福建被子植物分布新记录

在福建省泉州地区植物资源调查中,发现被子植物分布新记录种5个,分别是：绵穗苏Comanthosphace ningpoensis (Hemsl.) Hand.-Mazz.、柔毛山黑豆Dumasia villosa DC.、程香仔树Loeseneriella concinna A. C. Smith、石风车子Combretum wallichii DC.、网脉琼楠Beilschmiedia tsangii Merr.。     

福建植物新资料(一)

在泉州湾植物调查时,发现福建省被子植物分布新记录5种（含变种）,分别是：盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa、座地猪屎豆Crotalaria nana var. patula、沙地叶下珠Phyllanthus arenarius、肉叶耳草Hedyotis strigulosa和佛欧里画眉草Eragrostis fauriei。标本存放于厦门大学植物标本馆（AU）。     

Alkaloid evolution and angiosperm systematics

The correlation of biosynthetic steps leading to the primary precursors of the shikimate pathway with the distribution of derived alkaloids on dahlgren's system of classification of angiosperm orders suggests that evolution paralleled gradual blocking of these steps. Phenylalanine-derived alkaloids, with the centre of radiation situated in the magnoliales, are of widespread occurrence in angiosperms, an indication of the antiquity of the character. Anthranilic acid-derived alkaloids, with the centre of radiotion in the rutales, are less widespread. Orders in which such alkaloids co-occur with the former biogenetic group are considered to be of more recent origin. Finally, mevalonate-derived iridoid alkaloids, with the centre of radiation in the gentianales, are even less widespread. Orders in which such alkaloids co-occur with the former biogenetic groups should thus be of still more recent origin. These concepts are summarized bg a phylogenetic tree, which illustrates the divergence of three major groups of angiosperm superorders.     

Revision of the genus Epimesoplecia Zhang, 2007 (Diptera,Nematocera, Protopleciidae) with five new species

The genus Epimesoplecia Zhang, 2007 of Protopleciidae is revised based on five new species, Epimesopleciaplethorasp. n., Epimesopleciaprosoneurasp. n., Epimesopleciastanasp. n., Epimesopleciamacrostrenasp. n., and Epimesopleciaambloneurasp. n., described and illustrated from the Jiulongshan Formation of China. These new species, with clearly preserved characters of (1) compound eyes connected in males; (2) antennae, filiform or moniliform, with 16 segments; (3) r-m reaching the middle of the wing; (4) R₄₊₅ ending very close to wing apex; (5) ratio of bRs/dRs ranging from 1.6 to 10.5; (6) M₂ more than 3 times as long as dM₁₊₂; (7) legs thin and long, femur slender, almost equal to tibia; (8) tibial spurs minute; and (9) male genitalia (previously unknown), enable us to emend the diagnosis of Epimesoplecia Zhang, 2007. In addition, all described species of Epimesoplecia are characterized, their features summarized, and a key to Epimesoplecia species is given.     

Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Caribbean seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König

We isolated 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the western Atlantic tropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum, using two different enrichment procedures. Polymorphism was screened among samples from Mexico and Panama. Allelic diversity varied between three and 17 alleles per locus, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.271 to 0.859.     

一种观察被子植物压膜化石细微叶结构特征的有效方法

被子植物叶化石的研究已有一百多年的历史。传统的研究方法一直是以叶宏观特征(ｌｅａｆｇｒｏｓｓｆｅａｔｕｒｅ)为依据的“对图版”方法(“ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｍａｔｃｈｉｎｇ”ｍｅｔｈｏｄ),即寻找宏观特征与化石叶相似的现代植物叶,作为对化石叶进行分类和命名的基础和依据。这种方法其结果的可信度缺乏保障,甚至经常导致错误的结论(Ｄｉｌｃｈｅｒ,1974;ＫｖａｃｅｋａｎｄＷａｌｔｈｅｒ,1978;Ｉｌｊｉｎｓｋａｊａ,1978)。Ｈｉｃｋｅｙ等归纳、总结的叶结构分析法(ｌｅａｆａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ)将叶的宏观特征…     

Mosacaulis spinifer gen. et sp. nov.: An enigmatic Maastrichtian plant

Dichotomously branched stem fragments with crowded, spirally arranged, trifurcate leaf base remains from the type area of the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous; SE Netherlands, NE Belgium) are described as a new genus and species: Mosacaulis spinifer Van der Ham et Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert. They are interpreted as fossils of (pseudo)herbaceous axes with densely spaced, semi-amplexicaul leaves arranged in low spirals, with reproductive structures (sporangia?, prophylls associated with flowering axes?) attached to the adaxial sides of the leaf bases. M. spinifer is considered to be of unknown affinity (incertae sedis), showing resemblances with such disparate lineages as lycopsids and angiosperms. Its seagrass-like habit, gregarious occurrence, the association with genuine seagrass and a diverse marine fauna (including epibionts on the stems), and the absence of any terrigenous material, remains of land plants and terrestrial palynomorphs suggest that M. spinifer grew in a fully marine environment.     

Pollen morphology of the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and its taxonomic significance

DÍEZ, M. J. & VALDÉS, B., 1991. Pollen morphology of the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and its taxonomic significance.
The pollen morphology of 33 species of Boraginaceae from the Iberian Peninsula belonging to the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae has been studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm the eurypalinous character of this family, in which a large number of species can be recognized by their pollen characters.
The pollen of these two tribes is basically heterocolpate, a type which is very uncommon in the angiosperms, with 6, 8 or 10 apertures, sometimes with ectoapertures anastomosed at the equator (ectocingulum), or diorate, minute or small in size, outline elliptic or rectangular-elliptic in equatorial view, with or without a constriction at the equator, exine 0.5-1.0 urn thick and the tectum psilate with granules around the colpi. The similarity in shape and apertural system found in several genera such as Asperugo, Gyrocarion and Omphalodes, and some species of Myosotis, does not permit the two tribes to be distinguished on pollen characters. The generic limits of Cynoglossum and the infrageneric classification of Myosotis are discussed.     

Linnean ranks,temporal banding,and time‐clipping: why not slaughter the sacred cow?

In a recent study, Avise & Liu (2011) (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 707–714) presented evidence indicating that Linnean ranks are not temporally standardized (i.e. taxa of the same rank differ greatly in age). This is one more argument that ranks veil rather than convey biological comparability. The authors also discuss recent suggestions as to how these shortcomings should be overcome, in particular temporal banding (by which the same rank is assigned to taxa of the same geological age) and time‐clipping (adding a code to each taxon denoting the geological episode when it originated). In this short comment, it is argued that both temporal banding and time‐clipping may be deleterious in taxonomic practice and that the abandonment of the Linnean ranks is long overdue. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103 , 732–734.     

Colletotrichum fructicola and C. siamense are involved in chilli anthracnose in India

Chilli anthracnose is a major problem in India and worldwide. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 52 fungal isolates associated with chilli anthracnose in southern India. All the 52 isolates were sequenced for partial ITS/5.8S rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) genes and showed affinities with Colletotrichum siamense and C. fructicola within Colletotrichum. gloeosporioides species complex. Further, a reduced subset of 17 selected isolates was made and in a maximum parsimony analysis of a multigene data-set including partial ITS/5.8S rRNA, actin (act), calmodulin (cal), chitin synthase (chs1), gapdh and β-tubulin (tub2) gene sequence data, these fungal isolates clustered with the type strain of C. fructicola, except for strain MTCC 3439 that showed phylogenetic affinities with C. siamense. The pathogenicity tests involving two representative isolates: UASB-Cg-14 and MTCC 3439, confirmed the involvement of C. fructicola and C. siamense in the development of disease symptoms on fresh chilli fruits. This is the first report of the association of C. fructicola and C. siamense in causing chilli anthracnose in India.     

A New Species of the Genus Tor from Yunnan, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

A new species of the subfamily Barbinae, Tor yingjiangensis, is recognized from Yunnan province, China. It can be distinguished from other Tor species by the following combination of characters: last simple dorsal-fin ray osseous and non-serrated; no forward directed predorsal procumbent spine; head length considerably longer than body depth; no tubercles on the snout or sides of the face; 18–20 gill rakers on the outside of first gill arch; 24–26 lateral line scales; median lobe of lower lip short, its posterior margin truncate, not extending to the vertical across the inner corners of the mouth; and the condition of the lower lip consistent in individuals of different sizes. The new species has been misidentified previously as Tor putitora (Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its Branches. Edinburgh & London. 405 pp), which occurs in the Ganges and Indus River basins. The new species can easily be distinguished from T. putitora by having 3–3.5 (vs. 2.5) scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin origin, shorter caudal peduncle length (13.0% vs. 17.2% of standard length), lesser body depth (26.4% vs. 24.0% of standard length) and longer caudal peduncle depth (12.0% vs. 10.9% of standard length), no longitudinal stripe present along side of body, and eyes visible in ventral view of head.     

A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF THE CORALLINALES (RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON NUCLEAR SMALL-SUBUNIT rRNA GENE SEQUENCES

Conflicting classifications for the Corallinales were tested by analyzing partial sequences for the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene of 35 species of coralline algae. Parsimony and likelihood analyses of these data yielded congruent hypotheses that are inconsistent with classifications for the group that include as many as eight subfamilies. Four major clades are resolved within the order, including the early-diverging Sporolithaceae as well as the Melobesioideae and Corallinoideae. The fourth clade, which is supported robustly, includes both nongeniculate and geniculate species classified in the subfamilies Mastophoroideae, Metagoniolithoideae, Lithophylloideae, and Amphiroideae. Molecular and morphological data support the proposal that the latter two subfamilies are sister taxa. Although relationships among some genera are not resolved clearly, the order of branching of taxa among and within the four principal lineages is concordant with paleontological evidence for the group. Relationships inferred among genera within each of the clades is discussed. Seven morphological characters delimiting higher taxonomic groups within the order were combined with the sequence data, analyzed, and optimized onto the resulting tree(s). Except for the presence or absence of genicula, all other characters were found to be phylogenetically informative. Genicula are nonhomologous structures that evolved independently in the Amphiroideae, Corallinoideae, and Metagoniolithoideae. The phenetic practice of separating coralline algae into two categories solely on the basis of the presence or absence of genicula does not accurately reflect the evolutionary history of the group.