静注人免疫球蛋白中IgG含量检测方法的探讨

为了更好地进行生产质量控制,快速、准确的测定静注人免疫球蛋白中的IgG含量。实验中对2001~2008年的静注人免疫球蛋白中的IgG含量检测结果进行了抽样统计分析。分析结果表明:样品40倍稀释后测得的吸光值与标准曲线第三点的吸光值无显著性差异;样品40倍稀释后测得的IgG含量与样品进行20、30、40倍三个稀释度测得的IgG含量的平均值无显著性差异。从而证明,样品40倍稀释后测得的IgG含量可以代表该批样品的IgG含量,无需进行20、30倍的稀释。检测方法会更省时、省力、省材料。     

降低静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白抗补体活性的试验观察

采用CH50试验法测定静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)抗补体活性(ACA),在中性pH条件下,比较了不同的Na^ 含量及不同种类的糖对ACA测定结果的影响。结果表明,NaCl含量由0．2％上升至1．0％时,ACA呈逐渐下降趋势;用5％葡萄糖作稳定剂时ACA最低。IVIG在37℃条件下放置一月后,ACA有明显下降趋势。在半成品配制过程中,pH及各种成份的加入顺序对ACA也有一定影响。     

用旋光度法测定静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白中麦芽糖含量

用旋光度测定法测定静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白 (IVIG)中麦芽糖含量 ,简便、快速 ,准确 ,重复性好 ,麦芽糖浓度与旋光度成正比 ,用该方法制备标准曲线具有很好的相关性 ,相关系数r(n =10 ) ±s为 0 .99996± 0 .0 0 0 0 3。测定两批IVIG ,分别重复测定 9次 ,麦芽糖含量分别为 9.85± 0 .0 82和 9.5 5± 0 .0 85变异系数分别为 0 .6 0 % ,0 .6 9% ,该法的内标回收率 % (n =9) ±s分别为 10 0 .4%± 0 .82和 98.8%± 0 .85 ,此法可作为IVIG中麦芽糖含量检测的常规方法     

采用多种抗原测定静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)中抗体Fc段生物学活性的初探

目的初步探讨采用多种抗原测定静注人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)(pH4)中抗体的Fc段生物学活性,了解IVIG中抗体的Fc段生物学活性。方法采用补体活化的经典途径中免疫复合物激活补体的方法,将不同浓度的麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、破伤风类毒素、脑膜炎球菌P64k外膜蛋白和白喉类毒素6种抗原分别致敏人O型血红细胞形成红细胞-抗原结合物;然后,6种致敏红细胞分别与IVIG孵育,与特异性抗体形成红细胞-抗原-抗体复合物;最后,此复合物与补体反应,在541 nm波长处读取吸光值,并绘制溶血反应动力学曲线,分别计算IVIG中针对上述6种抗原IgG的Fc段生物学活性。采用此方法,用6种抗原致敏的红细胞测定IVIG的Fc段生物学活性10次,验证此方法的重复性。结果麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、HBsAg、破伤风类毒素和脑膜炎球菌P64k外膜蛋白致敏的红细胞分别与供试品和补体反应后,测定的溶血反应动力学曲线较平缓,而白喉类毒素致敏的红细胞与供试品和补体反应后,测定的溶血反应动力学曲线下降明显,呈典型的"S"型曲线。计算结果显示,IVIG中针对此六种抗原的抗体Fc段生物学活性相对于参考品均大于80%。Fc段生物学检测方法重复性较好。结论采用多种抗原分别致敏红细胞,可以用来检测IVIG中多种抗体的Fc段生物学活性,为深入了解IVIG制品中的多种抗体的Fc段生物学活性奠定了基础。     

静注人免疫球蛋白中白喉抗体效价对其Fc段生物学活性检测结果影响的分析

目的分析静注人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)中白喉抗体效价对其Fc段生物学活性检测的影响。方法检测20批IVIG的白喉抗体效价水平和Fc段生物学活性结果,进一步探讨白喉抗体效价与Fc段生物学活性的关系。结果20批IVIG中白喉抗体效价水平均符合中国药典的要求,在3~60 HAU/g之间,其中有两批IVIG的白喉抗体效价水平相对较高,其他18批IVIG的白喉抗体效价水平变化趋势不明显。20批IVIG的Fc段生物学活性均较高,在60%~140%之间。白喉抗体效价水平高者,其Fc段生物学活性并非高,反之亦然。结论 IVIG的Fc段生物学活性与其白喉抗体效价水平无明显的相关性。     

ELISA法检测乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗中卡那霉素和庆大霉素的残留量

用ELISA试剂盒检测乙脑减毒活疫苗中卡那霉素和庆大霉素的残留量。以间接竞争ELISA法检测线性范围内加入高、中、低3种浓度的卡那霉素和庆大霉素,测定其在疫苗稳定剂、疫苗稳定剂10倍稀释溶液、试剂盒稀释液中的回收率,以及在10倍稀释乙脑减毒活疫苗中的回收率。高、中、低浓度的卡那霉素在疫苗稳定剂、疫苗稳定剂10倍稀释溶液、试剂盒稀释液中的回收率为101.40%～124.80%之间;原倍疫苗稳定剂对庆大霉素的测定有明显干扰,在原倍疫苗稳定剂中低浓度和中浓度的庆大霉素的回收率高达2280%和575%,但其它测定条件下回收率在90%～125%之间。在10倍稀释的乙脑疫苗中加入一定量的卡那霉素和庆大霉素,回收率分别为124%和103.25%。用10倍稀释法测定1人份规格的乙脑减毒活疫苗17批、5人份规格的乙脑减毒活疫苗19批。乙脑减毒活疫苗10倍稀释后,可用ELISA试剂盒检测卡那霉素和庆大霉素残留量。     

不同来源血浆对静注人免疫球蛋白中抗-HBs、白喉抗体效价的影响

调查分析不同来源原料血浆对静注免疫球蛋白(IVIG)制品内的抗-HBs、白喉抗体效价的影响。选择6个单采血浆站,对其提供的血浆为原料制备的IVIG所含的抗-HBs抗体、白喉抗体效价进行了测定。检测结果显示,用A、B、C、D、E、F编号的6个相应血浆站采集的血浆为原料制备成IVIG其抗-HBs抗体(IU/g)效价分别为33.77、103.95、70.94、132.45、78.84、58.28;白喉抗体平均效价分别为5.17、7.36、4.26、7.67、10.14、9.24。6个单采血浆站间的IVIG制品中白喉抗体效价无明显差异,但抗-HBs效价却存有显著差异。     

低pH孵放、干热处理冻干静脉注射人免疫球蛋白的实验研究

主要介绍冻干静脉注射人免疫球蛋白 (IVIG)分别通过 60℃ 72h,80℃ 72h ,低pH孵放 2 1d处理后 ,IVIG的各项理化及生物活性的变化 ,以及IVIG经过低pH孵放的灭活病毒情况。实验结果表明 ,处理后的IVIG其IgG各组份相对含量、抗补体活性 (ACA)、前激肽释放酶激活剂 (PKA)、白喉抗体、抗 HBs等结果 ,除ACA ,PKA略有下降 ,其他指标无明显变化 ,各项指标均符合 2 0 0 0版《中国生物制品规程》 ;加热后没有新抗原产生。低pH孵放 2 1d通过加指示病毒的实验 ,病毒灭活效果达到 7.0 0logTCID50 / 0 .1mL以上 ,灭活病毒有效。     

静注免疫球蛋白分离提纯中病毒的灭活和消除

<正>静脉输注免疫球蛋白(IVIG)适应于治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜、川畸病、骨髓移植和获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)。这些患者的抵抗力大多很弱,需用相对大剂量的IGIV。在Cohn氏乙醇分离过程中人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)。被灭活。聚乙二醇(PEG)分层法可去除IgG聚合体和免疫复合物得到单体IgG。但作者注意到制品有传播非甲非乙肝炎的危险。为保障制品的安全性,作者发明了一种液体加温处理方法以灭活病毒并不使IgG变性。本文阐述了一种IVIG60℃加温10小时的方法。对加热的IVIG和相对应的非加热对照制品的理化和生物学特性试验结果作了比较。     

静注免疫球蛋白生产过程中的病毒灭活

<正>许多静注免疫球蛋白(IVIG)制品有传染输血后肝炎(PTH)的记录而肌肉注射免疫球蛋白(IMIG)却有良好的病毒安全性记录,在许多IVIG制备过程中。血浆首先被低温乙醇法分离,该法也用于制备常规的IMIG。尽管如此,IMIG与IVIG的制备在分离过程的结尾即乙醇的去除方法上有所不同:Cohn乙醇法(IMIG)中通常使用冻干法,而在IVIG的生产中却使用了凝胶过滤或透析过滤法。此外,通过使用如胃蛋白酶或PEG处理的生产工艺去除IVIG中的聚合免疫球蛋白。使用胃蛋白酶和     

用免疫单扩散法测定低pH静注丙球lgG含量及其影响因素初探

本文报道了低 pH静注丙球IgG含量测定免疫单扩散法的建立 ,并对其影响因素进行了初步试验。结果表明 ,该试验方法较为稳定 ,简单易行。在低pH静注丙球IgG含量检测时 ,进口Sigma琼脂糖效果优于国产琼脂糖(P <0 .0 1) ,国产 (东海 )琼脂糖不适于IgG含量的定量检测 ;应先将静注丙球pH调至中性后再进行IgG含量测定(P <0 .0 5 ) ;样品中含有的 10 %麦芽糖对试验结果无影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

A microassay for measurement of Fc function of human immunoglobulin preparations by using tetanus toxoid as antigen.

In order to minimize possible adverse reactions, the functional integrity of proteins in products derived from human plasma has to be unaffected by methods of preparation and storage conditions. Numerous biologically relevant functions of IgG, a major component of immunoglobulin for intravenous use preparations (IVIG), rely on the integrity of Fc fragments. Manufacturers are obliged to prove that Fc-mediated functions are maintained in IVIG preparations. The European Pharmacopoeia's monograph proposes a Rubella antigen-based test for Fc function of immunoglobulins. We present a modification of the proposed method achieved by using more convenient and readily available tetanus toxoid as an alternative antigen target and by adapting the procedure for the use on microtitre plates, thus greatly enhancing its feasibility and sample throughput. The test conditions were optimized so that batch-to-batch variability in tetanus antibody content did not influence the result. The precision of the test was within +/- 5%. By using this test, we compared Fc functionality of 9 commercial IVIG-7S preparations, which were prepared by using different virus inactivation/removal approaches. No significant differences between them have been found.     

l-Proline reduces IgG dimer content and enhances the stability of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) solutions

Liquid intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products offer improved convenience in preparation but often lack sufficient stability to allow room temperature storage. Furthermore, clinical tolerability may be affected due to formation of idiotype/anti-idiotype IgG dimers and/or aggregates. Here we report on the development of a 10% IVIG formulation with optimized stability achieved by the use of l-proline. The stability of concentrated liquid IVIG was strongly pH dependent. Aggregate formation, yellowish discoloration of the solution and loss of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) antibody activity was minimal at intermediate pH (pH 4.8–5.3). Fragmentation of IgG was highest at low pH (pH 4.1). Idiotype/anti-idiotype IgG dimer formation was highest at neutral pH and was reduced with decreasing pH. The presence of l-proline further improved stability by inhibiting protein aggregation, reducing loss of anti-HBs antibody activity and decreasing coloring, particularly compared with glycine formulations. The IgG dimer content was up to 30% lower in solutions containing l-proline compared with those containing glycine or other stabilizers. In conclusion, a weakly acidic pH of approximately 5 and l-proline as stabilizer are optimal conditions for long-term stability of a liquid IVIG. l-proline, an amphiphilic, naturally occurring amino acid, is superior to glycine in restricting IgG dimer formation.     

The effect of solvent environment on the conformation and stability of human polyclonal IgG in solution.

Stability of therapeutic IgG preparations is an important issue as adequate efficacy and safety has to be ensured throughout a long shelf life. To this end, denaturation and aggregation have to be avoided. In many cases sugars are applied for stabilizing IgG in relatively high concentration (5-10%). However, certain sugars (sucrose, maltose) are responsible for adverse effects including renal failure. In this work we reassessed the effect of pH and stabilizers to optimize the solvent environment and minimize the amount of additives without endangering quality and stability. Since both biological function and aggregation depend on the conformational properties of individual IgG molecules, two sensitive and rapid physical methods were introduced to assess conformational changes and structural stability as a function of pH and addition of standard stabilizers. It was observed that the conformational stability decreases with decreasing pH, while the resistance against aggregation improves. The optimum pH range for storage is 5.0-6.0, as a compromise between conformational stability and the tendency for oligomerization. Intriguingly, additives in physiologically acceptable concentration have no effect on the thermal stability of IgG. On the other hand, glucose or sorbitol, even at a concentration as low as 1%, have significant effect on the tertiary structure as revealed by near-UV-CD spectroscopy, reflecting changes in the environment of aromatic side-chains. Although, 0.3% leucine does not increase conformational stability, it decreases the aggregation tendency even more efficiently than 1% glucose or sorbitol. Both pH and storage temperature are decisive factors for the long-term stability of IgG solutions. An increase in the dimer content was observed upon storage at 5 degrees C which was partly reverted upon incubation at 37 degrees C. Storage at temperatures higher than 5 degrees C may help to maintain an optimal proportion of dimers. Regarding the known side effects, and their limited stabilizing capacity at low concentration, it is advisable to omit sugars at intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) formulation. Hydrophobic amino acids give promising alternatives.     

Anti-A and anti-B activity in batches of different intravenous immunoglobulin products determined using a direct haemagglutination method.

The European Pharmacopoeia requires that manufacturers assess intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products for antibodies against blood groups A and B using an indirect anti-globulin test (AGT). However, this method suffers from the disadvantage that the anti-globulin reagent may be neutralised by excess IgG and invalidate the data generated. In view of this, we have used a direct microtitre-based haemagglutination method to screen batches of IVIG products from five manufacturers for anti-A and anti-B, and compared the titres with those reported by the manufacturers. The range of reported titres varied 32-fold across the different products, whereas virtually all the direct method titres fell within a 4-fold range for each specificity. This indicated that the discrepancies in reported titres were due to inconsistencies in manufacturers' testing methodology and/or interpretation of results. Our finding that the anti-globulin reagent used to bring about agglutination of anti-A- or anti-B-sensitised erythrocytes in the AGT was neutralised by excess IgG at least down to a 1 in 8 dilution of IVIG (from 5% (w/v) IgG) casts serious doubts on the suitability of the AGT for testing high immunoglobulin concentration products.     

IL-2 and GM-CSF are regulated by DNA demethylation during activation of T cells, B cells and macrophages

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations are currently used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Although the mechanisms of IVIG efficacy remain enigmatic, some clinical and laboratory studies suggest that interaction of the Fc domain of IgG, especially the Fc domain of dimeric IgG, with its receptors (Fc gamma receptors; FcγRs) plays an essential role. In this study, IVIG was dimerized with chemical crosslinkers to augment its therapeutic efficacy. Dimerized IVIG was found to have a much higher affinity for FcγRs than monomeric IVIG. In a mouse ITP model, chemically dimerized IVIG abrogated the decrease in platelet numbers in the blood that was caused by an anti-platelet antibody at a dose that was one tenth of the required dose of IVIG. These results suggest that chemical dimerization of IVIG should greatly improve the efficacy of IVIG therapy of ITP.     

A close look at human IgG sialylation and subclass distribution after lectin fractionation

Polyspecific human IgG preparations are indicated for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency disorders associated with defects in humoral immunity. In addition, intraveneous IgG (IVIG) is used to treat patients with autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases. Lectin chromatography on Sambucus nigra agglutinin stood at the cradle of the hypothesis that the anti‐inflammatory properties depend on sialylation of the N‐glycans in the Fc region of IgG. A detailed analysis of fractions obtained by lectin chromatography revealed that binding of IVIG is essentially mediated by Fab glycosylation. Moreover, experiments with a monoclonal antibody from a human cell line and IVIG Fc fragments indicated that at least two sialic acids in the Fc region of an antibody are required for lectin binding. Such glycoforms contain either two monosialylated glycans or a disialylated glycan and constitute 1% or less of the total human IgG. Arguably this small proportion holds the entire anti‐inflammatory potency. A new mass spectrometric quantification method of IgG subclass ratio revealed that the IVIG Fc preparation essentially consists of IgG1. This observation may be relevant when studying the effect of human Fc in murine models of inflammation because mouse IgG subclasses differ substantially in their interaction with receptors.     

An Improved Antiserum for Sensitive Serologic Detection of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus

A Syrian chickpea isolate of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV; genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae) was purified and yielded 0.6–0.8 mg of purified virus per kg of infected chickpea tissue. The purified preparations were injected into a rabbit and an antiserum of good quality was obtained and used to evaluate different serological tests for the detection of CpCDV in infected chickpea leaf tissue and extracts. CpCDV was detected in sap dilutions of 1/640 by double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) and dot‐blot ELISA, and in sap dilutions of 1/1280 by direct antigen‐coating (DAC)‐ELISA using CpCDV immunoglobulin G (IgG) at 0.5 μg/ml. The antiserum was also able to detect the capsid protein of CpCDV by Western blot using raw antiserum at a dilution of 1/2000. The CpCDV raw antiserum (third bleeding) produced had a titre of 1/320 000 when determined by tissue‐blot immunoassay (TBIA); whereas, coating ELISA plates with CpCDV IgG at a concentration of 0.004 μg/ml was enough to detect the virus by DAS‐ELISA in a sap dilution of 1/20 using an enzyme conjugate at a dilution of 1/2000.