种子脱水耐性及其与种子类型和发育阶段的相关性

种子脱水耐性是种子发育过程中获得的综合特性,是判断种子贮藏持性的一个重要依据。当种子获得脱水耐性时,生理,形态和结构会发生相应的变化,包括糖,蛋白质,脂类和抗氧化系统等保护性物质的合成,各种保护性物质不是单独作用的,而是协同调节种子的脱水耐性。不同的植物种子,其脱水耐性不同,并且随着种子的发育而变化。关于种子脱水耐性的获得,主要有2种观点,一种认为是数量性状,另一种认为是突变性状。种子库收集种子保存时,适时采集和适度脱水才能有效地延长种子的贮藏寿命。     

The effect of abscisic acid on the growth and storage of germinating rape (Brassica napus L.) seed dried following selection on the basis of a newly-emerged radicle

Abscisic acid at 1 × 10^–4M concentration controlled the progress of the emerging radicle from germinating rape seeds and apparently restricted it to the dehydration tolerant phase. ABA treatment during germination followed by washing reduced the deleterious effects of drying the seeds following selection based on a newly-emerged radicle. Furthermore, the longevity of these low-moisture-content germinating seeds at a range of temperatures was improved by the ABA treatment. The viability of the treated seeds stored at –20°C was maintained for up to 100 days.     

种子脱水耐性与糖的关系

糖类在植物种子中的累积随种子的发育阶段和种子类型不同而不同,并与种子脱水耐性的变化相联系。许多正常性植物种子的发育伴随着某些糖的累积,这些糖的累积已被认为在种子脱水耐性获得中起重要作用。但糖对种子脱水耐性的影响不是单独的,而是与ABA和蛋白质等物质协同作用。种子脱水耐性不仅与糖的种类和含量有关,而且与种子所处的生理状态和发育进程有关。本文综述了种子脱水耐性与糖关系的研究进展。     

钙对吸胀的绿豆种子脱水耐性的影响

以绿豆种子为材料,研究了预吸胀种子脱水耐性的变化,以及Ca^2 处理对种子脱水耐性的影响。结果表明：绿豆种子的脱水耐性随预吸胀时间的延长而下降;Ca^2 预吸胀处理能提高种子的脱水耐性,适宜的Ca^2 浓度为20mmol／L;Ca^2 能修复预吸胀种子的脱水伤害,适宜的Ca^2 浓度为2．5～5mmol／L。     

The dispersal unit of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A. Rich.) de Laubenfels (Podocarpaceae) and the significance of the fleshy receptacle

FOUNTAIN, D. W., HOLDSWORTH, J. M. & OUTRED, H. A., 1989. The dispersal unit of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A. Rich.) de Laubenfels (Podocarpaceae) and the significance of the fleshy receptacle. Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (formerly Podocarpus dacrydioides ) is an arborescent gymnosperm endemic to New Zealand. The high water content (43%) and sensitivity of viability towards desiccation, suggest the seeds are of the 'recalcitrant' type. The 'fruits' comprising a seed borne on a fleshy receptacle arc shed in large numbers. The development of the seed precedes the full development of succulence in the receptacle and at maturity the seed has a high relative water content (RWC) relative to the receptacle. Within the maturing reproductive unit, the receptacle buffers the seed against the effects of water stress. After shedding, seeds are rapidly desiccated in moving air, and viability is impaired below approximately 80"' RWC and abolished at 34", seed RWC. The presence of the receptacle during drying confers resistance to desiccation-associated damage. Five phases of desiccation sensitivity are distinguished in recognition of the protective role of the receptacle. It is suggested that the advantages associated with prolonging seed viability may have contributed to the evolutionary development of succulence in the reproductive unit. This might be considered as a selection pressure in a manner similar to the proposal that such fleshy structures are associated with seed dispersal by birds.     

3. Genetic conservation in seed banks

The safest and most economical and convenient way of preserving the genetic resources of the majority of crop plants is by long-term seed storage. The technology is well developed, but recent research resulting from a greater understanding of behaviour at very low water potentials is leading to further improvements     

假槟榔种子催芽技术和脱水耐性的研究

为提高假槟榔的人工种植技术,对其种子做了不同的化学催芽处理,以寻求种子的有效催芽方法,并对种子脱水耐性进行了探讨。结果表明:20%过氧化氢和98%浓硫酸浸泡5min,0.3%亚硝酸钠和0.2%硝酸钾溶液浸种24h后,发芽率显著升高,速度显著加快,尤以浓硫酸和硝酸钾处理效果为好;200～1000mg/L赤霉素和20～100mg/L激动素溶液浸泡24h也显著促进种子萌发,但催芽效果与溶液浓度有关。成熟种子轻度脱水,发芽率有所上升,但含水量下降至17%以下,发芽率急剧下降,当含水量下降10%以下,发芽力完全丧失。由此可见,种子很可能是中间型种子。     

Changes in starch and soluble sugars in relation to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance during maturation of Brassica campestris seed

Abstract. We investigated the onset of desiccation tolerance in developing embryos of Brassica campestris seeds and possible correlated ultrastructural modifications in the radiele cells. Since the acquisition of desiccation tolerance is a long asynchronous process which took 9 d to be achieved, we determined criteria allowing us to separate freshly intact harvested seeds into desiccation intolerant and desication tolerant batches that differed in age by only 2 d. No particular structural modifications were found except a strong depletion of intraplastidial starch (-90%) coincident with the appearance of stachyose and an increase of sucrose (+30%) on the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. As we did not observe an increase of lipid reserves as a consequence, we suggest that these metabolic events can be a key factor towards the acquisition of desiccation tolerance.     

脱水导致的胞内溶质变化与植物耐干性的获得

植物耐干性是指许多植物个体和部分植物种子能在含水量极低的条件下存活,在回水的过程中迅速启动修复机制,细胞经重新水合修复所受损伤的能力。在脱水过程中,植物会合成和积累某些小分子物质、碳水化合物和特殊的蛋白质;在极度脱水状态下,多组分参与的玻璃化的形成和两性物质的重新分配、耐干性植物中特有的抗氧化机制都是植物获得耐干性的重要条件。复苏植物(resurrection plant)和部分被子植物种子是当前研究植物耐干性的模式材料。     

A comparative study of seed morphology in relation to desiccation tolerance and other physiological responses in 71 Eastern Australian rainforest species

Seed characteristics were measured in 71 Eastern Australian rainforest species representing 30 families. Sensitivity to desiccation to low moisture contents (< 10%) occurred in 42% of species. We estimate, based on findings from 100 species from this present study and previously published reports, that 49% of Eastern Australian rainforest species have non‐orthodox seeds. Germination level and time to 50% germination were not significantly different between desiccation sensitive (DS) and desiccation tolerant (DT) seeds. The estimation of seed desiccation sensitivity based on predictors is an important tool underpinning ex situ conservation efforts. Seed characteristics differed significantly between DS and DT seeds; that is, DS seeds had: (i) larger fruits (19 949 mg vs 8322 mg); (ii) larger seeds (1663 mg vs 202 mg); (iii) higher seed moisture contents (49.7% vs 35.5% fresh weight); (iv) lower oil content (7.3% vs 24.8% yield); and (v) less investment in seed coats (0.19 vs 0.48 seed coat ratio). Only 25% of DS seeded species had oily seeds compared with 87% of DT seeded species. Most green embryos were DS. Seed coat ratio was the best predictor of seed DS (80% correctly predicted). Seed moisture content at maturity was also related to germination time. Mean seed size was correlated (?0.657, P = 0.01) with mean seed oil content in 46 species. Further research on seed storage physiology of possible oily and/or DS seeded species is crucial to ensure future long‐term security of this biodiversity, particularly for species currently threatened in situ and/or of socioeconomic importance in Eastern Australian rainforests.     

种子顽拗性的形成机理及其保存技术

根据种子的脱水行为将种子分为正常性种子、顽拗性种子和中间性种子。顽拗性种子在发育的末期不经历成熟脱水．脱落时有相对高的含水量,并且对低温和脱水干燥非常敏感。在自然界,顽拗性种子存在一个连续群,即低度、中度和高度顽拗性种子,其差异在于对脱水伤害的敏感程度。影响种子顽拗性的因素,既有种子本身的生理生化物质基础,也有种子在母株上发育过程中所经受的外界环境的影响。目前,对种子脱水耐性的分子机制及其保存技术研究得较多。本文综述了有关顽拗性种子研究的近期进展。     

Effect of water content and temperature on seed longevity of seven Brassicaceae species after 5 years of storage

Maximising seed longevity is crucial for genetic resource preservation and longevity of orthodox seeds is determined by environmental conditions (water content and temperature). The effect of water content (down to 0.01 g·H₂O·g^?1) on seed viability was studied at different temperatures for a 5‐year storage period in taxonomically related species. Seeds of seven Brassicaceae species (Brassica repanda, Eruca vesicaria, Malcolmia littorea, Moricandia arvensis, Rorippa nasturtium‐aquaticum, Sinapis alba, Sisymbrium runcinatum) were stored at 48 environments comprising a combination of eight water contents, from 0.21 to 0.01 g·H₂O·g^?1 DW and six temperatures (45, 35, 20, 5, ?25, ?170 °C). Survival curves were modelled and P50 calculated for those conditions where germination was reduced over the 5‐year assay period. Critical water content for storage of seeds of six species at 45 °C ranged from 0.02 to 0.03 g·H₂O·g^?1. The effect of extreme desiccation at 45 °C showed variability among species: three species showed damaging effects of drying below the critical water content, while for three species it was neither detrimental nor beneficial to seed longevity. Lipid content could be related to longevity, depending on the storage conditions. A variable seed longevity response to water content among taxonomically related species was found. The relative position of some of the species as long‐ or short‐lived at 45 °C varied depending on the humidity at which storage behaviour was evaluated. Therefore, predictions of survival under desiccated conditions based on results obtained at high humidity might be problematic for some species.     

Dormancy Breaking and Storage Behavior of Garcinia cowa Roxb. (Guttiferae) Seeds: Implications for Ecological Function and Germplasm Conservation

The dormancy breaking and storage behavior of Garcinia cowa Roxb. seeds were investigated.The seeds of G. cowa had 8-11 months dormancy in their natural habitat. Seeds were matured and dispersed at the end of the rainy season (mid-late August to late September) and were scatter-hoarded by rodents as food for winter after the seeds had fallen to the ground. Seedlings often emerged in the forest during the rainy season (May to August) the following year. Intact seeds of G. cowa failed to germinate after being sown at 30 ℃ for 120 d and the mean germination time (MGT) of seeds cultured in a shade (50% sunlight)nursery was 252 d. The most effective method of breaking dormancy was to remove the seed coat totally,which reduced the MGT to 13 d at 30 ℃. Germination was also promoted by partial removal of the seed coat (excising the hilum and exposing the radicle) and chemical scarification (immersion in 1% H2O2 for 1 d).Unscarified seeds take up water rapidly in the first 96 h, but water was absorbed by the outside seed coat,without penetrating through it. The moisture content (MC) of G. cowa seeds was high (50% in fresh weight)at shedding. The seeds could tolerate desiccation to some extent, until the MC reached approximately 40%;below that, the viability decreases rapidly and all seeds died at approximately 17% of MC. Seed viability decreased rapidly when seeds were chilled at 4 ℃; germination was 2% after storage for 1 week. Even stored at 10 ℃, seeds began to be damaged after 4 weeks. Seed storage for 1 yr revealed that in both dry (relative humidity (35 ± 5)%) and moist (wet sand) storage conditions, seed viability declined, but germination percentages for seeds stored under moist conditions are better than for seed stored under dry conditions.Because of their low tolerance to desiccation, marked chilling sensitivity and relatively short lifespan, G.cowa seeds should be classified into the tropical recalcitrant category. The ecological implications of dormant recalcitrant seeds and cues on storing recalcitrant seeds were discussed.     

花生种子耐脱水力的形成与可溶性糖累积的关系

花生胚轴的耐脱水力在40－65DAP的发育后期逐渐增加,同时胚轴还原性糖／非还原性糖比值下降。缓慢干燥可同时诱导35DAP胚轴累积蔗糖与寡糖（水苏糖与棉籽糖）;外源ABA及高渗处理可诱导35DAP离体胚轴累积蔗糖,但不能累积寡糖（水苏糖）。耐脱水胚轴可溶性糖成分的模拟混合物可在水活度0．32及零上温度进入玻璃态;而不耐脱水胚轴的可溶性糖模拟混合物仅在零下温度进入玻璃态。模拟实验证明在干燥状态下可溶性糖与花生2S蛋白结合,并消除了2S蛋白的干燥结晶。     

萌发中花生胚轴的耐干性与热稳定蛋白

成熟花生种子吸胀１８ ｈ 发芽率达１００ ％ 。在这１８ ｈ 的范围内,胚轴即使经干燥处理,萌发生长率仍保持１００ ％ ,而热稳定蛋白含量变化很小。吸胀２４ ｈ 后,经干燥的花生胚完全丧失萌发生长能力。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ和双向电泳表明,花生胚轴的热稳定蛋白主要是贮藏蛋白,该蛋白中的花生球蛋白大亚基,伴花生球蛋白Ｉ和２Ｓ 蛋白的降解与胚轴的耐干性丧失有关。