove a theorem that shows how recurrence risks are influenced by the degree of closeness of the relationship R. For example, our theorem implies that sibling risk is always higher than offspring risk. The loci influencing the trait are assumed to be autosomal and unlinked, but arbitrary epistasis between the loci is allowed. We give a detailed proof of the theorem by using stochastic matrices. A shorter proof based on the additive and dominance genetic variances is also sketched. Additionally, we also give some empirical results and discuss generalizations of the theorem.     

The properties of global risk networks and corresponding risk management strategies

Global risks interconnect with one another and threaten our society as a highly interdependent system. However, knowledge on how risk materializations influence one another is limited. Thus, this study provides a network model to measure risk interdependence and presents recommendations on the integrative risk management framework.

This study develops a global risk network and calculates its key indicators of structural characteristics. Results show that global risks are closely interconnected and a particular triangle relationship exists among environmental, geopolitical, and societal risks. To improve the resilience of a risk system, the systematic important risks, which are “man-made environmental catastrophes” and “interstate conflict” in this study, should be monitored and controlled. Furthermore, we simplify the risk system by entirely managing risks in the same group based on our reclassification. Our method is considerably effective in detecting upcoming crisis and assists supervisors take timely action to prevent crisis.     

Estimate of population extinction risk and its application to ecological risk management

Environmental threats, such as habitat size reduction or environmental pollution, may not cause immediate extinction of a population but may shorten the expected time to extinction. We developed a method to estimate the mean time to extinction for a density-dependent population with environmental fluctuation and to compare the impacts of different risk factors. We first derived a formula of the mean extinction time for a population with logistic growth and environmental and demographic stochasticities expressed as a stochastic differential equation model (canonical model). The relative importance of different risk factors is evaluated by the decrease in the mean extinction time. We studied an approximated formula for the reduction in habitat size that enhances extinction risk by the same magnitude as a given decrease in survivorship caused by toxic chemical exposure. In a large population (large K) or in a slowly growing population (small r), a small decrease in survivorship can cause the extinction risk to increase, corresponding to a significant reduction in the habitat size. Finally, we studied an approximate maximum likelihood estimate of three parameters (intrinsic growth rate r, carrying capacity K, and environmental stochasticity σ ² _e ) from time series data. By Monte Carlo sampling, we can remove the bias very effectively and determine the confidence interval. We discuss here how the reliability of the estimate changes with the length of time series. If we know the intrinsic rate of population growth r, the mean extinction time is estimated quite accurately even when only a short time series is available for parameter estimation. Received: March 31, 1999 / Accepted: November 9, 1999