草地火行为研究

在松嫩平原采用野外放火的方法,研究了草地火速度,火强度,火烈度,火形态,火烧迹地形状及其与气象因子,可燃物,可燃物床特性的关系,结果表明,风速是影响草地头火速度最主要的因子,除风速外,晴天时相对湿度对火头速度影响较大,降水后大气温度对头火速度影响较大,头火速度＞侧翼火速度＞尾火速度,风速与火强度,火深度,火烧迹地形状呈现显著正相关,采用逐步回归方法建立了草地头火速度,火强度,火烧迹地形状的预测模型。     

草地火行为研究

在松嫩平原采用野外放火的方法,研究了草地火速度、火强度、火烈度、火形态、火烧迹地形状及其与气象因子、可燃物、可燃物床特性的关系.结果表明,风速是影响草地头火速度最主要的因子.除风速外,晴天时相对湿度对头火速度影响较大,降水后大气温度对头火速度影响较大.头火速度＞侧翼火速度＞尾火速度.风速与火强度、火深度、火烧迹地形状呈现显著正相关.采用逐步回归方法建立了草地头火速度、火强度、火烧迹地形状的预测模型.     

元谋干热河谷苏门答腊金合欢、新银合欢人工林天然更新初步研究

通过样地调查,比较了苏门答腊金合欢、新银合欢的林分结实量、种子散布格局、种子密度及幼苗、幼树数量,并对影响天然更新的因素以及树种的适应性进行了分析;同时,使用灰色关联度法对两树种天然更新状况进行了综合评价.结果表明,相同年龄新银合欢树种的单株结实量为1 199粒/株,苏门答腊金合欢为566粒/株,同一树种单株平均结实量为混交林高于纯林;天然更新的新银合欢林单株结实量介于新银合欢和苏门答腊金合欢之间.随着距母树距离的增加,林地苏门答腊金合欢种子密度减少的幅度较新银合欢小,新银合欢种子的传播距离为90 m、苏门答腊金合欢为110 m.苏门答腊金合欢人工林、新银合欢人工林及天然更新的新银合欢林关联系数分别为0.7269、0.6000和0.6000,苏门答腊金合欢天然更新效果稍好.     

盐胁迫对三角叶滨藜根选择透性和反射系数的影响

以Hoagland溶液培养的三角叶滨藜幼苗为材料,分别采用电导率法、原子吸收分光光度计法和压力室法测定了不同浓度盐胁迫下三角叶滨藜根的质膜透性、离子吸收和根系反射系数,分析其抗盐特点和机制.结果表明:随着盐胁迫强度的增加,三角叶滨藜根细胞质膜透性增大、根系反射系数减小;盐胁迫导致三角叶滨藜根系对K+的总吸收量减少、对Na+的总吸收量增多,但对Na+的相对吸收量减少、对K+的相对吸收量增加.盐胁迫条件下,三角叶滨藜根系对离子吸收有较强的调节能力;而根系反射系数的减小有利于根系用较小的负压力吸收水分,减小木质部空化的危险.说明三角叶滨藜具有较高的抗盐能力.     

不同光照强度下三角叶滨藜光合作用对盐激胁迫的响应

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜植株为材料研究了不同光照条件下其叶片光合作用对盐(NaCl)激胁迫的即刻反应及变化规律.结果表明,三角叶滨藜光合作用对盐激胁迫的响应有8 min左右的滞后期.在光照强度为100umol·m-2·-1和100 mmol·L-1浓度NaCl共同作用下,三角叶滨藜叶片净光合速率略有上升;但随NaCl浓度和光照强度进一步增加,其净光合速率呈下降趋势,且光照越强,盐胁迫导致的净光合速率下降幅度越大.同时,弱光下或强光低浓度NaCl胁迫下,盐激胁迫导致的净光合速率下降主要是气孔限制引起的;而强光下,高浓度的NaCl胁迫导致的净光合速率下降在盐激胁迫处理的前30-40 min主要由气孔限制引起.40 min后则主要由非气孔限制引起.可见,不同光照强度和NaCl浓度胁迫下三角叶滨藜叶片光合作用响应规律不同,引起净光合速率下降机制各异.     

落叶松土壤有机磷形态与林木生长量的关系

采用Bowman-Cole有机磷分级体系,对落叶松人工林不同发育阶段根际与非根际土壤活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷含量的变化及其与有效磷和林木生长量的关系进行了研究。结果表明,构成落叶松人工林土壤有机磷的主要成分是中等活性有机磷和中稳性有机磷,两者之和占有机磷总量的77.07％～86．68％,根际土壤活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷是不同发育阶段土壤有效磷的主要来源,根际土壤有机磷总量、活性有机磷含量、中稳性有机磷含量和高稳性有机磷含量从幼龄林到近熟林随林龄递增而降低,近熟林之后有所增加,根际土壤中等活性有机磷含量随林龄变化不明显,非根际土壤各形态有机磷含量随林龄递增而呈波动性增加趋势,各发育阶段林木胸径、树高定期平均生长量与活性有机磷含量和有效磷含量关系最为密切。     

等渗盐分与水分胁迫对三角叶滨藜和玉米光合作用的影响

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)和玉米(Zeamays)为材料,测定了等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对2种植物光合作用的短期影响。结果表明:等渗的水分和盐分胁迫均会造成三角叶滨藜和玉米净光合速率(Pn)的降低,而且随着胁迫程度的增强,水分胁迫引起Pn下降的幅度要明显高于等渗的盐分胁迫;在较低渗透胁迫强度下,2种胁迫导致光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔限制;但在环境溶液渗透势为-1.0MPa时,水分胁迫对光合作用的影响逐渐转化成非气孔限制,而盐胁迫仍然是气孔限制起主要作用;由此可见,等渗透势的水分胁迫对2种植物光合系统的影响要明显大于盐分胁迫。     

WRKY转录因子参与植物抗盐性调控的研究进展

盐胁迫是影响植物生长发育重要的环境因子之一,为了适应及抵御盐胁迫危害的逆境,作物自身会通过一系列变化来适应环境而作出相关性应激性改变,如宏观形态学、生理学改变、微观分子生物学变化等。转录调控是细胞内部调控网络中最重要的一个环节,WRKY转录因子响应并参与多种植物的生物和非生物胁迫。本综述从盐胁迫下作物形态结构的变化、盐胁迫对作物生理代谢的影响以及WRKY转录因子参与作物抗盐调控网络等方面文献,来汇总分析近年来拟南芥、水稻及其他种类植物应对胁迫的响应机制以及WRKY转录因子的功能,为提高园艺作物抗盐性生理作用及分子机制提供帮助,同时为作物抗盐栽培提供新思路。     

安徽省广德县迁飞性水稻害虫发生的特点与影响因子

据调查 ,2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年安徽省广德县的稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱初见期、迁入主峰日较历年平均值显著提前 ,仍以第 2代为主害代次外 ,大发生年第 1代往往即可达到防治指标 ,第 3代仍居留为害。褐飞虱首次出现第 4代危害单季稻记录。 3种迁飞性害虫在单季稻上居留时间延长 ,危害代次增多。稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱时空分布差异增大 ,多种影响因子则有利于害虫的发生。     

松嫩盐碱草地西部的植物群落特征与土壤因子动态关系分析

应用逐步回归法,分析了5~9月松嫩盐碱草地植物群落的生物量、丰富度、多样性和均匀度与同月土壤因子间的关系。松嫩盐碱草地植物群落特征受若干土壤因子的共同影响,不同月份影响因子的变化较复杂。5~7月土壤盐分和养分共同影响着松嫩盐碱草地植物群落生物量,但是土壤盐分因子与群落生物量的相关性更明显（5月的Ca²⁺质量分数,6月和7月的Mg²⁺质量分数）。土壤盐分因子在整个生长季内对松嫩盐碱草地植物群落生物量的直接作用都大于土壤养分因子的。6月时影响松嫩盐碱草地植物群落丰富度、Simpson指数和Shannon指数的土壤养分因子增加,其中土壤全氮质量分数的直接作用是所有土壤因子中最大的。8月植物群落生物量、Simpson指数和Shannon指数仅受土壤盐分因子影响,其中生物量与土壤pH值以及Simpson指数与土壤碱化度都是极显著负相关,Shannon指数与土壤含盐量显著负相关。6~9月的松嫩盐碱草地植物群落均匀度也同时受土壤养分和盐分因子的作用,其中6月和9月时土壤盐分因子对群落均匀度的直接作用更突出。生长末期（9月）松嫩盐碱草地植物群落生物量与土壤因子间的关系以及生长初期（5月）植物群落均匀度与土壤因子间的关系都不明显。     

Effects of soil salt levels on the growth and water use efficiency of Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae) varieties in drying soil

The effect of salt stress on the growth and water use efficiency of the xerohalophyte Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. in drying soil was determined by growing plants to the wilting point in soils receiving a one-time irrigation of nutrient solution containing low, medium, and high levels of NaCl. The experiment compared three varieties of A. canescens that differed in salt tolerance and capacity for Na and K uptake in previous research. Contrary to expectations, we did not find that water and salt stress were strictly additive in reducing plant performance. Soil salts enhanced the growth performance of the plants in drying soil by increasing their days to wilting, ability to extract water from the soil, organic matter production, and water use efficiency. The variety with the highest salt tolerance also had the highest growth rates and water use efficiency on drying soils. We conclude that tolerances to water and salt stress are linked through a common mechanism of Na uptake for osmotic adjustment in this species.     

Phytoextraction of salts by Atriplex Nummularia Lindl. irrigated with reject brine under varying water availability

Abstract

Reverse osmosis is a widely known technology used to produce fresh water from brackish waters. However, the reject brine from desalination plants poses a serious threat to the environment due to soil and groundwater salinization. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Atriplex nummularia to extract salts from a soil irrigated with reverse osmosis brine, at varying moisture levels. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design, with randomized complete blocks replicated four times. Treatments consisted of irrigation with reject brine in the main plots, with four relative percentages of the soil moisture at field capacity (100, 85, 70, and 50%), and two levels of organic fertilization in the subplots (0 and 1.5?L plant^?1 of goat manure). The mineral composition of leaves and stems indicated that the highest salt extraction by plants occurred when soil moisture was maintained at 100% field capacity. The salt extraction capacity of A. nummularia indicates a high potential for phytoremediation of soils affected by brine disposal from reverse osmosis plants.     

Salt activation and inhibition of membrane ATPase from roots of the halophyte Atriplex nummularia

Abstract Salt-stimulated ATPase activity in membrane preparations obtained from roots of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. at pH 5 was not suscep-tible to inhibition by KC1 or NaCl up to 450 mol m-3 but showed a broad peak of activity between 150 and 300 mol m^?3. At pH 8 stimulation occurred at 50 mol m^?3 but concentrations above 100 mol m^?3 depressed activity below the level of the MgATPase activity. By contrast, preparations from roots of Pisum sativum L. at pH 5 showed maximal stimulation at 25 to 50 mol m^?3 of NaCl or KC1; concentrations higher than 150 mol m^?3 depressed activity below that of MgATPase activity. At pH 8 maximal stimulation was observed at 5 to 10 mol m^?3 NaCl or KC1 while the threshold for inhibition was reduced to 15 mol m^?3. With increasing salt concentrations the pH profiles for NaCl stimulation of Atriplex ATPase activity (expressed as the difference between treatment and control) showed a progressive displacement of the apparent optimum towards lower pH. The shift was not apparent when stimulation was expressed as a percentage of MgATPase activity. This shift may be accounted for if NaCl stimulated the monovalent salt-activated ATPase activity but simultaneously inhibited MgATPase activity.     

Na^＋ and Water Uptake in Relation to the Radial Reflection Coefficient of Root in Arrowleaf Saltbush Under Salt Stress

The response of halophyte arrowleaf saltbush (Atriplex triangularis Willd) plants to a gradient of salt stress were investigated with hydroponically cultured seedlings. Under salt stress, both the Na+ uptake into root xylem and negative pressures in xylem vessels increased with the elevation of salinity (up to 500 mol/m3) in the root environment. However, the increment in negative pressures in root xylem far from matches the decrease in the osmotic potential of the root bathing solutions, even when the osmotic potential of xylem sap is taken into consideration. The total water potential of xylem sap in arrowleaf saltbush roots was close to the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions when the salt stress was low, but a progressively increased gap between the water potential of xylem sap and the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions was observed when the salinity in the root environment was enhanced. The maximum gap was 1.4 MPa at a salinity level of 500 mol/m3 without apparent dehydration of the tested plants. This discrepancy could not be explained with the current theories in plant physiology. The radial reflection coefficient of root in arrowleaf saltbush decreased with the enhanced salt stress was and accompanied by an increase in the Na+ uptake into xylem sap. However, the relative Na+ in xylem exudates based on the corresponding NaCl concentration in the root bathing solutions showed a tendency of decrease. The results showed that the reduction in the radial reflection coefficient of roots in the arrowleaf saltbush did not lead to a mass influx of NaCl into xylem when the radial reflection coefficient of the root was considerably small; and that arrowleaf saltbush could use small xylem pressures to counterbalance the salt stresses, either with the uptake of large amounts of salt, or with the development of xylem pressures dangerously negative. This strategy could be one of the mechanisms behind the high resistance of arrowleaf saltbush plants to salt stress.     

Na~ and Water Uptake in Relation to the Radial Reflection Coefficient of Root in Arrowleaf Saltbush Under Salt Stress

The response of halophyte arrowleaf saltbush(Atriplex triangularis Willd)plants to a gradient of salt stress were investigatedwith hydroponically cultured seedlings.Under salt stress,both the Na~ uptake into root xylem and negative pressures inxylem vessels increased with the elevation of salinity(up to 500 mol/m~3)in the root environment.However,the increment innegative pressures in root xylem far from matches the decrease in the osmotic potential of the root bathing solutions,evenwhen the osmotic potential of xylem sap is taken into consideration.The total water potential of xylem sap in arrowleafsaltbush roots was close to the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions when the salt stress was low,but a progressivelyincreased gap between the water potential of xylem sap and the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions was observedwhen the salinity in the root environment was enhanced.The maximum gap was 1.4 MPa at a salinity level of 500 mol/m~3without apparent dehydration of the tested plants.This discrepancy could not be explained with the current theories inplant physiology.The radial reflection coefficient of root in arrowleaf saltbush decreased with the enhanced salt stress wasand accompanied by an increase in the Na~ uptake into xylem sap.However,the relative Na~ in xylem exudates based onthe corresponding NaCl concentration in the root bathing solutions showed a tendency of decrease.The results showedthat the reduction in the radial reflection coefficient of roots in the arrowleaf saltbush did not lead to a mass influx of NaClinto xylem when the radial reflection coefficient of the root was considerably small;and that arrowleaf saltbush could usesmall xylem pressures to counterbalance the salt stresses,either with the uptake of large amounts of salt,or with thedevelopment of xylem pressures dangerously negative.This strategy could be one of the mechanisms behind the highresistance of arrowleaf saltbush plants to salt stress.     

三角紫叶酢浆草的组织培养及快速繁殖

三角紫叶酢浆草(Oxalis triangularis A. St. Hil.)为多年生草本植物,原产热带美洲, 在城市绿化和家庭装饰中具有广阔的应用前景[1].其繁殖多采用切分块茎的方法,但繁殖速度慢;也可用种子繁殖,但其结种率低,周期长,远远不能满足市场需要.     

四翅滨藜盐胁迫应答基因AcPsbQ1的克隆及其在酵母中的功能分析

光系统II亚基蛋白Q(Photosystem II subunit Q, PsbQ)是组成光系统II(PSII)复合体的重要外周蛋白之一,对维持PSII放氧活力起重要作用。在盐胁迫下,高浓度的Na⁺和Cl^-在叶绿体中积累会严重破坏叶绿体的结构,抑制光合作用,使植物生长缓慢。文章通过筛选盐生植物四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens) cDNA文库,获得一个在PSII中与放氧关系密切的放氧复合体蛋白基因PsbQ,命名为AcPsbQ1(GenBank登录号：KJ027025)。AcPsbQ1基因开放阅读框为699 bp,编码由233个氨基酸组成的前体蛋白。为了研究该基因的功能,文章克隆了AcPsbQ1基因并转化至酵母中,高盐和干旱胁迫处理实验表明转AcPsbQ1基因酵母相比于野生型酵母对高盐和干旱有更强的耐受力。为了进一步研究AcPsbQ1是否参与植物抗逆应答反应,利用实时荧光定量PCR法测定AcPsbQ1在胁迫处理条件下的表达变化。结果表明,用0.4 mol/L NaCl处理四翅滨藜12 h后,AcPsbQ1基因的表达量明显高于未处理的对照,表明AcPsbQ1基因的表达受盐胁迫诱导,同时,干旱胁迫也会提高AcPsbQ1基因的表达水平。上述结果表明该基因可能参与盐生植物四翅滨藜的抗逆胁迫应答反应。     

Water relations of Capsicum genotypes under water stress

Pepper species and cultivars, Capsicum annuum cv. Bell Boy, C. annuum cv. Kulai and C. frutescens cv. Padi, differing in drought tolerance were investigated for their water relations, stomatal responses and abscisic acid (ABA) content during water stress. C. frutescens cv. Padi exhibited a greater osmotic adjustment than C. annuum cultivars. Stomatal conductance of cv. Bell Boy was more sensitive to water stress than that of cvs. Kulai and Padi. In all pepper genotypes, stomatal closure was triggered in the absence of a large decrease in leaf water status. ABA content in xylem sap and leaf was higher in C. annum cultivars compared to C. frutescens cv. Padi. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.