紫外分光光度法测定白喉毒素无毒突变体CRM197的蛋白含量

目的 基于紫外分光光度法,建立一种测定白喉毒素无毒突变体CRM197蛋白含量的方法。方法 在天然折叠状态和非折叠状态(CRM197蛋白经盐酸胍变性)下,分别测定相同含量的CRM197蛋白A_{280 nm}值,再根据朗伯-比尔定律c=A/εL计算其折叠状态消光系数。同时,使用当前建立的方法与BCA法分别测定CRM197蛋白的含量,并对2种方法的差异和检测特点进行比较分析。结果 根据CRM197蛋白的氨基酸一级序列与相对分子质量计算出其理论消光系数为0.934 mL/(mg·cm),在280 nm处的实验消光系数为(0.959±0.006)mL/(mg·cm)。2种方法测定同一蛋白样本的结果一致,分别为(2.17±0.02) mg/mL和(2.14±0.09)mg/mL;本方法检测值的CV为0.70%,BCA法检测值的CV为4.15%。结论 本研究建立的CRM197蛋白含量测定方法准确性高、线性范围宽、获取数据快,可用于CRM197蛋白含量的测定,同时为其他载体蛋白的含量测定提供了参考。     

反相高效液相色谱法检测白喉毒素无毒突变体CRM197蛋白纯度

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法(reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC)检测白喉毒素无毒突变体CRM197蛋白纯度。方法 利用Agilent AdvanceBio RP-mAb SB-C8(100 mm×2.1 mm)分析柱和Agilent1260高效液相色谱系统,以含0.1%三氟乙酸水溶液-异丙醇(98∶2)为流动相A,以含0.1%三氟乙酸乙腈溶液为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱,体积流速为0.5 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为65℃,进样体积为10μL,采用面积归一法检测CRM197蛋白纯度,并对方法的适用性、专属性、重复性、中间精密度、线性、灵敏度和耐用性指标进行考察。用建立的方法检测CRM197蛋白酸处理供试品溶液、碱处理供试品溶液及3批原液的纯度。结果 建立的方法系统适用性良好;专属性验证表明空白溶液在目标峰积分范围内无干扰峰,热处理CRM197蛋白目标峰与其他杂质峰分离度>1.5;6次重复进样目标峰面积相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为...     

分子伴侣对白喉毒素无毒突变体CRM197重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达的促进作用

为了获得有活性的白喉毒素突变体蛋白 (Cross-reacting material 197,CRM197),本研究利用分子伴侣pG-KJE8与重组质粒pET28a-CRM197在大肠杆菌原核表达系统中进行共表达,来促进目的蛋白的正确折叠,进而提高CRM197蛋白的可溶性表达。将质粒转化至大肠杆菌后并诱导其表达目的蛋白,再通过SDS-PAGE胶染色、Western blotting等技术对所得蛋白进行检测分析。结果发现：利用体外重组技术成功得到了pET28a-CRM197重组蛋白原核表达质粒,且CRM197重组蛋白在原核表达系统中主要以包涵体形式表达;通过探索和优化,确定了诱导蛋白的最佳浓度和温度,当加入终浓度为1.0 mmol/L IPTG、0.5 mg/mL L-阿拉伯糖、5.0 ng/mL四环素,在20 ℃条件下诱导16 h时,目的蛋白的可溶性表达得到显著提高;可溶性表达的CRM197重组蛋白可以与CRM197一抗发生特异性结合,免疫反应性良好。因此,研究发现分子伴侣pG-KJE8可以促进CRM197重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中以可溶性形式表达,且能很好地与CRM197一抗发生特异性结合,证实CRM197重组蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性,为CRM197蛋白的工业化生产及应用奠定了一定的基础。     

流感病毒M2e与白喉毒素无毒突变体CRM197融合蛋白的抗原性和免疫原性分析

流感病毒严重威胁人类健康且流行株不断变化,传统疫苗对流感预防具有局限性。流感病毒M2蛋白胞外区(M2e)氨基酸序列高度保守,可诱导产生特异性抗体,是通用流感疫苗研究的主要靶标之一。白喉毒素突变体(CRM197)是一种理想的蛋白载体,可增强小分子抗原的免疫原性,商业化的肺炎球菌疫苗采用CRM197结合形式提高多糖分子的免疫原性。本实验通过重组蛋白融合的方式,将M2e与CRM197(aa 1~535)、CRM197-N190(aa 1~190)、CRM197-N389(aa 1~389)的C端或N端进行融合表达,并考察融合蛋白的反应活性以及免疫原性。融合蛋白中的M2e和CRM197均具有反应活性;超速离心分析和四聚体特异构象单抗反应均表明融合蛋白(CRM197-N190)-M2e及M2e-(CRM197-N190)主要以类似M2e天然构象的四聚体形式存在;融合蛋白可与多株流感M2e特异性单抗以及CRM197特异性单抗反应,M2e融合至CRM197N末端形成的重组蛋白的反应活性高于C端融合蛋白;相比融合GST,与CRM197-N190的融合显著增强了M2e蛋白的免疫原性,为流感通用疫苗研究提供了新思路。     

白喉毒素突变体CRM197在白喉杆菌中的表达纯化

CRM197是一种白喉毒素突变体,第52位的甘氨酸突变为谷氨酸,作为载体蛋白广泛用于疫苗开发。将阐述一种新的生产CRM197方法。将合成的CRM197基因片段克隆到表达载体pCKM4.1中,表达质粒pCKM5.1电转化至大肠杆菌E.coli S17-1中,通过结合转移转化至白喉杆菌(ATCC?27010TM的白喉杆菌)中,载体上的导肽序列可以使得CRM197作为可溶性蛋白分泌到胞外表达,CRM197蛋白可占到菌体总蛋白的70%。增强对铁的调控,进一步优化培养基及发酵条件以提高产量。经过Q膜、硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换纯化步骤获得纯度达到95%的CRM197样品,提高了蛋白得率,节约了纯化时间和成本。     

白喉毒素突变体CRM197在大肠杆菌中表达纯化及性质研究

CRM197是一种白喉毒素突变体,作为载体蛋白广泛用于疫苗开发。将合成的CRM197基因片段克隆到表达载体pET25b中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,CRM197获得高效表达,达到菌体总蛋白的20%。目的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,变性、复性后经DEAE阴离子交换、S-100分子筛纯化获得纯度高于95%的CRM197样品,用该蛋白样品免疫新西兰大白兔,免疫兔血清中检测到特异性抗体应答。急性毒性试验中,每只豚鼠皮下注射200μgCRM197纯化样品,未出现明显毒性反应症状,与之相比较,注射后48h内,20ng白喉毒素阳性对照组动物全部死亡。结果表明,利用本试验的表达策略,CRM197得到高效表达,并且具有良好的免疫原性和安全性,为其进一步生产及应用奠定基础。     

白喉毒素突变体CRM197在大肠杆菌中的高效可溶表达、纯化及免疫原性分析

CRM197(Cross-reacting material 197)是白喉毒素的无毒突变体,在生物制药领域具有非常广泛的应用前景。为了实现CRM197在大肠杆菌中的无标签、可溶表达,以替代现有昂贵、复杂的白喉杆菌分泌发酵工艺,文中对目的蛋白的序列进行优化,转化大肠杆菌经IPTG诱导,目的蛋白获得了可溶性高表达,目的蛋白约占碎菌上清总蛋白的40%。超声破菌后、经阴离子交换、肝素亲和以及脱盐三步柱上层析获得纯度高于95%的CRM197样品。细胞毒性实验证明,CRM197的IC_(50)值是白喉毒素IC_(50)值的2.1×10~7倍,是白喉类毒素IC_(50)值的9.6倍,表明文中表达的CRM197是安全无毒的。随后,比较了高、低剂量的CRM197在小鼠体内的免疫原性,发现2μg组三免后的抗体滴度与20μg组的相当,可达1︰409 600。文中建立了CRM197的无标签、高效、可溶表达的大肠杆菌表达系和快速纯化体系,获得了具有较好免疫原性和安全性的重组蛋白,为该蛋白的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

白喉毒素突变体CRM197的应用研究进展

CRM197(cross reacting material 197)是一种无毒的白喉毒素突变体,主要用作疫苗蛋白载体及药物透过血脑屏障的载体,其在抗肿瘤方面也有一定的应用。     

血管生成抑制因子arresten基因的克隆表达

构建血管生成抑制因子arresten基因的原核表达重组体 ,并进行初步表达。从人胎盘组织中提取总RNA ,经反转录 聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)扩增出arresten基因 ;采用T A克隆法 ,将arresten基因克隆入pGEM T载体中 ,经DNA测序确认后 ,构建原核表达重组体pRSET Arr,转化大肠杆菌BL2 1 (DE3) ,用IPTG诱导表达。所获得的arresten基因经测序正确 ,并表达重组蛋白 ,经SDS PAGE分析 ,相对分子量为 2 6ku。构建的原核表达重组体pRSET Arr能高效表达重组arresten蛋白。     

Biochemical and biological characteristics of cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin: Use as a conjugation protein in vaccines and other potential clinical applications

The biochemical and biological characteristics of CRM₁₉₇ are reviewed. Polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines represent an important technological advancement that allowed for protection against dangerous diseases in vulnerable populations such as infants. The first carrier proteins, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, were chosen in the context of an extensive body of information describing their immunogenicity and safety profiles in clinical use. These carriers perform well, and they require detoxification. A non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, cross-reacting material 197 (CRM₁₉₇), is a useful carrier protein with several manufacturing and other potential advantages over toxoids. For over a decade, several important and widely used routine childhood glycoconjugate vaccines against serious illnesses, including Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal disease, have employed CRM₁₉₇ as carrier protein. Additional clinical applications of CRM₁₉₇, as in chemotherapy, also exist.     

Mutated form (G52E) of inactive diphtheria toxin CRM197: molecular simulations clearly display effect of the mutation to NAD binding

Mutated form (G52E) of diphtheria toxin (DT) CRM197 is an inactive and nontoxic enzyme. Here, we provided a molecular insight using comparative molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to clarify the influence of a single point mutation on overall protein and active-site loop. Post-processing MD analysis (i.e. stability, principal component analysis, hydrogen-bond occupancy, etc.) is carried out on both wild and mutated targets to investigate and to better understand the mechanistic differences of structural and dynamical properties on an atomic scale especially at nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding site when a single mutation (G52E) happens at the DT. In addition, a docking simulation is performed for wild and mutated forms. The docking scoring analysis and docking poses results revealed that mutant form is not able to properly accommodate the NAD molecule.     

CRM197 (nontoxic diphtheria toxin): effects on advanced cancer patients

Purpose: Many years ago, diphtheria toxin (DT) showed antitumor activity in mice and in humans, but it was unclear whether this depended on the toxicity of the molecule only or on its strong inflammatory-immunological property as well. To deal with this open question, we planned to treat a group of cancer patients with cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197). CRM197 is a nontoxic mutant of DT that shares the immunological properties of the native molecule and its ability to bind to heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), the specific cell-membrane receptor for DT that is often overexpressed in cancer. Methods: 25 outpatients with various advanced tumors who were refractory to standard therapies (23 subjects) or had refused, in whole or in part, conventional therapies (2 subjects) were treated with CRM197 injected subcutaneously in the abdominal wall, on alternate days, for 6 days. Three different dosages (1.7, 2.6, or 3.5 mg/day) were used according to the patients degree of immunological reactivity to DT/CRM197 (none, moderate, or high). Results: After the first administration of CRM197, a significant increase in the number of circulating neutrophils and in the serum level of TNF- was detected. Toxicities were minimal. Only patients with delayed-type hypersensitivity to DT/CRM197 had irritating skin reactions in the injection sites and a flu-like syndrome with fever. Pharmacokinetics showed a mean peak concentration (12.7 ng/ml) 12 h after the first injection and a mean half-life of 18.1 h. There were two complete and one partial responses (metastatic breast carcinoma, neuroblastoma, and metastatic breast carcinoma) lasting 4, 45+, and 15 months, respectively. Six cases of stable disease, lasting from 1 to 15 months, were also recorded. Conclusions: CRM197 injected subcutaneously elicited an inflammatory-immunological reaction, caused tolerable toxicities, was absorbed to a good extent into the circulatory system, and exerted some degree of biological antitumor activity. A possible role of neutrophils and TNF- in the mode of action of the molecule is hypothesized.     

Overexpression and purification of the recombinant diphtheria toxin variant CRM197 in Escherichia coli

The expression of the recombinant diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 in bacteria other than Corynebacterium diphtheriae has proven to be difficult. Here we propose a new and alternative procedure for the production of full-length CRM197 in Escherichia coli. The present study relates specifically to the expression of an artificial sequence and to a method for the isolation and purification of the corresponding protein. In particular, a synthetic gene coding for CRM197, bearing a short histidine tag and optimized for E. coli codon usage, was cloned in the pET9a vector. Accordingly, the over-expression of the protein was simply induced with arabinose in E. coli BL21AI. The recombinant protein was insoluble and always found inside protein aggregates, which were solubilised using urea. Surprisingly, the expression of CRM197, devoid of the short tag, always failed. Following a refolding step, the his-tagged CRM197 was purified by affinity and gel-filtration chromatography and the purity of the final preparation reached 95%. Interestingly, the recombinant protein features DNase activity, indicating that the presence of the tag is not affecting its biochemical properties. However, the removal of the synthetic tag could be easily obtained by incubating the target protein with a proper quantity of a commercial enterokinase.     

Transgenic mice expressing a fully nontoxic diphtheria toxin mutant, not CRM197 mutant, acquire immune tolerance against diphtheria toxin

We previously developed a method termed "toxin receptor-mediated cell knockout" (TRECK). By the TRECK method, a single or repeated shot(s) of diphtheria toxin (DT) conditionally ablates a specific cell population from transgenic mice expressing the DT receptor transgene under the control of a cell type-specific promoter. In some cases of TRECK, frequent and high-dose administration of DT is required, raising the concern that these frequent injections of DT could cause production of anti-DT antibody, which would neutralize further DT administration. To solve this problem, we aimed to generate transgenic mice genetically expressing a nontoxic DT mutant, with the expectation that they may naturally acquire immune tolerance to DT. Unexpectedly, the G52E DT mutant, which is well known as the nontoxic DT variant cross reacting material 197 (CRM197), exhibited cytotoxicity in yeast and mammalian cells. Cytotoxicity of CRM197 was abrogated in cells mutated for elongation factor 2 (EF-2), indicating that CRM197 exerts its toxic effects through EF-2, similar to wild-type DT. On the other hand, the K51E/E148K DT mutant exhibited no detectable cytotoxicity. This led us to successfully obtain DT gene transgenic mice, which exhibited no histological abnormalities, and indeed acquired immune tolerance to DT.     

Production of diphtheria toxin CRM228 in B. subtilis

The gene coding for a nontoxic diphtheria toxin (DT), tox228, was isolated from lysogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and cloned into pBR322. A mature form of the tox228 gene, lacking its signal sequence, was expressed in Bacillus subtilis using a B. amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase secretion vector. To test the possibility of producing partially deleted DT molecules, which could be used for cell-directed toxin conjugates, a truncated form lacking 151 amino acids from the C-terminus of the DT was generated by oligonucleotide mutagenesis. Both the truncated and intact DT were efficiently secreted into the culture medium. During prolonged cultivation, the truncated form was less stable than the intact DT molecule.     

Ion channel and membrane translocation of diphtheria toxin

Abstract Diphtheria toxin is the best studied member of a family of bacterial protein toxins which act inside cells. To reach their cytoplasmic targets, these toxins, which include tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins and anthrax toxin, have to cross the hydrophobic membrane barrier. All of them have been shown to form ion channels across planar lipid bilayer and, in the case of diphtheria toxin, also in the plasma membrane of cells. A relation between the ion channel and the process of membrane translocation has been suggested and two different models have been put forward to account for these phenomena. The two models are discussed on the basis of the available experimental evidence and in terms of the focal points of difference, amenable to further experimental investigations.