国内外关于人用疫苗病毒安全性检测的研究

人用疫苗产品安全性检测的重点是确定生产基质及原辅料有无潜在病毒污染。按照2010版中国药典(以下简称CP)病毒外源因子检查,并与欧洲药典7.0版(以下简称EP7.0)和美国药典(以下简称USP34/NF29)进行比较,发现2010版CP在细胞基质病毒外源因子检测要求上比2005版CP有较大的提高,并对检测结果有效性的控制进一步加强。USP34/NF29规定检测的病毒种类繁多,并且根据种属来源的特异性及病毒的亲嗜性,列出了敏感指示细胞系,而2010版CP对上述部分内容未作规定或欠详细表述。因此在今后药典的标准提高方面,应结合国内外相关病毒外源因子检测的实际情况,加强疫苗安全性;以EP7.0或USP34/NF29标准为依据进行药品研发及药品审评工作的人员应注意其中的差别,勿混淆套用。     

侵染浙贝母3种病毒CP基因的原核表达、抗血清制备及其病毒检测

根据GenBank报道的浙贝母花叶病毒(Thunberg fritillary mosaic virus,TFMV)、浙贝母Y病毒(Fritillary virus Y,FVY)和百合斑驳病毒(Lily mottle virus,LMoV)序列设计引物,扩增其CP基因。将CP基因插入表达载体pSBET,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)Plys E菌株,IPTG诱导表达。经12% SDS-PAGE和5%~20%梯度SDS-PAGE两次纯化CP,分别免疫小鼠获得抗CP血清。采用Western blot分析确定抗体的特异性及其之间的血亲学关系;采用ELISA分析确定抗体是否能与天然病毒粒子结合。采用Western blot、间接ELISA法和Dot-ELISA 法检测侵染浙贝母的3种病毒。结果表明,制备的抗体对CP有高度特异性,相互之间无交叉反应,且能与天然病毒离子结合。制备的抗血清可以用于检测3种病毒,其中间接ELISA法和Dot-ELISA法检测效果较好。     

国内外实验动物病毒检测的比较

实验动物病毒学检测项目、检测方法、检测频率等在实际应用中仍存在诸多问题。本文简要介绍国内外常用实验动物病毒检测的内容和方法。结合目前我国实验动物病毒检测实际工作中值得关注的问题提出建议。     

用免疫蚀斑方法筛选重组痘苗病毒疫苗株

用间接免疫酶方法在硝酸纤维膜上检查,筛选和回收重线痘苗病毒。作为人用疫苗株的筛选,此法较核酸杂交方法更简便,直观和准确,在筛选重组病毒的同时确定了病毒在感染细胞上的表达。构建了含痘苗病毒７．５Ｋ启动子和ＥＢ病毒膜抗原基因的转移载体,从转染的病毒混合液中用特异性ＭｃＡｂ和间接免疫酶方法直接筛选表达ＥＢ病毒膜抗原的重组痘苗病毒,并从阳性酶斑中回收具感染性病毒。     

疫苗原辅料中猪圆环病毒1型、2型和猪细小病毒PCR检测方法的建立及验证

目的 建立疫苗原辅料中猪圆环病毒1型(porcine circovirus type 1, PCV1)、2型(porcine circovirus type 2, PCV2)和猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus, PPV)的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)检测方法并进行验证。方法 根据NCBI公布的PCV1、PCV2和PPV基因序列设计了3对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立起检测疫苗原辅料中PCV1、PCV2和PPV的PCR检测方法,并对方法的重复性、中间精密度、专属性、耐用性和检测限进行了验证。结果 PCR反应的退火温度为55℃,特异性引物浓度为10μmol/L。该方法重复性、中间精密度、专属性和耐用性均良好,对PCV1、PCV2、PPV的最低检测限分别为1 pg/μL、100 fg/μL和10 fg/μL。结论 PCR检测方法可以有效检测出疫苗原辅料中外源病毒污染情况,能为生产合格的疫苗提供质量保证。     

人乳头瘤病毒检测方法研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒（Human papilloma viruses,HPV）是少数几种明确与人类癌症相关的病毒之一,其持续感染是导致宫颈癌发生的重要危险因素。HPV的检测对宫颈癌的筛查及治疗宫颈病变药物的有效性评价有重要作用,因此国内外对HPV的检测方法不断革新。纵观近年来HPV检测方法,主要依赖于分子生物技术检测HPV的DNA、RNA、癌蛋白等,但各种检测方法的原理、适用范围及临床意义均不相同。本文将就目前常用的HPV检测技术及试剂盒进行简要介绍,并对各方法的优缺点、灵敏度及特异性进行分析,以期为临床选择合适的检测方法提供参考。     

弱毒疫苗中鸡传染性贫血病毒低剂量污染对SPF鸡体重和疫苗免疫抗体的影响

为了观察使用污染有低剂量鸡传染性贫血病毒(Chicken infectious anemia virus,CIAV)弱毒疫苗后对鸡免疫和体重的影响,本研究通过人工模拟试验观察了CIAV低剂量污染对SPF鸡体重以及对NDV疫苗抗体产生的影响。结果显示使用每羽份污染10个EID50CIAV和5个EID50CIAV两种剂量的NDV疫苗后均造成了SPF鸡体重的下降,与使用未污染疫苗组相比差异显著;并且使用污染两种剂量CIAV的疫苗后NDV抗体水平与使用无污染组相比也降低了,差异显著。使用污染两种剂量CIAV的NDV疫苗后第2周开始均检测到一定比例的CIAV抗体阳性,而通过核酸检测在使用污染疫苗后第1周就检测到很高比例的CIAV核酸阳性。研究结果不仅展示了弱毒疫苗中CIAV污染对SPF鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响,也提示我们在通过SPF鸡检查法检测外源病毒污染时增加对病毒核酸检测有助于节省检测时间和提高检出率。     

纯化狂犬病疫苗及其方法的研究进展

由于暴露前后的疫苗接种是预防狂犬病的唯一有效措施,而目前国内所用的浓缩狂犬病疫苗其保护性、副反应性等仍亟需改进,研制纯化疫苗以替代浓缩疫苗已成为当务之急。国家药管局对此非常重视,已将纯化狂犬病疫苗列为国家二类新药。目前国内已有十多家科研生产单位向国家新药审评中心申报了纯化狂犬病疫苗的新药申请,本文根据危险人群狂犬病发病及疫苗使用现状,就纯化狂犬病疫苗及其方法的研究进展作一综述。     

基孔肯雅病毒检测方法及进展

基孔肯雅病毒是引起基孔肯雅热的病原体,主要经伊蚊传播,感染者的症状主要以发热、皮疹和关节疼痛为主。该病毒主要分布在非洲、东南亚等地区,近年来在印度洋地区造成大规模流行。我国主要以输入性病例为主,未发生大规模流行。对基孔肯雅病毒的实验室检测方法及最新研究进展进行了综述。     

水痘-带状疱疹病毒疫苗的评价与研究进展

水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)属疱疹病毒α亚科,即人类疱疹病毒3型,为双链DNA病毒。原发感染可引起具有高度传染性的全球流行性疾病——水痘;潜伏病毒的再激活感染可引发典型的疼痛性皮肤病——带状疱疹及不典型的内脏器官感染。日本和美国分别自1987年和1995年开始实行给全体儿童预防接种水痘减毒活疫苗(vOka)后,两国儿童的水痘发病率和病死率显著降低。但VZV疫苗的不良反应,包括二次传播和突破感染等时有发生,因此有必要研发更为有效、安全的新型疫苗。本文就VZV相关疫苗的有效性、安全性及其新型疫苗的研究进展进行综述。     

应用两种基因组快速扩增方法进行病毒芯片杂交鉴定

为了摸索均衡的病毒基因组扩增方法,建立高通量的病毒检测基因芯片技术平台,本研究以甲病毒属的辛德比斯病毒作为检测模型,分别以随机PCR扩增法和MDA( Multiple Displacement Amplification)扩增法扩增病毒基因组,并以两种扩增产物作为模板,扩增辛德比斯病毒的特异基因片段以验证基因组扩增的均衡性;然后将两种基因组扩增产物标记荧光染料后与基因芯片进行杂交;结果表明从两种基因组扩增产物中正确扩增出了辛德比斯的特定基因片段,作为探针可与基因芯片上的靶标基因特异性结合;基因组扩增产物与基因芯片进行杂交,可成功检测到甲病毒属的特异性信号,充分说明随机PCR扩增法和MDA扩增法用于扩增病毒基因组均具有良好的均衡性,扩增产物可用于病毒性病原体的基因芯片检测。     

Challenges for development of hepatitis C virus vaccines

Abstract: Impediments to the development of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine are reviewed. Foremost is the perception that the limited transmissability of HCV, and reduced spread by blood-associated routes, make this a low priority target. It is argued that such a vaccine may have an important therapeutic use in the treatment of chronic HCV carriers of which an estimated 30 million exist worldwide. An HCV vaccine would also have prophylactic use in multivalent (hepatitis) vaccines, and in the developing world. An effective HCV vaccine vaccine will not be easy to develop. The high variability of the viral proteins, especially that of the envelope proteins, provide a major challenge. The association of HCV with very low density lipoproteins renders a major proportion of the virions non-neutralizable, a further challenge. It may be necessary to design an HCV vaccine which acts primarily through the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes reactive with conserved epitopes displayed on the surface of infected cells.     

The binding of hepatitis A virus to cell surfaces shows evidence of positive co-operativity

Abstract Radio-iodinated hepatitis A virus binds to cultured mammalian cells in a saturable manner, with about 1.4 × 10³ sites/cell and a S _0.5 of about 1.4 × 10⁻¹¹ M for FRhK-4 cells. This binding to FRhK-4 cells shows evidence of positive co-operativity, with a Hill coefficient of 2.1 (±0.1). This implies that the cellular receptor for the virus may have multiple binding sites and that the affinity of HAV for its receptor is increased if one of the binding sites is occupied by virus. Binding is completely blocked by two neutralising monoclonal antibodies, which also inhibit viral haemagglutination. A non-neutralising monoclonal antibody partially inhibits binding to FRhK-4 cells, but has no effect on haemagglutination.     

Detection of Banana streak virus in field samples of bananas from Uganda

Banana streak virus (BSV) is one of the major constraints to banana production in Uganda. To develop a diagnostic technique, 59 samples were taken from 30 farms at 14 locations across Uganda; a further three samples were taken from infector plants for BSV epidemiology experiments. BSV was found in 51 of the field samples and in the three infector plants. The possible variation of the virus was assessed by serology (ISEM and ELISA) using a broad‐spectrum antiserum and by PCR. Virus was poorly detected in many of the samples by serological tests even though other techniques showed its presence. Virus was detected in most samples by PCR with a degenerate primer set on extracted viral DNA and on immune‐captured (1C) or directly bound (DB) virus particles. The epidemiology experiment samples did not give a product with these degenerate primers but did with other primer sets. A diagnostic procedure was developed involving concentrating the virus in sap by polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by 1C‐ or DB‐PCR using a degenerate primer set which detected virus in most samples.     

Population dynamics of live-attenuated virus vaccines

Viruses contained in live-attenuated virus vaccines (LAVV) can be transmitted between individuals, resulting in secondary or contact vaccinations. This fact has been exploited successfully in the use of the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to better control wild-type polio viruses. In this work we analyze general LAVV vaccination models for infections that confer lifelong immunity. We consider both standard (continuous) vaccination strategies and pulse vaccination programs (where mass vaccination is carried out at regular intervals). For continuous vaccination, we provide a complete global analysis of a very general compartmental ordinary differential equation LAVV model. We find that the threshold vaccination level required for the eradication of wild-type virus depends on the basic reproduction numbers of both the wild-type and vaccine viruses, but is otherwise independent of the distributions of the durations in each of the sequence of stages of disease progression (e.g., latent, infectious, etc.). Furthermore, even for vaccine viruses with reproduction numbers below one, which would naturally fade from the population upon cessation of vaccination, there can be a significant reduction in the threshold vaccination level. The dependence of the threshold vaccination level on the virus reproduction numbers largely generalizes to the pulse vaccination model. For shorter pulsing periods there is negligible difference in threshold vaccination level as compared to continuous vaccination campaigns. Thus, we conclude that current policy in many countries to employ annual pulsed OPV vaccination does not significantly diminish the benefits of contact vaccination.     

Chicken anemia virus and avian gyrovirus 2 as contaminants in poultry vaccines

This study focuses on the detection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) and avian gyrovirus 2 (AGV2) genomes in commercially available poultry vaccines. A duplex quantitative real-time PCR (dqPCR), capable of identifying genomes of both viruses in a single assay, was employed to determine the viral loads of these agents in commercially available vaccines. Thirty five vaccines from eight manufacturers (32 prepared with live and 3 with inactivated microorganisms) were examined. Genomes of CAV were detected as contaminants in 6/32 live vaccines and in 1/3 inactivated vaccines. The CAV genome loads ranged from 6.4 to 173.4 per 50 ng of vaccine DNA (equivalent to 0.07 to 0.69 genome copies per dose of vaccine). Likewise, AGV2 genomes were detected in 9/32 live vaccines, with viral loads ranging from 93 to 156,187 per 50 ng of vaccine DNA (equivalent to 0.28–9176 genome copies per dose of vaccine). These findings provide evidence for the possibility of contamination of poultry vaccines with CAV and AGV2 and they also emphasize the need of searching for these agents in vaccines in order to ensure the absence of such potential contaminants.     

六种检测猪瘟病毒方法的比较

【目的】本研究旨在比较6种检测猪瘟病毒方法的优缺点。【方法】应用病毒分离、胶体金免疫层析试纸条、抗原捕捉ELISA、反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR(RT-qPCR)和反转录-环介导等温扩增方法(RT-LAMP)等6种方法,分别对50份疑似猪瘟病料中的猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fevervirus,CSFV)进行检测。【结果】结果表明:RT-qPCR和RT-LAMP方法检出阳性样品数为13份,RT-PCR为11份,病毒分离为10份,抗原捕捉ELISA为9份,胶体金试纸条为8份;6种方法均检测为阳性8份,均为阴性37份。【结论】结果提示,在对猪瘟病毒进行检测时,RT-qPCR、RT-LAMP和RT-PCR由于其灵敏性高,可作为首选检测方法,但操作时需要避免假阳性的出现;病毒分离方法虽然操作繁琐,但结果准确,是确诊猪瘟必不可少的检测方法;抗原捕捉ELISA和胶体金试纸条检测时间较短,由于其敏感性较低所限,主要用于对畜群进行检测,不适合个体检测。     

In vitro evaluation methods for Clostridium botulinum type C and D vaccines

Reagents were prepared for use in ELISAs to determine the concentration of the antigenic components of Clostridium botulinum type C and D. The results obtained were compared with the L+dose assay and a good correlation was found between the two assays for measurement of the C and D neurotoxin concentration. These ELISAs were also used to determine the concentration of the neurotoxins in toxoid form. The relationship between the C neurotoxin dose, in toxoid form, and the immune response in guinea pigs could be deduced from the data obtained. The relationship for the D neurotoxin was not that clear, as the same concentration of the antigen resulted in variable potency values. However, these ELISAs can be used to formulate the concentration of the C and D components in the final bivalent vaccine. Replacement of the preliminary potency assay on the monovalent components after production with the in vitro assays will shorten the total production time of the vaccine by about 60 days. The economical and ethical implications are the reduction in the use of animals to evaluate the vaccine.