Ⅰ型干扰素受体研究进展

Ⅰ型干扰素受本是细胞因子受体超家族的一类复合亚基受体,通过受体的特异性单克隆抗体的制备和不同受体亚基的克隆,已清楚了Ⅰ型干扰素受体的结构和功能,本文分析了这些最新进展和不同受体亚基在Ⅰ型干扰素的信号传递中的作用。     

病毒诱导Ⅰ型干扰素产生的机制

病毒的病原体相关分子模式被细胞的相关受体识别后,分别经过Toll样受体途径和核酸结合蛋白途径进行信号转导,启动β-干扰素的转录和合成。从感染细胞分泌的β-干扰素与细胞膜上Ⅰ型干扰素共有的受体结合后,经Jak／STAT信号途径刺激细胞产生一系列具有抗病毒效应的的干扰素刺激因子。干扰素调节因子7作为一种干扰素刺激因子在启动随后的α-干扰素转录中起着重要作用。母α、β-干扰素的产生进一步放大了产生干扰素刺激基因的信号,形成一个正反馈回路,加强了免疫应答的强度和延长免疫应答的时间。     

口服Ⅰ型干扰素的研究进展

干扰素（ＩＦＮ）是一类能发挥抗病毒、抗肿瘤、调节免疫功能的蛋白质,也是最早发现,最早基因克隆化和最早被批准应用于临床治疗的细胞因子,研究发现肠外途径注射ＩＦＮ,具有剂量过大和副作用多的缺点,而口服ＩＦＮ能克服上述缺点,同时能产生不同于肠外注射途径产生的生物效应,因此,口服ＩＦＮ的作用机制和临床应用成为当前免疫学研究的新热点。     

检测人Ⅰ型干扰素生物学活性的新方法

为建立一种更简便、安全、有效的检测Ⅰ型干扰素 (IFN)的方法 ,将可被Ⅰ型IFN诱导的人 6 - 16基因启动子与表达产物容易被检测的 β -半乳糖苷酶基因相连 ,构建成重组质粒 ,然后转染人羊膜传代细胞系 ,筛选阳性克隆 ,最终建立了一种适用于检测Ⅰ型IFN的简便、快速、敏感、特异和重复性好的新型方法 ,其敏感性同标准的细胞病变抑制法相同。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒nsp1蛋白对Ⅰ型干扰素应答的影响

猪流行性腹泻病毒 (PEDV) 能抑制宿主Ⅰ型干扰素及其诱导的细胞抗病毒免疫应答,但是PEDV抑制Ⅰ型干扰素应答的分子机制尚不明了,尤其是PEDV非结构蛋白 (Nonstructural proteins,nsps) 在Ⅰ型干扰素应答中的调控作用研究不多。为研究PEDV非结构蛋白1 (nsp1) 对细胞Ⅰ型干扰素应答的影响,构建了真核表达载体pCAGGS-nsp1,采用Western blotting和间接免疫荧光试验确定nsp1在细胞中的表达。通过报告基因法、ELISA以及病毒复制抑制试验评估nsp1对Ⅰ型IFN的影响。结果显示,nsp1在转染细胞和病毒感染细胞中均高效表达;双荧光报告基因试验结果表明,nsp1能显著抑制IFN-β启动子活性,且具有剂量依赖性。ELISA结果显示,nsp1能显著抑制IFN-β蛋白的表达。水泡性口炎病毒 (VSV) 复制抑制试验结果显示,nsp1明显抑制poly(I:C)介导的Ⅰ型IFN的抗病毒作用。结果提示,nsp1作为PEDV的保守蛋白,具有拮抗Ⅰ型干扰素启动子活性和应答的功能,为揭示PEDV逃逸宿主天然免疫应答的机制和研发新型高效抗PEDV疫苗奠定基础。     

Ⅰ型干扰素免疫应答作用机制研究进展

I型干扰素(IFN-Ⅰ)是机体固有免疫应答的一类重要的细胞因子,具有广谱的抗病毒及抗肿瘤等作用。近年来IFN-Ⅰ成为病毒学、疫苗学及肿瘤学等研究的热点,对干扰素诱导基因(ISGs)的功能研究进一步揭示了其抗病毒以及抗肿瘤的作用机制。麻疹病毒、流感病毒和肠道病毒71型等病毒均可通过与IFN-Ⅰ或其上、下游调节因子结合阻断IFN-Ⅰ信号通路,从而逃逸IFN-Ⅰ的抗病毒作用,这对病毒性疾病的防治是新的挑战。近期研究发现IFN-Ⅰ是疫苗诱导抗体产生的必要信号,同时参与调节T、B细胞的活化过程,在免疫应答过程中发挥关键作用。对IFN-Ⅰ免疫应答作用机制研究进行了综述。     

病毒靶向人I型干扰素受体1的负调控机制

人Ⅰ型干扰素（type I interferon, IFN-I）的诱生和应答在机体抗病毒固有免疫中发挥重要作用。但病毒多可逃逸宿主此类抗病毒免疫,导致感染和致病。Ⅰ型干扰素受体（interferon alpha receptor, IFNAR）是识别及结合IFN-I的一种跨细胞膜蛋白受体,其IFNAR1亚型在干扰素发挥抗病毒效应的启动阶段发挥关键作用;本文从IFNAR1蛋白质的表达、降解及其功能等方面,概述病毒以IFNAR1为靶点负调控IFN-I的抗病毒机制,以期为该领域基础研究和临床抗病毒策略提供有益的参考依据。     

干扰素调节因子家族

干扰素调节因子（IRFs）是调节干扰素（IFN）、干扰素刺激性应答基因（ISG）及其它相关基因表达的重要转录因子,通过调节IFN、ISG和其它密切相关基因表达而发挥多种生物学效应.     

综述:Ⅰ型干扰素在HIV-1感染中的作用具有两面性

Ⅰ型干扰素(以下简称为干扰素)是重要的抗病毒因子,也是临床上治疗病毒感染性疾病的药物．然而,干扰素在HIV感染中的作用一直存在争议．最近在HIV感染的人源化小鼠模型中发现,干扰素具有抑制HIV复制和破坏抗病毒免疫的双重作用．在抗病毒药物治疗的同时,注射干扰素受体的阻断抗体显著提高抗HIV特异性免疫反应,延缓停药后病毒反弹．这些研究结果提示,干扰素有望成为研发治疗艾滋病新型药物的靶点．     

The evolution of the type I interferon gene family in mammals

A phylogenetic analysis of mammalian type I interferon (IFN) genes showed: (1) that the three main subfamilies of these genes in mammals (IFN-, IFN-, and IFN-) diverged after the divergence of birds and mammals but before radiation of the eutherian orders and (2) that IFN- diverged first. Although apparent cases of interlocus recombination among mouse IFN- genes were identified, the hypothesis that coding regions of IFN- genes have been homogenized within species by interlocus recombination was not supported. Flanking regions as well as coding regions of IFN- were more similar within human and mouse than between these species; and reconstruction of the pattern of nucleotide substitution in IFN- coding regions of four mammalian species by the maximum parsimony method suggested that parallel substitutions have occurred far more frequently between species than within species. Therefore, it seems likely that IFN- genes have duplicated independently within different eutherian orders. In general, type I IFN genes are subject to purifying selection, which in the case of IFN- and IFN- is strongest in the putative receptor-binding domains. However, analysis of the pattern of nucleotide substitution among IFN- genes suggested that positive Darwinian selection may have acted in some cases to diversify members of this subfamily at the amino acid level.     

Pterostilbene effectively inhibits influenza A virus infection by promoting the type I interferon production

With the prevalence of novel strains and drug-resistant influenza viruses, there is an urgent need to develop effective and low-toxicity anti-influenza therapeutics. Regulation of the type I interferon antiviral response is considered an attractive therapeutic strategy for viral infection. Pterostilbene, a 3,5-dimethoxy analog of resveratrol, is known for its remarkable pharmacological activity. Here, we found that pterostilbene effectively inhibited influenza A virus infection and mainly affected the late stages of viral replication. A mechanistic study showed that the antiviral activity of pterostilbene might promote the induction of antiviral type I interferon and expression of its downstream interferon-stimulated genes during viral infection. The same effect of pterostilbene was also observed in the condition of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) transfection. Further study showed that pterostilbene interacted with influenza non-structural 1 (NS1) protein, inhibited ubiquitination mediated degradation of RIG-I and activated the downstream antiviral pathway, orchestrating an antiviral state against influenza virus in the cell. Taken together, pterostilbene could be a promising anti-influenza agent for future antiviral drug exploitation and compounds with similar structures may provide new options for the development of novel inhibitors against influenza A virus (IAV).     

SUMOylation of RIG-I positively regulates the type I interferon signaling

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) functions as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes the 5’-triphosphate moiety of single-stranded RNA viruses to initiate the innate immune response. Previous studies have shown that Lys63-linked ubiquitylation is required for RIG-I activation and the downstream anti-viral type I interferon (IFN-I) induction. Herein we reported that, RIG-I was also modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier-1 (SUMO-1). Functional analysis showed that RIG-I SUMOylation enhanced IFN-I production through increased ubiquitylation and the interaction with its downstream adaptor molecule Cardif. Our results therefore suggested that SUMOylation might serve as an additional regulatory tier for RIG-I activation and IFN-I signaling.     

Inhibition of type I interferon induction and signalling by mosquito‐borne flaviviruses

The Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family) contains a number of important human pathogens, including dengue and Zika viruses, which have the potential to cause severe disease. In order to efficiently establish a productive infection in mammalian cells, flaviviruses have developed key strategies to counteract host immune defences, including the type I interferon response. They employ different mechanisms to control interferon signal transduction and effector pathways, and key research generated over the past couple of decades has uncovered new insights into their abilities to actively decrease interferon antiviral activity. Given the lack of antivirals or prophylactic treatments for many flaviviral infections, it is important to fully understand how these viruses affect cellular processes to influence pathogenesis and disease outcome. This review will discuss the strategies mosquito‐borne flaviviruses have evolved to antagonise type I interferon mediated immune responses.     

Transformation of mouse fibroblasts alters the induction pattern of type I IFNs after virus infection

Type I interferons (IFNs) have been shown to be involved in many immune defence and inflammatory responses. We here show that IFN-beta plays an absolute essential role in the efficient induction of all type I IFNs after infection of primary embryonic as well as primary adult fibroblasts with Sendai virus. In contrast, after immortalization of such fibroblasts with SV40 large T antigen, IFN-alpha4 can be induced independently of IFN-beta. However, efficient secretion of type I IFNs even in immortalized fibroblasts is only found when the complete signalling loop is induced by IFN-beta.     

Distinct evolution process among type I interferon in mammals

Interferon (IFN) is thought to play an important role in the vertebrate immune system, but systemic knowledge of IFN evolution has yet to be elucidated. To evaluate the phylogenic distribution and evolutionary history of type I IFNs, 13gen omes were searched using BLASTn program, and a phylogenetic tree of vertebrate type I IFNs was constructed. In the present study, an IFNδ-like gene in the human genome was identified, refuting the concept that humans have no IFNδ genes, and other mammalian IFN genes were also identified. In the phylogenetic tree, the mammalian IFNβ, IFN?, and IFNκ formed a clad e sepa rate f rom the other mammalian type I IFNs, while piscine and avian IFNs formed distinct clades. Based on this phylogenetic analysis and the various characteristics of type I IFNs, the evolutionary history of type I IFNs was further evaluated. Our data indicate that an ancestral IFNα-like gene forms a core from which new IFNs divided during vertebrate evolution. In addition, the data suggest how the other type I IFNs evolved from IFNα and shaped the complex type I IFN system. The promoters of type I IFNs were conserved among different mammals, as well as their genic regions. However, the intergenic regions of type I IFN clusters were not conserved among different mammals, demonstrating a high selec tion pressure upon type I IFNs during their evolution.     

Sensitivity of rabies virus to type I interferon is determined by the phosphoprotein gene

The growth of a virulent strain of fixed rabies virus, Nishigahara, in mouse neuroblastoma NA cells treated with type I interferon (IFN) was compared with that of a derivative avirulent strain, Ni-CE. Nishigahara strain was slightly sensitive to IFN treatment but still grew more efficiently than did Ni-CE strain in IFN-treated NA cells. Furthermore, a virulent chimeric virus with the phosphoprotein gene from Nishigahara strain in the Ni-CE genome was less sensitive to IFN treatment than was Ni-CE strain, indicating that the IFN sensitivity is determined by the phosphoprotein gene of the virus.     

USP3 inhibits type I interferon signaling by deubiquitinating RIG-I-like receptors

Lysine 63 (K63)-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I plays a critical role in the activation of type I interferon pathway, yet the molecular mechanism responsible for its deubiquitination is still poorly understood. Here we report that the deubiquitination enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 3 (USP3) negatively regulates the activation of type I interferon signaling by targeting RIG-I. Knockdown of USP3 specifically enhanced K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, upregulated the phosphorylation of IRF3 and augmented the production of type I interferon cytokines and antiviral immunity. We further show that there is no interaction between USP3 and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) in unstimulated or uninfected cells, but upon viral infection or ligand stimulation, USP3 binds to the caspase activation recruitment domain of RLRs and then cleaves polyubiquitin chains through cooperation of its zinc-finger Ub-binding domain and USP catalytic domains. Mutation analysis reveals that binding of USP3 to polyubiquitin chains on RIG-I is a prerequisite step for its cleavage of polyubiquitin chains. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of USP3 in RIG-I activation and provide insights into the mechanisms by which USP3 inhibits RIG-I signaling and antiviral immunity.