MK表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

MK是属于肝素结合因子家族的一种多肽,仅在胚胎中期和成年期肾脏表达,在某些肿瘤细胞中也有异常表达.MK能够促进细胞特别是神经细胞的生长和分化,并抑制某些肿瘤细胞的生长.通过RT-PCR从胚胎肾脏中获得了MK成熟肽DNA编码序列,克隆入载体pBV221中,并转入大肠杆菌,建立了重组MK的高表达菌株.     

妊娠中肾细胞因子（midkine） 与肿瘤

198 8年日本学者Ｋａｄｏｍａｔｓｕ等[1] 在视黄酸诱导的小鼠胚胎肿瘤细胞系ＨＭ 1细胞ｃＤＮＡ文库中发现一种新基因。由于该基因在小鼠妊娠中期有广泛表达 ,而在出生后 ,表达仅局限于肾脏 ,故其表达产物被命名为Ｍｉｄｋｉｎｅ (ＭＫ) ,即妊娠中期 (ｍｉｄｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎ)和肾脏 (ｋｉｄｎｅｙ)的英文缩写 ,目前尚无中文名 ,本文暂译为“妊娠中肾细胞因子”。妊娠中肾细胞因子属于肝素结合因子的一种多肽 ,是一种对细胞的生长和分化起重要作用的细胞因子。它能促进正常细胞的生长和分化 ,尤其可促进神经细胞的发育 ,在成年期有激发某…     

中期因子在相关疾病发病机制和治疗中的研究进展

中期因子(Midkine,MK),是一种分泌型肝素结合性生长因子,具有促进细胞有丝分裂、诱导细胞恶化、促进微血管生成、抑制细胞凋亡、促进炎症介质趋化、促纤溶等功能特点;经研究发现,当机体处于健康状态时中期因子除了肾脏及小肠上皮少量表达,其他部位极少表达,但机体出现疾病时,中期因子在体内的表达明显增多,如在多种恶性肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化、各类炎症、糖尿病肾病、高血压及COPD等疾病中均监测到中期因子的高表达,进一步研究发现上述疾病的发生发展与中期因子的功能特点密切相关;近年有学者利用MK在疾病发生发展中的功能特点对疾病进行治疗,特别是MK在肿瘤领域的治疗已成为研究热点,本文结合国内外的最新研究现状就MK与相关疾病的发病机制及治疗作一简要概述,并提出进一步研究的设想。     

中期因子在肿瘤发生和组织再生中的作用

中期因子(midkine,MK）是一种肝素结合性生长因子.在胚胎期,MK在组织中广泛分布.在成人体内其表达降低,仅局限于某些特定部位.MK受体种类繁多,信号通路复杂多样,这就决定了MK功能的多样化,它能促进很多种类细胞的生长、存活、分化和迁移,具有抗细胞凋亡的作用,不仅与肿瘤发生密切相关,而且在很多组织的发育形成及损伤后的修复再生过程均有参与.MK已成为恶性肿瘤在内的多种疾病治疗中颇具前景的分子靶点.本文中对MK的基因及蛋白结构、受体及相关信号通路、分子功能及作用机制等进行了全面的综述,并对其在肿瘤发生和发育与组织再生等方面的生物学功能及研究意义进行了深入的探讨.     

酮型广藿香MVA途径基因表达分析及与主要成分合成相关性研究

广藿香药材以广藿香酮含量较高的酮型广藿香为最优质。而广藿香酮为一种萜类成分,其生物合成途径尚未明确。MVA(甲羟戊酸)途径是萜类化合物生物合成的重要途径。为了分析MVA途经基因表达与化学成分的相关性从而获得促进广藿香酮合成的潜在基因,该文以2种酮型广藿香栽培品种(石牌广藿香、高要广藿香)为材料,通过实时定量PCR分析基因表达和主要成分含量测定,并研究了供试材料不同时期的茎、叶中与甲羟戊酸代谢途径相关的HMGR、MK、MDD基因表达及化学成分。结果表明：(1)HMGR基因在石牌广藿香嫩叶中表达更明显;MK基因在石牌广藿香和高要广藿香中表达模式相似,主要在老茎中表达;MDD基因在石牌广藿香叶中比高要广藿香表达量更高,在两种广藿香的茎中表达模式相似。(2)同属于酮型广藿香,石牌广藿香与高要广藿香的化学成分相似,老叶广藿香醇含量最高,老茎的广藿香酮含量更高。(3)MDD和MK基因与广藿香酮的合成正相关。综上结果所述,酮型广藿香两个栽培种MVA途径的基因表达模式相似,MDD和MK基因可能为酮型广藿香萜类代谢途径的关键基因。     

曲普瑞林对人乳腺癌细胞Fas/FasL基因表达的影响

为了观察GnRH激动剂曲普瑞林对人乳腺癌细胞生长的影响,探讨药物处理后细胞中Fas和Fas L基因的表达情况及其与细胞生长的关系,本研究采用了形态学显微镜观察、MTT检测和Real-time PCR技术,对曲普瑞林处理后乳腺癌细胞的生长增殖情况及Fas和Fas L基因表达的变化进行了研究。结果显示,曲普瑞林可抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的生长并表现出了剂量依赖性,药物浓度越大对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用越强。随着药物浓度的增大、抑制作用增强,肿瘤细胞中Fas基因的表达量逐渐增大,而Fas L基因的表达量却逐渐下降。推测曲普瑞林在作用过程中可能通过促进肿瘤细胞中Fas的表达,诱导了Fas所介导的细胞凋亡途径的恢复,达到抑制肿瘤细胞生长的目的。     

前列腺凋亡反应蛋白-4抗肿瘤作用研究进展

前列腺凋亡反应基因-4（prostate apoptosis responsegene．4,par-4）是从凋亡的前列腺癌细胞中分离出来的一种基因,该基因编码的产物是前列腺凋亡反应蛋白4（Par-4）。Par-4可通过细胞内、外途径调节各种分子表达,诱导癌细胞凋亡,选择性抑制肿瘤细胞生长,因此,Par-4的表达与肿瘤的发生、发展及预后有密切的联系。Par-4在治疗恶性肿瘤中表现出良好的肿瘤细胞靶向杀伤效应,对正常组织细胞无明显影响,故具有极其重要的应用价值。就Par-4特异性诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及其潜在抗肿瘤作用的进展进行综述。     

Midkine与恶性肿瘤

中期因子（midkine,MK）作为肝素结合生长因子家族的一员,通过促有丝分裂和细胞增殖、促血管生成、诱导细胞恶性转化、抗凋亡等功能影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化及凋亡。MK在多种恶性肿瘤中呈过表达,且血清MK水平与预后不良呈正相关,因此MK有望成为一种新的肿瘤标志物;随着反义核苷酸、RNA干涉及特异性启动子参与基因治疗技术的发展,MK可能成为肿瘤基因治疗的新靶点。     

鸡PPARs基因组织表达特性的研究

以8周龄Arber Acres(AA)肉鸡为研究材料,采用RT-PCR和Northern blot方法对鸡PPAR基因组织表达特点进行了研究。RT-PCR半定量检测显示,在检测的10种组织中除胸部肌肉组织外,PPAR-α基因在其他9种组织中都表达,其中较高表达于脑、肺脏、肾脏、心脏和小肠,中等程度表达于胃、肝脏和脂肪,较低表达于脾脏。PPAR-γ基因除了在肝脏和肌肉中没有检测到外,在其他8种组织都有表达,其中高表达于脂肪,其次是脑和肾脏,低量表达于脾脏、心脏、肺脏、胃和小肠。Northern blot检测显示,PPAR-α基因在心脏、肝脏、肾脏和胃这4种组织表达,其中在肝脏杂交信号最强;PPAR-γ基因只在脂肪和肾脏表达,其中在脂肪组织有强的杂交信号。以上结果表明,鸡PPARS基因的组织表达特点同啮齿动物和人基本一致,但也有其自身的特殊性,即PPAR-α基因不在肌肉组织中表达,PPAR-γ基因在肾脏中有高表达。PPAR基因与鸡的多种组织的生长和发育有关。     

滇龙胆甲羟戊酸激酶基因的克隆与表达分析

甲羟戊酸激酶是甲羟戊酸途径的关键酶。根据滇龙胆转录组甲羟戊酸激酶基因Gr MK序列,设计一对基因特异性引物克隆该基因,并进行序列分析;构建原核表达载体p GEX-4T-1-Gr MK,转入大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),重组蛋白在37℃、1.0 mmol/L IPTG诱导下成功表达。生物信息学分析结果表明,Gr MK蛋白为甲羟戊酸激酶家族成员,具有MK蛋白保守结构域:乳糖激酶/高丝氨酸激酶/甲羟戊酸激酶/磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(GHMP kinase)N端结构域、C端结构域和ATP结合结构域;Gr MK与长春花Cr MK亲缘关系最近.原核表达结果表明,融合蛋白相对分子质量与推断大小一致。组织特异性表达分析结果表明Gr MK基因主要在根中表达.这些结果为Gr MK蛋白结构和功能的研究奠定基础。     

Midkine rescues Wilms' tumor cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis: regulation of Bcl-2 expression by Midkine

Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor involved in diverse biological phenomena, e.g. neuronal survival, carcinogenesis, and tissue repair. MK expression is detected mainly in the kidney in adult mice. In this study, we show that, at a dose that can induce recoverable renal damage and induce apoptosis, cisplatin (CDDP) transiently suppressed MK expression in mouse kidney. In vitro, CDDP suppressed MK expression and induced apoptosis in cultured G401 cells, a Wilms' tumor cell line. Exogenous MK protein partially rescued G401 cells from CDDP-induced apoptosis. MK enhanced the expression of Bcl-2, but not that of Bcl-x(L), in G401 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and it prevented the Bcl-2 reduction due to CDDP. Moreover, Bcl-2 expression in mouse kidney was also transiently suppressed by CDDP treatment, the expression profile being similar to that of MK. These results imply that MK exerts cytoprotective activity toward a damaging insult, presumably at least in part through enhancement of the expression of Bcl-2.     

A retinoic acid responsive gene, MK, produces a secreted protein with heparin binding activity

MK is a gene whose expression increases transiently during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. MK polypeptide was secreted by differentiating HM-1 embryonal carcinoma cells and by L-cells transfected with an MK cDNA under the control of the beta-actin promoter and Rous sarcoma virus enhancer. MK polypeptide was found to have heparin binding activity. Conditioned medium of the transfected L-cells promoted growth of PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. These findings support the view that MK polypeptide is a secreted factor involved in regulation of growth and differentiation.     

Immunohistochemical localization of truncated midkine in developing human bile ducts

Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor whose gene has been identified in embryonal carcinoma cells in early stages of retinoic acid-induced differentiation. In the present study, we investigated the developmental localization of truncated MK protein in human bile ducts. Thirty specimens of the livers from 25 fetuses (from 9 to 40 gestational weeks) and from five neonates less than 4 weeks old were examined. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using a mouse IgG2b monoclonal antibody against recombinant-truncated MK. Truncated MK was expressed moderately in the fetal liver from 9 to 15 gestational weeks. The immunoreactivities were found in the primitive hepatocytes, ductal plates, migrating biliary cells and immature bile ducts. The reaction products were localized in the cytoplasm heterogeneously. The intensity of immunostaining was weak from 15 gestational weeks to 26 gestational weeks. After 27 gestational weeks, truncated MK was not detected in the fetal livers. It was suggested that primitive hepatocytes, ductal plates and immature bile ducts produced truncated MK transiently during human bile ducts development.     

A new family of heparin-binding factors: strong conservation of midkine (MK) sequences between the human and the mouse

A retinoic acid responsive gene, MK, specifies for a heparin binding factor termed midkine (MK), which is the initial member of a new protein family involved in regulation of growth and differentiation. A cDNA clone of human MK was isolated from a fetal kidney cDNA library. Human MK mRNA was expressed in PA1 teratocarcinoma cells as well as in the kidney. Sequence analysis of the cDNA clone and of a part of the genomic clone yielded the predicted protein sequence of human MK. Human and mouse MK sequences are highly conserved: 87% of amino acids are identical and all amino acid changes are conservative except for an insertion. Comparison of MK and HB-GAM/pleiotrophin (another member of the family) from various species revealed sequences conserved in the family and those specific for each protein.     

Structure of a retinoic acid-responsive gene, MK, which is transiently activated during the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells and the mid-gestation period of mouse embryogenesis

MK is a gene that is expressed temporarily during the early stages of retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells and during the mid-gestation period of mouse embryogenesis. The 5'-regions of MK cDNAs and their mRNAs are heterogeneous; so far three kinds of MK cDNAs (MK1, MK2, and MK3) have been isolated. The MK gene was cloned from a genomic DNA library of a BALB/c mouse, and its structure was elucidated. 5'-Region sequences specific for MK1, MK2, and MK3 were arranged in the order of MK3, MK2, and MK1. Then, there was a sequence common to all MK cDNAs consisting of four exons. The results indicate that different species of MK mRNA are generated by the use of alternative promoters and different modes of splicing.     

BALB and kirsten murine sarcoma viruses alter growth and differentiation of EGF-dependent BALB/c mouse epidermal keratinocyte lines

Clonal BALB/c mouse epidermal keratinocyte (BALB/MK) cell lines were established in tissue culture. Despite their aneuploid nature, the lines were nontumorigenic, and retained in vitro properties similar to those of primary diploid keratinocytes. These included the constitutive expression of keratin and terminal differentiation in response to a calcium concentration greater than 1.0 mM in the medium. The cells also demonstrated an absolute requirement for nanomolar concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) for their proliferation. BALB or Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses are acute transforming retroviruses, which have been shown to transform fibroblastic and hematopoietic cells. Infection of BALB/MK or its clonal sublines with either virus leads to the rapid acquisition of EGF-independent growth. The cells concomitantly lose their sensitivity to calcium-induced terminal differentiation. Thus these retroviruses can rapidly confer upon epithelial keratinocytes in culture growth properties that resemble those of malignant epidermoid carcinoma cells.     

MK: a pluripotential embryonic stem-cell-derived neuroregulatory factor.

MK is a gene encoding a secreted heparin-binding polypeptide originally isolated by differential screening for genes induced by retinoic acid (RA) in HM-1 embryonal carcinoma cells. Here we report that MK is expressed at high levels in both embryonal carcinoma and pluripotential embryonic stem cells and their differentiated derivatives. MK expression in these cell types is unaffected by the presence or absence of RA. Recombinant MK protein (rMK) was produced by transient expression in COS cells and purified by heparin affinity chromatography. rMK is a weak mitogen for 10T1/2 fibroblast cells but inactive as a mitogen for Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. rMK is a potent mitogen for neurectodermal precursor cell types generated by treatment of 1009 EC cells with RA but has no mitogenic or neurotrophic effects on more mature 1009-derived neuronal cell types. rMK is active as an in vitro neurotrophic factor for E12 chick sympathetic neurons and its activity is markedly potentiated by binding the factor to tissue-culture plastic in the presence of heparin. Stable 10T1/2 cells lines have been established which express MK. These cells do not exhibit any overt evidence of cell transformation but extracellular matrix preparations derived from these cells are a potent source of MK biological activity. It is concluded that MK is a multifunctional neuroregulatory molecule whose biological activity depends upon association with components of the extracellular matrix.