肠道菌群:运动健康促进的新靶点

肠道菌群与人体通过广泛信息交流形成互惠共生关系。肠道菌群结构稳定性、菌种多样性和微生态平衡性使其成为人体更易接触和调控的"生理中心",深刻影响人体健康。适宜运动可通过优化肠道菌群,促进宿主肠道微生态健康。以肠道菌群为靶点的运动健康促进研究,为运动与人体健康和疾病研究呈现出新领域。基于宏基因组学、宏转录组学等微生态研究技术,揭示与人体疾病相关的肠道菌群失调,鉴定出疾病相关的特定菌群种类及功能,使得以肠道菌群为靶点的运动精准干预人体健康成为可能。     

茶成分对肠道菌群的调控作用及其健康效应的研究进展

茶是世界上最受欢迎的健康饮料之一,富含茶多酚、茶多糖、茶色素和茶皂素等多种生物活性成分,对人体健康具有重要影响。肠道是一个复杂而稳定的生态系统,肠道微生态与人体健康密切相关。肠道菌群是茶成分发挥生理调节作用和健康效应的主要作用靶点,本文对近年来几种重要茶成分对肠道菌群的调节作用及其对机体健康的影响相关研究进展进行了综述。茶成分主要通过靶向肠道菌群调节糖代谢和脂代谢,减轻炎症和肠道损伤,缓解情绪和记忆障碍以及调节昼夜节律,发挥其健康效应。阐明茶成分调控肠道菌群的内在作用机制将为更好地利用茶产品来改善肠道微生态,促进人体健康提供科学依据。     

微生态学与中医“心与小肠相表里”新论

本文阐述了中医“心与小肠相表里”的理论内涵。中医“心与小肠相表里”与现代医学提出的“脑—肠轴”理论是相通的,具体可理解为中枢神经系统与肠道菌群的密切关系。脑与肠道菌群是相关的,二者在生理上相互配合、在病理上互相影响。同时探讨了微生态学与中医“心与小肠相表里”的相关性,阐述了脑对肠道菌群的调控和肠道菌群对中枢神经系统疾病的发生、发展的影响。依据中医“心与小肠相表里”理论和微生态学的临床应用,提出了用改善肠道菌群的微生态方法治疗和预防一些神经系统疾病的新理念。     

女性阴道微生态状况与母婴健康

女性阴道是自然开放的腔道,其内寄居着大量的微生物,其中乳杆菌占优势。正常阴道内的微生物对于维持女性生殖系统健康具有重要作用,而多种因素能够影响妇女正常的阴道微生态环境,包括妊娠。女性阴道微生态状况不仅会影响自身健康,同时能够影响子代的健康。正常的肠道菌群参与机体的营养、免疫、代谢、神经内分泌等多种生理功能,而婴儿期是人肠道菌群建立的关键时期,其中分娩方式对婴儿菌群的定植和发展具有重要的影响。阴道菌群失衡不但可导致妇女感染性疾病的发生,还与妊娠结局及婴儿菌群的建立密切相关,改善女性阴道微生态状况对提高母婴健康具有重要意义。     

肠道菌群影响因素的研究进展

肠道菌群是动物体内最复杂、最庞大的微生态系统,其多样性和组成在调节宿主的健康、生理、发育和环境适应等方面具有不可替代的作用。肠道菌群受多种因素的综合影响。综述宿主遗传因素、食物和高海拔环境对肠道菌群的影响。     

应激对肠道菌群的影响及机制研究进展

应激是机体受到各种因素刺激时所出现的全身非特异性反应,可对全身各个系统产生影响。肠道菌群是肠道微生态的重要组成部分,对维持机体健康发挥重要作用。应激通过影响肠道黏膜屏障功能、肠道免疫功能、胃肠道运动功能等引起肠道菌群紊乱。本文就应激对肠道菌群的影响及机制的研究进展进行综述。     

益生元-双歧杆菌生长促进因子

微生态学的观点认为肠道菌群的状况与人体健康密切相关,肠道中的有益菌如双歧杆菌、乳酸菌等在净化肠道、改善机体营养和维护宿主健康方面起到重要作用。益生元为人体不消化或难消化的食物成份,其中多数是非消化性的低聚糖,其作用可选择性地刺激肠道有益菌的生长和代谢活性,改善肠道菌群平衡从而有利于人体健康。本文对一些重要的功能性低聚糖的性质、生理功能及其生产了概述。     

基于肠道微生态的白术散作用机制研究进展

肠道作为人体消化吸收的重要场所,是人体最大的免疫器官,在维持正常生理活动中发挥着非常重要的作用.随着人类饮食的多元化,肠道菌群对健康的影响吸引了越来越多的关注.肠道微生态与免疫、代谢系统疾病和肿瘤等50多种疾病相关,同时疾病也会影响肠道菌群,通过饮食调节和用药会影响肠道菌群,进而影响健康.白术散是以食药两用药材为主的方...     

从肠道菌群探讨高血压脾胃论治机理

高血压已成为严重威胁人类健康的疾病之一,其发病是遗传、环境因素及生活方式相互作用的结果。大量研究表明,肠道菌群在高血压的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用,其机制主要涉及促进能量吸收、激活炎症反应、调节肠道通透性等多个方面,因此调节肠道菌群可以有效调节血压。中医认为高血压的根本在于脾胃功能失调,临床从脾胃论治行之有效,脾主运化水谷,肠道菌群影响消化吸收,二者生理功能相似,肠道菌群的研究为中医从脾胃论治高血压提供了新思路,故从肠道菌群入手阐述中医从脾胃论治高血压的机理。     

肠道菌群与肝癌的研究进展

微生态是微生物与机体在长期进化和相互作用过程中形成的特殊生态系统,对机体健康与疾病起着重要作用。肠道菌群作为人体微生态的重要组成部分,通过营养代谢、免疫调节和基因调控参与人体内一系列重要的生理和病理过程。肠道菌群失调可导致胆汁酸代谢异常、内毒素释放、肠道稳态破坏、模式识别受体激活等,这些都可直接或间接促进肝癌的发展。本文从以上因素着手,通过文献检索对肠道菌群与肝癌发生发展关系的研究作一简要综述。     

Pavlov and psychophysiology in the 21st century]

Psychophysiology, physiological psychology (Sechenov), human physiology of higher nervous activity (Pavlov) is an interdisciplinary field, which appeared at the interface between psychology and neurosciences for exploration of the brain mechanisms of mental functions. The fundamental complementation of subjective and objective, psychological and neurobiological approaches as the facets of investigation of the basically whole process made it possible to fill with a specific content and clearly differentiate the forms of human psyche such as emotion, consciousness, personality, character, and creativity.     

Effects of Psychological Stress on Innate Immunity and Metabolism in Humans: A Systematic Analysis

Stress is perhaps easiest to conceptualize as a process which allows an organism to accommodate for the demands of its environment such that it can adapt to the prevailing set of conditions. Psychological stress is an important component with the potential to affect physiology adversely as has become evident from various studies in the area. Although these studies have established numerous effects of psychological stress on physiology, a global strategy for the correlation of these effects has yet to begin. Our comparative and systematic analysis of the published literature has unraveled certain interesting molecular mechanisms as clues to account for some of the observed effects of psychological stress on human physiology. In this study, we attempt to understand initial phase of the physiological response to psychological stress by analyzing interactions between innate immunity and metabolism at systems level by analyzing the data available in the literature. In light of our gene association-networks and enrichment analysis we have identified candidate genes and molecular systems which might have some associative role in affecting psychological stress response system or even producing some of the observed terminal effects (such as the associated physiological disorders). In addition to the already accepted role of psychological stress as a perturbation that can disrupt physiological homeostasis, we speculate that it is potentially capable of causing deviation of certain biological processes from their basal level activity after which they can return back to their basal tones once the effects of stress diminish. Based on the derived inferences of our comparative analysis, we have proposed a probabilistic mechanism for how psychological stress could affect physiology such that these adaptive deviations are sometimes not able to bounce back to their original basal tones, and thus increase physiological susceptibility to metabolic and immune imbalance.     

On The History of Soviet Military Psychology

Military psychology is a branch of psychology, which is in addition included among the military sciences. In it the psychological features of different kinds of military and, above all, of combat activity are studied in relation to social and historical conditions, military technology, personal qualities of the fighting men, and methods of military and political preparation. The general purpose of Soviet military psychology is to discover principles of human mental activity under the conditions of combat and of training for combat, and to use these principles for raising the fighting capacity of the Soviet armed forces.     

Studies of higher nervous activity in functional phychoses.

Psychiatric illnesses can be conceived of as experiments of nature, providing a variety of pathopsychological mechanisms which may elucidate normal psychological processes. Clinically the reactive psychoses are predominantly psychogenic reaction types. They present disturbances of higher nervous activity, similar to those of the neuroses. The unconditional reflex activity is practically as in normal controls, and the most outstanding finding was the large effect of psychodynamic complex structures. This is a physiological parallel to the clinical manifestations with great concern over experienced mental trauma. In the manic-depressive psychoses the most characteristic feature is a marked disturbance of unconditional reflex activity. This factor may be an important physiological mechanism underlying the more biological than psychodynamic reaction type and partly explain the changes of mood and associated interferences with sleep, body weight, sexual activity, aggression and other instinctual and vegetative functions. Schizophrenic psychoses also present changes of unconditional reflex activity, predominantly in the direction of inhibition of response. In addition there are severe dissociations within and between the three levels of unconditional reflexes and the two signaling systems. It is suggested that schizophrenia represents a functional maladaptation, which can be explained from the principles of autokinesis and schizokinesis established by Gantt in animal experiments. Prognostic models based on experimentally established impairment of performances were shown to predict long-term risks of schizophrenic defects just as well as models based on constellations of clinical symptoms. I would predict that psychophysiology and experimental psychology will become increasingly more important for establishing diagnosis and prognosis in the functional psychoses. The data of this article point toward a basis for a prophylactic psychiatry.     

Productive Perception

Many generations of psychologists have been concerned with the problem of how we see things as they are in reality. The science of vision has accumulated extensive material on this subject; and many more or less correct hypotheses have been proposed, formulated in the various conceptual terms of philosophy, art, psychology, physiology, biophysics, mathematics, and technology. Investigation into the working of the visual system has not developed equally in these fields. One instructive fact will not go unnoticed in the future history of the science of vision: in psychology, interest in image phenomena has fallen sharply, first because of behaviorism, then because of too broad an interpretation of the classic teachings on conditioned reflexes, and later because of cybernetic ideas. It has been maintained probably in a single area, psychiatry, in which investigative and medical material has not permitted image and hallucinatory phenomena to be ignored. In the early 1960s representatives of various psychological and physiological schools and disciplines returned anew to the long-for gotten topic of image phenomena. As Holt has aptly remarked (15), images are returning from exile. As generally happens in science, the rekindling of interest in a traditional topic occurred through the internal logic of studying the problems of perception in the light of the relatively new fields in science and technology. If we trace the development of only some of them — design theory, engineering psychology, and the theory of creative activity (as a separate subdivision of art, science, and the psychology of creativity) — it becomes clear that the return to image phenomena is due to the inability of behaviorism and associated physiological conditioning theories to explain complex forms of behavior and mental activity.     

Salubrious effects of oxytocin on social stress-induced deficits

Social relationships are a fundamental aspect of life, affecting social, psychological, physiological, and behavioral functions. While positive social interactions can attenuate stress and promote health, the social environment can also be a major source of stress when it includes social disruption, confrontation, isolation, or neglect. Social stress can impair the basal function and stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, impairing function of multiple biological systems and posing a risk to mental and physical health. In contrast, social support can ameliorate stress-induced physiological and immunological deficits, reducing the risk of subsequent psychological distress and improving an individual's overall well-being. For better clinical treatment of these physiological and mental pathologies, it is necessary to understand the regulatory mechanisms of stress-induced pathologies as well as determine the underlying biological mechanisms that regulate social buffering of the stress system. A number of ethologically relevant animal models of social stress and species that form strong adult social bonds have been utilized to study the etiology, treatment, and prevention of stress-related disorders. While undoubtedly a number of biological pathways contribute to the social buffering of the stress response, the convergence of evidence denotes the regulatory effects of oxytocin in facilitating social bond-promoting behaviors and their effect on the stress response. Thus, oxytocin may be perceived as a common regulatory element of the social environment, stress response, and stress-induced risks on mental and physical health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.     

试论大学生心理健康教育的四大误区

心理健康教育是大学生素质教育不可或缺的一部分,当前大学生心理健康教育存在着四大误区:标准误区、目标误区、操作误区和评价误区。这些误区制约着大学生心理健康教育的发展。高校要遵循教育规律,结合大学生的心理发展特点,正确把握心理健康的内涵,明确心理健康教育的目标,采用积极的评价方式,正确实施心理健康教育,方能走出误区,切实地促进大学生身心和谐发展和心理素质的全面提高。     

Influence of Caffeine on Physiological and Cognitive Functions of Humans

The review is devoted to the analysis of the effect of caffeine on physiological and cognitive functions of humans. The methodological aspects of experiments with the use of caffeine are discussed, in particular, the dosage, the frequency of use, and in combination with other products. The possibilities of the use of caffeine for studying physiological and mental phenomena, as well as age-related and individual psychological differences in reactions to caffeine, were shown.     

Coexperiencing Psychotherapy as a Psychotechnical System

The main challenge of contemporary psychology is to fill the increasing split between research psychology and psychological practice. A creative response to this challenge is found in a general methodological approach, which L.S. Vygotsky called the “philosophy of practice” or “psychotechnics.” This article describes a psychotechnical system called “coexperiencing psychotherapy.” This psychotechnical system combines science, practice, and education. From the perspective of general psychological theory the article describes a model of an “integral unit of psychological analysis,” in which the main general psychological categories (activity, set, relationship, and communication) are synthesized. In addition, the article presents a theoretical interpretation of experiencing (perezhivanie) as a productive meaning-generating activity. Finally, conceptual models of levels, registers, and structures of consciousness are proposed. From a psychotherapeutic practice perspective, a system of a “psychotechnical unit” of the psychotherapeutic process and structure of situation is given. The general method of coexperiencing psychotherapy is “understanding.” The educational dimension of the psychotechnical system remains outside the scope of the current article.     

Excavating the Psyche: A Social History of Soviet Psychiatry in Bulgaria

This article investigates how an imported Soviet psychiatric model affected Bulgarians who experienced psychological crisis by examining therapeutic possibilities that were available and foreclosed in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. Bulgarians struggling with psychological disorders in the present day experience polar forms of marginalization: non-recognition on one extreme, and chronic medicalization on the other. Both tendencies can be traced to the Communist-period remodeling of mental healthcare, which outlawed private practice and individual-centered therapy, which reified empirically observable, physiological underpinnings of pathology while suppressing therapies that engaged with the existential context of mental illness. I argue that the reproduction of a Soviet psychiatric model instigated a modernization process but failed to anticipate the idiosyncrasy of economic and social conditions within the country. Furthermore, that this model rejected a therapeutic focus on the individual but developed no effective alternative for identifying and treating subjective characteristics of mental illness. Bulgaria’s history of psychiatry has received little scholarly attention beyond Bulgarian psychiatrists who documented the development of their field. This article presents archival, literary and oral history footholds towards the development of a social history of Bulgarian psychiatry—a perspective that is especially and problematically missing.