扇叶铁线蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微观察

采用显微观察技术对扇叶铁线蕨配子体发育和卵发生进行了研究.结果显示:(1)扇叶铁线蕨孢子黄褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,孢子接种后4～7 d萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育为心形的原叶体,成熟原叶体雌雄同株,在原叶体基部产生精子器,在原叶体生长点下方产生颈卵器.(2)切片观察表明,扇叶铁线蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方的表面细胞(颈卵器原始细胞),该细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,其上层细胞发育为颈卵器颈部壁细胞,中间细胞为初生细胞,它经2次不等分裂产生3个细胞--卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞;刚产生时, 3个细胞紧贴颈卵器壁,随着发育,卵细胞和腹沟细胞之间产生了分离腔,同时在卵细胞上表面形成了染色深的卵膜;此后,颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞逐渐退化,在颈沟内产生大量不定形物质,受精作用观察表明,该物质能够吸引精子进入颈卵器.(3)连续切片观察发现,成熟卵细胞上表面卵膜中央具有受精孔,表明受精孔在同型孢子蕨类卵细胞中可能是普遍存在的.     

阔鳞瘤蕨颈卵器形成与卵发生的初步研究

运用光学显微镜与透射电镜对阔鳞瘤蕨（Phymatosorus hainanensis(Noot.) S.G.Lu）颈卵器形成和卵发生进行了研究。阔鳞瘤蕨颈卵器产生于雌配子体生长点下方分枝毛状体内侧。切片观察表明颈卵器起源于配子体表面的原始细胞,该细胞经两次不等分裂形成3个细胞,上下两个细胞分别发育为颈卵器的颈部与底部壁细胞,中间的细胞为初生细胞,含有较丰富的细胞器。初生细胞进行两次不等分裂产生颈沟细胞、腹沟细胞与卵细胞。成熟颈卵器内颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞退化,卵细胞上表面产生受精孔。本研究阐述了阔鳞瘤蕨颈卵器形成和卵发生的细胞学过程,对阐明蕨类植物雌性生殖器官的发育特征有一定的科学意义。     

蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微结构观察

运用显微观察技术对蕨(Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum)配子体发育和卵发生进行了研究。结果表明：(1)蕨孢子黄褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,接种后3～7 d萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育成原叶体,成熟原叶体雌雄异株或同株。(2)蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方的表面细胞(颈卵器原始细胞),该细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,其上层和下层细胞发育为颈卵器壁细胞,中间细胞为初生细胞,它经2次不等分裂产生3个细胞,分别为卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞;刚产生时,此3个细胞紧贴颈卵器壁,细胞质内液泡较多,随着发育,卵细胞和腹沟细胞之间产生了分离腔,但二者通过孔区相连,在卵细胞上表面可观察到卵膜;此后,颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞逐渐退化,颈卵器壁细胞内具有黑色颗粒物质。连续切片观察发现,成熟卵细胞上表面中央具有受精孔。卵发生的细节尚需超微结构的研究。     

海金沙配子体发育及卵发生的显微观察

用光镜观察海金沙(Lygodium japonicum)配子体发育和卵发生。海金沙孢子为四面体形,具三裂缝,孢子萌发方式为密穗蕨型(Anemia-type);配子体的发育形态多样,通常丝状体长至3~5个细胞时通过顶细胞纵分裂发育为片状体,进而发育为心形原叶体,在心形原叶体上可产生精子器和颈卵器。但在培养过程中也可产生10个细胞以上的丝状体,这种丝状体发育成的片状体和原叶体形态通常不规则,只产生精子器,不产生颈卵器。原叶体发育是铁线蕨型(Adiantum-type),性器官是薄囊蕨型(Leptosporangiate-type)。切片观察海金沙颈卵器产生于生长点下方表面细胞,经两次分裂形成了顶细胞、初生细胞和基细胞。其中初生细胞再经两次不等分裂产生卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞,此时三个细胞紧密相连,随发育,颈沟细胞和和腹沟细胞退化,卵周围形成了分离腔,光镜观察显示成熟卵细胞上无典型卵膜形成,未观察到受精孔的结构。     

地钱卵发育超微结构和细胞化学的研究

采用电镜和细胞化学技术对地钱(Marchantia polymorpha)卵发生过程进行了研究,根据卵发生过程中细胞化学和超微结构特征可将卵发育过程分为幼卵、中期卵和成熟卵3个阶段.幼卵阶段,卵细胞、腹沟细胞及颈沟细胞间有发达的胞间连丝,但卵与腹沟细胞间的胞间连丝很快退化,幼卵细胞内具大量透明的囊泡,均匀分布于细胞质中;卵发育中期,突出特征是卵细胞质内产生嗜锇性的脂滴,位于囊泡中,与此同时,腹沟细胞退化,其细胞质内产生大型囊泡,囊泡内分泌物与卵细胞外的物质类似,呈PAS反应阳性,表明该物质应为多糖类;卵成熟时,腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞完全退化,卵细胞外包被大量粘性多糖类物质,卵细胞核表面不规则,产生明显的核外突,众多的小泡围绕着细胞核,脂滴聚集成簇,卵细胞内其他细胞器不易区分.卵发育过程中,质体不含淀粉粒,线粒体退化,高尔基体相对发达.地钱卵发育的这些特征显著区分于蕨类植物.     

乌蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微观察

采用光学显微镜对乌蕨的配子体发育及卵发生的过程进行了研究,以阐明蕨类植物颈卵器发育特征,为揭示蕨类植物有性生殖机制以及鳞始蕨科的演化提供依据。结果表明:(1)乌蕨孢子黄褐色,具单裂缝,表面平滑或呈疣状纹饰;孢子接种12d萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育类型为铁线蕨型。(2)半薄切片观察表明,乌蕨颈卵器产生于原叶体生长点下方的表面细胞,即颈卵器原始细胞,该细胞经过两次分裂形成纵向3层细胞,最上层细胞发育为颈卵器的颈部壁细胞,中间层细胞即初生细胞再经过两次不等分裂产生颈沟细胞、腹沟细胞和卵细胞,此三细胞最初紧密贴合,随着颈卵器的发育,卵细胞与腹沟细胞间从两侧向中间产生分离腔,且腹沟细胞与颈沟细胞开始退化;分离腔逐渐向中间扩大,直至出现孔状结构,即受精孔;颈卵器发育后期,在卵细胞上表面形成染色较深的卵膜,颈沟细胞与腹沟细胞退化成絮状物。     

水蕨颈卵器的形成与发育

主要运用电子透射显微镜技术对水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides(L.)Brongn)颈卵器形成与发育进行了研究。结果表明:水蕨颈卵器是由原叶体分生组织内颈卵器原始细胞形成的。该原始细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,上下两层发育成颈卵器颈部与底部的壁细胞,中层为初生细胞。初生细胞是颈卵器内雌配子发生的第一个细胞,该细胞经2次不等分裂形成1个卵细胞,1个腹沟细胞、1个双核的颈沟细胞。本研究首次阐明了水蕨颈卵器内细胞的发育顺序和特征。     

水蕨颈卵器的形成与发育

主要运用电子透射显微镜技术对水蕨（Ceratopteris thalictroides（L．）Brongn）颈卵器形成与发育进行了研究。结果表明：水蕨颈卵器是由原叶体分生组织内颈卵器原始细胞形成的。该原始细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,上下两层发育成颈卵器颈部与底部的壁细胞,中层为初生细胞。初生细胞是颈卵器内雌配子发生的第一个细胞,该细胞经2次不等分裂形成1个卵细胞,1个腹沟细胞、1个双核的颈沟细胞。本研究首次阐明了水蕨颈卵器内细胞的发育顺序和特征。     

峨眉凤丫蕨配子体发育及卵发生的研究

用显微观察及透射电镜技术对峨眉凤丫蕨的配子体发育及卵发生过程进行了观察研究,以探讨其卵发生细胞学机制及蕨类植物演化关系。结果表明:(1)峨眉凤丫蕨孢子接种7～9d萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育为心形原叶体,成熟原叶体雌雄同株,在原叶体基部产生精子器,在原叶体生长点下方产生颈卵器。(2)卵发生研究表明,峨眉凤丫蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方的表面细胞,该细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,中间者为初生细胞,它经2次不等分裂产生卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞;新产生的卵与腹沟细胞间连接紧密,有发达的胞间连丝,随着发育,卵细胞与腹沟细胞之间产生分离腔,而腹沟细胞与卵细胞始终通过孔区相连;发育中期,卵核形成大量核外突;发育后期,在卵细胞外侧形成卵膜,孔区演变为受精孔,核外突数量减少。     

阔叶鳞盖蕨配子体发育及卵发生的研究

采用显微镜和透射电镜对阔叶鳞盖蕨(Microlepia platyphylla)的配子体发育和卵发生过程进行了观察,以阐明其卵发生的细胞学机制,探讨其演化地位。阔叶鳞盖蕨孢子褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,接种5~10d后孢子萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育为心形原叶体,原叶体发育是铁线蕨型,通常为雌雄异株,精子器产生于不规则配子体的表面,颈卵器产生于心形原叶体生长点的下方,性器官是薄囊蕨型。卵发生研究表明,阔叶鳞盖蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方表面细胞,经两次分裂形成了顶细胞、初生细胞和基细胞。其中初生细胞再经两次不等分裂产生卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞,此3个细胞通过胞间连丝紧密相连,随发育,腹沟细胞与卵细胞间形成了分离腔,但在孔区处始终通过胞间连丝相连,成熟卵细胞上形成了卵膜和受精孔,卵核表面产生了核外突,通过比较表明阔叶鳞盖蕨卵发生与蕨（Pteridium aquilinum）卵发生相似。     

The Gametophytes and Fertilization in Pseudotaxus

The development of the gametophytes and fertilization of Pseudotaxus chienii Cheng has been investigated. Pollination first occurred on April 17 (1964). The pollen grains shed at the uninucleate stage and germination on the nucellus is almost immediate. The pollen tubes approached the freenucleate female gametophyte about May 5. The spermatogenous cell is continuously enlarging with the growth of the pollen tube and two unequal sperms are formed after its division. Occasionally the small sperm may divide further into two smaller ones. During pollination the megaspore mother cell is in meiosis and 3 or 4 megaspores are formed. Generally 2 or 3 megaspores at the micropylar end are going to degenerate while the chalaza] megaspore is rapidly enlarging. After 8 successive simultaneous divisions of the functional megaspore 256 free nuclei are resulted and they are evenly distributed at the bulge of the famale gametophyte. Then the wall formation follows. Sometimes there are more than two, even as many as 5–6 gametophytes developed within a single ovule. The archegonial initials become differentiated at the apical end of the female gametophyte. They are usually single and apical, rarely lateral in position. The number of the archegonia vary from 3 to 7, usually 4–6. There are 2–8 neck cells in each archegonium which is surrounded by a layer of jacket cells. The central cell divided about May 20–26 (1964) and the division of the central cell gives rise to the egg and the ventral canal nucleus, the latter being degenerated soon. There are many proteid vacuoles near the nucleus of the matured egg. The fertilization took place about May 23–26 (1964). At first, the pollen tube discharges its contents into the egg, then the larger sperm fuses with the egg nucleus in the middle part of the archegonium. At the same time the male cytoplasm also fuses with the female cytoplasm and a layer of densely-staining neocytoplasm is formed around the fused nucleus. The smaller sperm, tube nucleus and sterile cell usually remain in the cytoplasm above the egg nucleus for some time. Based upon the observations of the development of the gametophytes and fertilization the authors conclude that Pseudotaxus is more close related to Taxus than any other member of Taxaceae.     

多花地宝兰胚囊和胚发育的细胞学研究

为探讨多花地宝兰(Geodorum recurvum)胚胎发育的系统分类学意义,采用石蜡制片法对多花地宝兰胚囊和胚的发育进行解剖学观察。结果表明,在开花前,多花地宝兰胚珠原基发育缓慢,开花授粉后胚珠原基快速发育成"树状二杈分枝结构",随后在"分枝结构"末端形成孢原细胞,开始胚囊发育。多花地宝兰的胚囊发育属于单孢蓼型胚囊,胚珠具有双层珠被。孢原细胞形成后,经过细胞膨大延长发育形成胚囊母细胞,胚囊母细胞经过减数分裂形成线性四分体,在珠孔端形成1个功能大孢子,功能大孢子经过3次有丝分裂形成8核胚囊。多花地宝兰的胚发育具有藜型和紫苑型两种方式。双受精完成后,多花地宝兰合子进行一次橫裂后形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞经过多次分裂形成细胞团,细胞团中的细胞向不同方向膨大延长形成多个胚柄细胞;顶细胞有两种分裂方式,一种是横裂形成藜型胚,一种是纵裂形成紫苑型胚。因此,推测多花地宝兰在兰科植物系统分类学上属于较为原始种。     

Developmental synchronization of male and female gametophytes in Ginkgo biloba and its neck mother cell division prior to fertilization

This study investigated male and female gametophytes in Ginkgo biloba, while a droplet of fluid was present in the fertilization chamber and found that the central cell, the generative cell and the neck mother cell divided simultaneously prior to fertilization. In male gametophytes, the generative cell divided to yield two sperm cells. Concomitantly, the two neck mother cells of the archegonium increased in size then divided asymmetrically resulting in two big cover cells and two small base cells. Each cell had a fixed end in direct contact with an adjacent jacket cell and a free end overlapping its counterpart. This unique arrangement could allow for their free ends to swing into the fertilization chamber as a result of the force from the interior of the archegonium where a polar periclinal division had occurred to produce a canal cell and an egg. The subsequent withdrawal of the content of the archegonium may facilitate the entry of sperm into the archegonium. The neck apparatus closed after the fertilization occurred. The concurrence of the above divisions and the delicate structure of neck apparatus suggest that the gametophytes undergo a synchronization process to become receptive at the time of fertilization. However, the formation of neck cells and the opening time of neck apparatus of the archegonia within the same ovule were slightly different, which could lead to the formation of zygotes at a temporally distinct interval. The earlier formed zygote may progress as the only mature embryo in the ovule.     

海金沙胚胎发育的研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了海金沙胚胎发育过程。合子的第一次分裂面垂直于颈卵器的长轴,产生两个相等的子细胞,靠近颈卵器颈部的营养器官原始细胞和远离颈部的基足原始细胞。前者发育成子代孢子体的营养器官,后者发育成基足。胚胎在32细胞阶段后,第一叶顶端细胞与第一根顶端细胞几乎同时发生。第一叶突出帽状体之后,由第一叶基部保留下来的茎干顶端细胞产生第二叶。据营养器官的形态结构判断,在海金沙胚胎发育中最早出现的营养器官是叶和根。     

ORIENTATION OF THE PLANE OF CELL DIVISION IN FERN GAMETOPHYTES: THE ROLES OF CELL SHAPE AND STRESS

Apical cells of Onoclea sensibilis L. protonemata were measured to determine areas of new walls which were formed during both transverse and longitudinal cell division. Actual wall areas were compared with calculated areas of hypothetical walls oriented in the opposite sense (i.e., an actual transverse wall compared with a hypothetical longitudinal wall, and the reverse). Among 87 out of 90 cells which were analyzed the actual walls had the least area. Thus, the minimal area hypothesis of cell partitioning accurately predicts wall orientation in this instance, although it appears, on other grounds, that the hypothesis does not furnish a plausible mechanism for wall orientation. The application of Lintilhac's concept of the orientation of cell walls in response to anisotropic stresses in the cell was explored. Photographs of apical cells during deplasmolysis indicated that unequal stresses might be generated in apical cells as a result of the osmotic distension of the elastic protoplast. It is concluded that the primary factor which determines the plane of cell division in the apical cell, and the transition from one- to two-dimensional growth, is the local pattern of stress which exists at the position of the nucleus at the time of onset of cell division and wall formation. Calculations of some geometrical properties of idealized model cells are interpreted to mean that the accuracy of the minimal area hypothesis results from a coincidence of its predictions with predictions of Lintilhac's hypothesis, and no causal significance is attributed to wall areas.