低龄婴幼儿龋相关致龋微生物研究进展

低龄婴幼儿龋（Earlychildhoodcaries,ECC）发生、发展是由多种因素共同作用,多种微生物共同参与的复杂过程。因此、了解儿童口腔内致龋微生物的种类及其与龋病的相关关系,对预防和治疗儿童龋病有着重要意义。本研究就ECC相关致龋菌及菌斑生物膜研究进展作一综述。     

儿童口腔微生物与乳牙早期龋研究进展

乳牙早期龋（Eady Childhood Caries,Ecc）是指发生在6岁以下儿童口腔中的龋病,是WHO在全世界范围内开展有关龋病预防的首要工作。据统计我国Ecc患病率可高达60％～80％,并有随着年龄的增长而增加的趋势,严重危害着我国少年儿童的生长发育。此外Ecc可以作为恒牙龋危险的预测指标：相对乳牙无龋病的儿童,乳牙患龋病的儿童有更高的恒牙患龋病的危险。     

婴幼儿呼吸道微生物群演替研究进展

摘 要：婴幼儿从出生开始正常呼吸道微生物就无时不刻地进行着演替,最终呼吸系统微生物形成动态平衡。婴幼儿时期是呼吸道微生物群演替的重要时期,也是免疫发育的关键时期,容易受外界因素的影响,这些影响因素包括分娩方式、喂养方式、抗生素、季节、疫苗接种等。研究表明婴幼儿时期的呼吸道微生物的组成和发育会影响微生物群的稳定性,从而影响呼吸道感染和过敏性疾病的发生。现对婴幼儿呼吸道微生物群演替及其影响因素,如分娩方式、喂养方式、抗生素使用、季节、疫苗接种等进行综述。     

活性污泥微生物群落宏组学研究进展

活性污泥是全球最常用的废水生物处理人工生态系统,微生物是驱动其污染净化能力的关键。活性污泥微生物群落所有物种与基因(简称\"微生物组\")的研究先后经历了\"显微镜观察和纯菌培养分离\"(1915)、\"PCR扩增-测序\"(1994)和\"高通量测序-宏组学分析\"(2006)三个重要阶段的发展变迁。相应地,我们对活性污泥微生物组的认知经历了从最早对微型动物(如钟虫和轮虫)及其他微生物的形貌观察和纯种培养鉴定到今天对整个微生物组的全局多样性认识的飞跃。近13年来,基于高通量测序的宏组学方法被广泛应用于揭示活性污泥微生物群落组成结构和功能,我们现在充分意识到活性污泥微生物组蕴藏着大量不可培养新物种和基因多样性,驱动着各类污染物的降解与转化。目前,特异性分子标记基因的扩增子测序技术已经被广泛应用于揭示城市和工业废水处理活性污泥微生物组和典型功能种群(如硝化细菌和聚磷菌)的时空多样性和群落构建机制,进而为未来实现活性污泥微生物组功能的精准调控奠定理论基础。宏基因组学研究在群落、种群和个体基因组水平全面解析了活性污泥微生物组驱动的碳、氮、磷元素循环过程,以及有机微污染物的生物降解和转化机理。将来活性污泥微生物组学研究需要在\"标准化的组学分析方法和绝对定量\"\"高通量培养组学\"\"高通量功能基因组学\"和\"多组学方法的结合及多种方法并用\"4个方面取得实现精准生态基因组学所需的技术突破,以最大限度发掘活性污泥微生物组在污水处理与资源回收领域的生态学与工程学价值。     

母乳微生物及其对婴幼儿健康影响的研究进展

母乳是新生儿最佳的营养来源,不仅提供丰富的营养物质,还能通过自身独特的微生物群影响新生儿肠道细菌的初始定植和机体健康。培养法和基因组测序法均揭示了母乳微生物的多样性和稳定性,除双歧杆菌和乳杆菌外,母乳中还含有多种潜在的益生菌。人乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs）是母乳中仅次于乳糖和脂类的第三丰富的营养物质。作为一种天然益生元,HMOs可以选择性地促进有益细菌的生长,从而在促进母乳喂养婴幼儿健康发育方面起着关键作用。本文总结了母乳中微生物的种类、来源、哺乳期间的变化及其与HMOs之间的关系,讨论了母乳微生物对婴幼儿健康的潜在影响,包括抑制病原体入侵肠道、促进免疫系统发育、调节婴幼儿代谢和改善早期认知发育等,以期为母乳源益生菌的开发提供理论指导。

     

人体皮肤微生物群落研究进展

皮肤作为人体最大的器官,上面定居着各种各样的微生物,它们大部分是无害的,甚至对人体有益。皮肤表面的生态环境因不同的表面特征和外部因素而呈现不同的格局,使得分布于皮肤上的微生物群落出现差异。分子生物学技术的发展使研究皮肤表面微生物群落的高度多样性和多变性成为可能,而且可从生态系统角度去理解和认识皮肤微生物。本文就皮肤微生物群落的主要特点、微生物群落与疾病的联系及其具体应用等方面作一综述。     

青贮饲料微生物群落组成与功能研究进展

青贮饲料微生物是影响其发酵品质的关键因素,无论是原料表面附着的微生物还是外源添加的微生物在青贮发酵过程中都对微生物群落的演替都起着极为重要的作用。了解青贮饲料发酵的微生物群落结构与功能及其发酵代谢调控网络等信息对于深入解析青贮饲料发酵的生物学过程具有重要意义,并可为安全、优质青贮饲料的发酵调制提供有力的科学依据。然而传统的检测方法精确度较低,无法对青贮饲料中微生物群落结构深入分析。因此,如何利用分子生物学手段全面准确检测和定量青贮饲料中的微生物群落结构和种类特征将对突破青贮饲料发酵的微生态调控研究具有重大意义。对此,本文从青贮原料附着微生物和生长环境、原料特性、乳酸菌添加剂对青贮饲料微生物结构的影响进行了阐述,并对PICRUSt法在青贮饲料微生物功能的应用现状进行了简要概述,旨在为阐明青贮饲料中微生物变化规律及功能研究提供参考,并为揭示青贮饲料发酵微生态过程提供理论依据。     

高寒生态系统微生物群落研究进展

高寒生态系统分布在高纬度或高海拔、气候寒冷的地区,包括北极苔原、高山苔原、青藏高原等.高寒生态系统对气候变化非常敏感,其土壤中储存大量的有机碳,对全球的碳平衡起关键作用.微生物是生物地球化学循环的主要驱动者,微生物群落对气候变化的响应和反馈影响生态系统的功能与稳定性.本文回顾了高寒生态系统微生物群落组成、多样性与空间分布,以及微生物群落对气候变化(增温、氮沉降、火干扰)的响应,为拓展我国高寒生态系统微生物研究提供基础.     

口腔微生物群落结构分析方法的研究进展

牙菌斑是口腔常见感染性疾病——龋病和牙周病的始动因子,主要由微生物构成。在口腔中发现的700余个种属或种系型的细菌中,有50%左右未获得培养。基于分子生物学的方法在口腔微生态和感染性疾病的病因研究中已经成为不可或缺的技术。近年来,以16S rRNA基因为基础建立的分子生物学技术正逐步广泛用于微生物群落的分析,跨越了传统的微生物培养,直接对不同生态系,包括人类口腔的微生物组成进行了研究。本文主要介绍16s rRNA基因的分子分析技术,以及它们在口腔微生物群落结构分析研究中的应用,另外还简要介绍了一些尚未应用于口腔的新技术。     

人体鼻咽部微生物群落多样性研究进展

定殖于鼻咽部的微生物与人体始终处于动态生态平衡,对于维持人体健康发挥着重要作用,也与多种上呼吸道疾病的发生发展有密切关系。鼻咽部微生物之间及其与宿主之间的相互作用是引发人体上呼吸道疾病的重要因素。微生物的培养方法与分子生物学技术的结合使人们越来越深入地了解人体鼻咽部微生物群落的组成和结构。定殖于人体鼻咽部的微生物以肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)和流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)等潜在致病菌为主。本文将分别从鼻咽部微生物与机体的平衡关系、鼻咽部微生物群落的研究方法以及鼻咽部微生物群落的组成及其相互关系三个方面,综述近年来鼻咽部微生物群落结构的相关研究进展,从而为指导实践提供可靠的理论依据。     

Genetic sensitivity to bitter taste of 6-n Propylthiouracil: A useful diagnostic aid to detect early childhood caries in pre-school children

PURPOSE:

Genetic factor to bitter taste perception appears to be largely mediated by the TAS2R38 gene. The insensitivity to bitter compounds like 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is mediated by this gene. PROP, a pharmacological drug used in treatment of Graves’ disease, proved to be useful tool in determining the genetic sensitivity levels to bitter and sweet taste. The purpose of this study is to show much simpler PROP sensitivity technique for the clinical examiner and its application as a diagnostic aid in Early Childhood Caries (ECC) detection among preschool children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total of 119 children belonging to the age group of 36 to 71 months of both sexes, were recruited from A. J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore (Karnataka). PROP sensitivity test was carried out to determine the inherent genetic ability to taste a bitter or sweet substance. This study used simpler scaling method to find out genetic sensitivity to bitter taste; one who tasted bitter as taster and one who was not able to differentiate/tasted like paper as non-taster. A questionnaire was provided to evaluate their dietary habits and caries experience was recorded. Collected data were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.

RESULTS:

In the total of 119 children the mean dmfs was definitely higher in non-taster children compared to tasters. The tasters had a mean dmfs value of 9.5120 (S.D. 7.0543) and non-tasters had a value of 7.7250 (S.D. 8.33147), which was statistically significant. The results suggested that there was increase in caries experience among the group of non-tasters as compared to tasters. Tasters tended to be sweet dislikers and non-tasters tended to be sweet likers. On the whole, tasters had a bad dentition as compared to non tasters.

CONCLUSION:

The PROP sensitivity test (filter paper test) proved to be a useful diagnostic tool in determining the genetic sensitivity levels of bitter taste. The knowledge of a child''s taste perception can help us in identifying the children who are at higher risk for ECC.     

What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm?

Nearly 40 years ago, Dr. R.J. Gibbons made the first reports of the clinical relevance of what we now know as bacterial biofilms when he published his observations of the role of polysaccharide glycocalyx formation on teeth by Streptococcus mutans [Sci. Am. 238 (1978) 86]. As the clinical relevance of bacterial biofilm formation became increasingly apparent, interest in the phenomenon exploded. Studies are rapidly shedding light on the biomolecular pathways leading to this sessile mode of growth but many fundamental questions remain. The intent of this review is to consider the reasons why bacteria switch from a free-floating to a biofilm mode of growth. The currently available wealth of data pertaining to the molecular genetics of biofilm formation in commonly studied, clinically relevant, single-species biofilms will be discussed in an effort to decipher the motivation behind the transition from planktonic to sessile growth in the human body. Four potential incentives behind the formation of biofilms by bacteria during infection are considered: (1) protection from harmful conditions in the host (defense), (2) sequestration to a nutrient-rich area (colonization), (3) utilization of cooperative benefits (community), (4) biofilms normally grow as biofilms and planktonic cultures are an in vitro artifact (biofilms as the default mode of growth).     

宏蛋白质组学——研究微生物群落基因表达的新技术

宏蛋白质组学是应用蛋白质组学技术对微生物群落进行研究的一项新技术,其定义为在特定的时间对微生物群落的所有蛋白质组成进行大规模鉴定。通过对宏蛋白质组学的研究策略、进展情况的综述、介绍,展望了宏蛋白组学在研究微生物群落基因表达中的应用前景。     

堆肥过程中的微生物种群结构

堆肥化是有机固体废物无害化、减量化、资源化的根本途径。有机固体废弃物的堆肥化研究一直是环境科学领域研究的热点之一。产品中含有有机质、P、K等多种植物所需的养分,可以提高农林等产品的产量,改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力。微生物是堆肥过程的工作主体,早期对堆肥中微生物的研究主要采用分     

The epizoic diatom community on four bryozoan species from Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea)

The composition of the diatom community on the bryozoans Electra pilosa, Membranipora membranacea, Flustra foliacea, and Alcyonidium gelatinosum from the German Bight was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. In total, members of 26 diatom genera were found, with Cocconeis, Tabularia, Licmophora, Amphora, and Navicula being the most abundant. The amount and the composition of the diatom covering seem to be typical for single bryozoan species. Electra pilosa and Membranipora membranacea showed a rather dense covering with 71–547 cells/mm² and 77–110 cells/mm², respectively. The most prominent genus on Electra pilosa was Cocconeis, reaching up to 58% of all diatoms in one sample, followed by Navicula, Tabularia and Amphora. The most abundant genera on Membranipora membranacea were Tabularia and Licmophora, making up almost 70% of all diatoms in one sample, followed by Navicula, Cocconeis and Amphora. The diatom composition was very stable on all Electra samples, but varied on Membranipora samples. With <1–27 cells/mm², diatoms were much less abundant on Alcyonidium gelatinosum. Members of the genera Tabularia and Navicula were the most frequently found benthic diatoms, whereas the planktonic forms Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, and Thalassiosira made up 35% of the diatoms. On Flustra foliacea, diatoms were virtually absent, with fewer than 5 cells/mm². The low diatom numbers are probably due to toxic metabolites produced by the host. The same may be true for Alcyonidium gelatinosum, but here they might also be a consequence of the surface properties of the bryozoan. Electronic Publication     

Communities of Niche-optimized Strains (CoNoS) – Design and creation of stable,genome-reduced co-cultures

Current bioprocesses for production of value-added compounds are mainly based on pure cultures that are composed of rationally engineered strains of model organisms with versatile metabolic capacities. However, in the comparably well-defined environment of a bioreactor, metabolic flexibility provided by various highly abundant biosynthetic enzymes is much less required and results in suboptimal use of carbon and energy sources for compound production. In nature, non-model organisms have frequently evolved in communities where genome-reduced, auxotrophic strains cross-feed each other, suggesting that there must be a significant advantage compared to growth without cooperation. To prove this, we started to create and study synthetic communities of niche-optimized strains (CoNoS) that consists of two strains of the same species Corynebacterium glutamicum that are mutually dependent on one amino acid. We used both the wild-type and the genome-reduced C1* chassis for introducing selected amino acid auxotrophies, each based on complete deletion of all required biosynthetic genes. The best candidate strains were used to establish several stably growing CoNoS that were further characterized and optimized by metabolic modelling, microfluidic experiments and rational metabolic engineering to improve amino acid production and exchange. Finally, the engineered CoNoS consisting of an l-leucine and l-arginine auxotroph showed a specific growth rate equivalent to 83% of the wild type in monoculture, making it the fastest co-culture of two auxotrophic C. glutamicum strains to date. Overall, our results are a first promising step towards establishing improved biobased production of value-added compounds using the CoNoS approach.