裸鼠巴斯德氏菌病的诊断

目的对某实验动物中心裸鼠发病死亡的原因进行诊断。方法对发病裸鼠进行病理组织学和细菌学检查以及血清学试验。结果根据临床症状、病理剖检、细菌分离培养、生化鉴定和血清凝集试验,确诊为嗜肺巴斯德氏菌感染导致的细菌性疾病。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌株对阿莫西林／克拉维酸、阿奇霉素、复方新诺明敏感,而对红霉素已经产生耐药性。结论为巴斯德氏菌病原鉴定与疾病诊断提供了科学依据。     

解脲和人型支原体定量检测与药敏的临床意义

目的了解解脲和人型支原体定量检测及其药敏的临床意义。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司支原体鉴定与药敏试剂盒进行解脲和人型支原体的定量检测和药敏试验。结果85例非淋菌性尿道炎患者共检出解脲支原体52例（61．2％）,其中感染数量≥10^4CFU／ml的有30例;人型支原体检出23例（27．1％）,其中感染数量≥10^4CFU／ml的有10例;解脲和人型支原体感染数量≥10^4CFU／ml的患者,90．0％均有临床症状。解脲支原体对临床常用抗支原体抗生素敏感性较好的是强力霉素和四环素,但敏感率仅为60．0％。结论解脲和人型支原体感染数量的高低与其临床症状的有无有明显的相关性,临床上支原体感染的治疗应根据实验室的药敏结果选择合适的抗生素进行。     

小鼠感染合胞病毒与鼠流感病毒后肺脏病理学比较研究

目的与方法用合胞病毒(RSV)和鼠肺流感病毒(IVP)感染SPF级BALB/c小鼠,复制两种不同的小鼠病毒性肺炎动物模型,观察其临床症状,并对两种模型各自的肺部组织病理学特点进行研究。结果与结论IVP模型组与RSV模型组小鼠感染病毒后,分别在试验的2天和3天发病,临床症状均表现为精神沉郁、耸毛、卷缩、毛无光泽、活动减少、呼吸急促、咳嗽。但IVP感染模型组小鼠在发病后出现死亡,第7天其死亡率达到40%,而RSV感染模型组小鼠7日试验内无死亡病例发生。病理组织学诊断,RSV模型组小鼠为急性渗出性间质性肺炎,IVP模型组小鼠为出血性间质性肺炎。     

羊瘙痒病小鼠适应株139A可突破种属屏障颅内感染金黄地鼠

羊瘙痒病感染因子可以根据疾病发生的潜伏期、临床病程、神经病理学特征以及PrPSc分子特征等分为不同的毒株,目前已经证实有20余种.在可传播性海绵状脑病的发病过程中存在着明显的种属屏障作用.将小鼠适应株139A颅内接种至金黄地鼠,以观测感染因子对种属屏障的突破及感染特征.在接种385～405天后,感染动物出现明显症状,与以往报道的金黄地鼠适应株263K不同,139A毒株发病动物出现严重的瘙痒,而无明显的共济失调.感染动物自出现明显症状到死亡的时间明显长于263K毒株感染金黄地鼠.进一步脑组织电镜和Western blot检测证实,存在有羊瘙痒病相关纤维和PrP-res.这证明小鼠适应株139A可突破种属屏障感染金黄地鼠.经系统比较,139A和263K毒株在潜伏期、主要临床症状和临床病程显示出明显的差异,而PrP-res的泳动位置和糖基化比率差异不大,仅139A毒株的单糖基化分子位置似乎略高于263K.动态观测处于潜伏期的接种动物脑组织羊瘙痒病相关纤维和PrP-res,发现PrPSc的出现明显早于临床症状.     

一起兔产气荚膜梭菌病爆发流行及病原体的分离鉴定

黑山县某兔场出现仔兔突然发病、大量死亡现象,根据临床症状和病理剖检变化疑似细菌感染,采取肝脏等样本进行病原分离、培养特性观察、菌落形态学观察、生化反应试验、致病性试验、药敏试验。结果从组织样本中分离获得1株病原菌,其培养特性、菌落形态、生化反应特性等均符合产气荚膜梭菌特征,药敏实验结果显示,该分离菌对氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮、哌拉西林等药物敏感。说明该兔场发生了产气荚膜梭菌病的疫情,采用敏感药物治疗后,收到明显效果。     

江苏盐城地区异育银鲫大红鳃疾病病原学研究及病理学观察

为鉴定近期江苏盐城地区养殖异育银鲫大红鳃疾病病原,研究从患病濒死鱼中分离到两株致病菌并对其理化特性、分子生物学、感染病理学进行了研究,同时开展了鉴别诊断和回归试验以及药敏检测。结果显示,两分离株理化特性与温和气单胞菌（A.sobria）特征相符,与GenBank中A.sobria的gyrB基因同源性达99%以上,在系统发育树上均与A.sobria聚为一族。同时与鲤科疱疹病毒2型（CyHV-2）鉴别诊断结果表明,患病鱼组织中CyHV-2检测为阴性。组织学上,鳃和肾组织具有典型病理变化。人工感染两株A.sobria后,鱼体出现与自然发病相似的大红鳃症状,并能从发病鱼组织中再分离到相同病原菌;而人工感染CyHV-2组织匀浆后的鲫虽然出现死亡,但无大红鳃症状出现。综上,确认此次大红鳃疾病的病原为A.sobria。药敏实验表明,分离菌株对诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、氯霉素三种药物敏感。研究为临床上更好的预防异育银鲫大红鳃疾病奠定了基础。     

肺炎支原体实验室检测方法研究进展

肺炎支原体(Mycoplosma pneumonia,MP)为人类非典型肺炎的病原体,是引起呼吸道感染的重要病原体。但是支原体肺炎与其他病原体感染的肺炎,在临床症状、影像学上并无特异性差别,且其对一般治疗肺炎、上呼吸道感染的药物有耐药性,因此肺炎支原体及时、准确的实验室检测对于支原体肺炎的诊断治疗显得尤为重要。目前MP的实验室检测方法不断推陈出新,但各种方法均有其优势与不足,临床可选择两种不同的方法同时检测。比如:血清学抗体的检测结合MP快速培养药敏的方法;血清学抗体的检测结合PCR的方法,不同方法相互补充为临床的早期诊断、治疗提供依据。而MP药敏试验的检测和耐药机制的研究对于临床用药方案的选择,减少耐药株的产生和流行具有重要意义。     

少见贪铜菌感染1例

目的 报道1例由罕见细菌导致的感染病例,并分析其易感因素及药敏情况,为罕见细菌感染治疗提供临床经验。方法 收集该患者临床信息,包括症状、治疗过程、药敏试验结果等。结果 药敏试验显示该少见贪铜菌对大部分头孢类、碳青霉烯类等抗生素均敏感。结论 少见贪铜菌是比较罕见的条件致病菌之一,感染多发生于免疫力低下患者。     

中国肾综合征出血热(HFRS)与实验室感染

肾综合征出血热（HFRS）是通过鼠类携带汉坦病毒的一种人兽共患的自然疫源性疾病,临床上以高热、出血、休克、肾衰竭为主要症状,该病发病急,病死率高,传染性强,流行区域广,是目前我国危害严重的急性传染病,该病不仅由野鼠传播给人群,而且通过野鼠感染实验动物,形成实验室感染,再传播从事动物实验的工作人群,现把HFRS的流行病学,临床和实验室感染介绍给读者,以引起有关方面重视,目前我国已将HFRS列入实验动物质量检测必检指标。     

念珠菌菌血症的易感因素分析及药敏检测

目的探讨念珠菌菌血症的临床特点、菌种构成、危险因素及药敏情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法收集我院2005年6月1日～2007年5月31日自血培养中分离出的92株念珠菌的菌种分布、药敏试验和危险因素等资料进行回顾性分析。结果菌种分布显示白念株菌感染为28.3%,除白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、热带念珠菌之外的其他念珠菌感染为45.6%。药敏试验显示耐氟康唑率达41.3%。感染的危险因素有免疫力低下、严重基础疾病、长时间应用广谱抗生素、介入诊治、气管切开及呼吸机的应用等,病死率超过55.4%。结论氟康唑不能作为所有酵母菌感染的首选药物。积极治疗原发病、加强病原学检测和药敏试验、及时作出早期诊断、严格掌握用药原则是降低病死率的关键。     

浙江天目山国家级自然保护区三种鹿科动物舔盐行为比较

矿物质是野生动物食物的重要组成部分,对于个体的生长、繁殖、扩散和种群数量的增长具有重要作用(辛国省,2010;Zhao et al.,2013;曾小琴等,2016).有蹄类动物在一年中的特定时间段舔食土壤,主要倾向于靠近地下泉水、树木根部附近、与河流接壤的悬崖(Henshaw and Ayeni,1971;Coutur...     

中国大陆梅花鹿mtDNA控制区序列变异及种群遗传结构分析

测定了37只中国大陆梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)不同种群mtDNA控制区5′端351 bp的序列，共发现23个变异位点，定义了5种单元型。分子变异分析表明，中国大陆梅花鹿出现了显著的种群分化(Φm＝0．45，Fst＝0．60，P＜0．001)，支持把分布于东北、华南和四川的梅花鹿种群归入各自独立的管理单元。中国大陆、日本南部和日本北部之间无共享单元型，且有25个鉴别位点。最小跨度网络图(Minimum spannlng network，MSN)和基于最大似然法和邻接法的系统发生分析均把单元型聚类为对应于中国大陆、日本南部和日本北部的三个单系，其中中国大陆和日本南部梅花鹿有相对较近的亲缘关系，支持日本梅花鹿的祖先通过至少两个大陆桥从亚洲迁移到日本的观点。     

四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动节律与时间分配

1987 年2 月至2000 年9 月, 用直接观察法在四川省铁布自然保护区中先后对287 只四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动节律和时间分配进行了2 934 h 的观察。四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动具有明显的活动与休息相间出现的节律, 晨昏和午夜是其活动的高峰期, 白昼活动强度较低以休息反刍为主。不同季节其昼夜活动节律有较大的变化。春、夏、秋、冬4 季每天单位时间的平均活动频率分别为: 55.29 ±32.97 %、46.42 ±37.24 %、48.21 ±35.80 %、47.75±32.21 % , 季节差异不明显( F = 0.32 < F_o.o1 ) 。昼夜年平均每天约有52.07 %的时间在活动, 其中白昼活动仅占5.28 % , 而晨昏和夜晚的活动占46.79 %。影响时间分配比例的因素为: 鹿的年龄、性别、繁殖状态、食物资源、天气状况、人为干扰等。     

A genetic study of sika (Cervus nippon) in the New Forest and in the Purbeck region, southern England: is there evidence of recent or past hybridization with red deer (Cervus elaphus)?

Sika Cervus nippon are native to Japan and East Asia but are now naturalized in many parks of the world, including Britain. In contrast to the substantial body of research on the extent of hybridization between sika and red deer Cervus elaphus in Scottish populations, there has been little genetic analysis of the English populations of sika. Sika in England still have a patchy and discontinuous distribution; populations are thus still genetically isolated and may be expected to show higher variability in genetic type. The current paper uses DNA-based techniques to explore the genetic composition of sika in the New Forest (Hampshire) and that of sika from the largest population in England, in the Purbeck region (Dorset). The study aims were to determine whether New Forest sika show signs of recent interbreeding with New Forest red deer populations, whether New Forest sika are genetically distinct from Purbeck sika, and whether New Forest and Purbeck sika show evidence of past hybridization or whether they are pure (non-hybrid) strains. Microsatellite analysis was used to compare the genetic profiles of individual deer. Results showed that sika and red deer in the New Forest were genetically distinct, indicating that there is no large-scale in situ hybridization occurring between these feral populations. In terms of overall genetic composition, there was no significant difference between the sika in the New Forest and Purbeck. However, a more detailed analysis found that New Forest sika showed a lower level of introgression with red deer compared with the Purbeck sika. We conclude that, overall, the New Forest sika deer do appear to be more genetically pure bred than the Purbeck sika.     

Bottleneck effects on the sika deer Cervus nippon population in Hokkaido, revealed by ancient DNA analysis

The population size of the sika deer Cervus nippon on Hokkaido Island of Japan had been remarkably reduced because of heavy hunting pressure since the beginning of Meiji Period and effects of heavy snow in 1879 and 1881. After that, the number of sika deer in Hokkaido has increased gradually due to the protection by the Hokkaido government. In the present study, in order to investigate the bottleneck effects, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) on sika deer bones excavated from archaeological sites just before Meiji Period. On 86 of 113 bones from 13 archaeological sites of Ainu Culture Period (17-19th centuries), 602 base-pair fragments of the mtDNA control region were successfully sequenced. Consequently, we found three new haplotypes (g-, h- and i-types) which had not been identified in modern sika deer. In addition, four haplotypes (a-, b-, c- and d-types) identified from modern sika deer were also found in the archaeological deer. The new haplotypes and previously reported hapoltypes from sika deer of Hokkaido were phylogenetically much closer to each other, compared with those of modern sika deer from Honshu, Kyushu and the Chinese continent. Geographical distribution patterns of haplotypes of the ancient population were different from those of the modern population in Hokkaido. Our findings indicated that their genetic diversity was reduced through the bottleneck and that population structures of sika deer were changed widely in Hokkaido due to genetic drift.     

Genetic structure of,and hybridisation between,red (Cervus elaphus) and sika (Cervus nippon) deer in Ireland

This study investigated the levels of genetic diversity and variation exhibited by red and sika deer in Ireland, along with the extent and regional location of hybridisation between these two species. Bi-parental (microsatellites) and maternally-inherited (mitochondrial DNA) genetic markers were utilised that allowed comparisons between 85 red deer from six localities and 47 sika deer from 3 localities in Ireland. Population genetic structure was assessed using Bayesian analysis, indicating the existence of two genetic clusters in sika deer and three clusters in red deer. Levels of genetic diversity were low in both red and sika deer. These genetic data presented herein indicate a recent introduction of sika deer and subsequent translocations in agreement with historical data. The origins of the current red deer populations found in Ireland, based on genetic data presented in this study, still remain obscure. All hybrid deer (red/sika) found in this study were found in Wicklow, Galway and Mayo where the ‘red-like’ deer exhibited sika deer alleles/haplotypes, and vice versa in the case of Wicklow. Molecular methods proved invaluable in the identification of the hybrid deer because identification of hybrids based on phenotypic external appearances (pelage and body proportions) can be misleading. Areas where red and sika deer are sympatric need to be assessed for the level and extent of hybridisation occurring and thus need to be managed in order to protect the genetic integrity of ‘pure’ red deer populations.     

Comparative studies of Babesia spp. from white-tailed and sika deer

Babesia odocoilei from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas (USA) and B. capreoli isolated from sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Ireland were compared morphologically and antigenically. Babesia odocoilei and B. capreoli paired pyriforms resembled each other closely when in sika deer, but B. odocoilei pyriforms in white-tailed deer were slightly different. Babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer also differed from B. odocoilei and B. capreoli in sika deer in the frequency of its developmental forms. Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test titres showed that there was some antigen cross-reactivity, but not as much as between B. capreoli and the bovine parasite, B. divergens. The Babesia spp. from deer that we studied appear to be distinct but related species. The low infectivity of B. odocoilei for a splenectomised sika deer suggests that sika deer in North America are probably not very susceptible to this parasite in the wild.     

Tracing the genetic roots of the sika deer Cervus nippon naturalized in Germany and Austria

To determine the geographical origin of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) naturalized in Germany and Austria, we sequenced the mitochondrial control region for 214 individuals. Adding these sequences to previously published data from native sika deer across its natural geographic range, the total comes to 245, extending what is already known about the geographical variation in this sequence in Cervus nippon. From these sequences, a neighbour-joining tree was constructed. This tree showed that the 49 different mitochondrial (mt)DNA types are grouped into three distinct phylogenetic clusters, which correspond to different geographic areas. Similarities between sequences of the naturalized sika deer and those described from native sika deer from both southern Honshu, Kyushu with associated islands, and northern Honshu suggest that the ancestors of the sika deer populations in Germany and Austria originated from the Japanese archipelago. In contrast, there is no evidence that female sika deer of Chinese, Taiwanese or north Vietnamese origin were involved in the ancestry of the present sika population in Germany and Austria.     

Suppression of Regeneration in New Zealand Mountain Beech Forests is Dependent on Species of Introduced Deer

We compared the impacts on forest regeneration of introduced sika (Cervus nippon) and red (Cervus elaphus) deer in New Zealand. Plot data were used to compare mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides) regeneration between a region with sika deer, and four regions without sika deer. All regions surveyed had red deer present. In the region where sika deer had been present for more than a decade, there was evidence of poor mountain beech seedling regeneration. In the four regions without sika deer, there was evidence of a strong regenerative response at stands with low occupancy by trees. When compared to larger deer species, sika deer have a digestive morphology allowing greater dietary versatility, which may result in them impeding forest regeneration where red deer do not. In contrast to mountain beech, some small-leaved shrub species may have been competitively advantaged by intensive browsing from sika deer. This is contra to a current view that small-leaved shrub species with interlacing branches were able to tolerate browsing from extinct ratite birds, but not introduced deer. Sika deer have been introduced into countries where other deer species are indigenous, such as Canada, Denmark, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Ireland and the United States of America. Because of their dietary advantage, sika deer may have a greater potential to impede forest regeneration and competitively exclude larger deer species, particularly at low basal area sites where impacts on tree regeneration are likely to be greatest.     

The establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus)

Japanese sika deer ( Cervus nippon nippon ) were introduced to Scotland around 80 years (20 generations) ago. The sika phenotype is expanding its range and hybridizing extensively with native red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) leading to the establishment of a hybrid zone. This zone is currently moving and cannot be considered to be at equilibrium. Cervid genotypes and mitochondrial haplotypes were mapped across the sika phenotype range, using diagnostic protein isozymes, microsatellite nuclear DNA markers and RFLPs in mtDNA. These were analysed to estimate heterozygote deficits and nuclear linkage disequilibria and cytonuclear disequilibria in relation to gene frequencies and time since contact. Introgression was found in both taxa and strong linkage disequilibria and heterozygote deficits characterize the populations longest exposed to hybridization. Populations further from the introduction site, where hybridization is facilitated by the dispersal of sika-like stags, show low values for linkage disequilibria and heterozygote deficit. The observed patterns in genotype are explained in terms of assortative mating and a selective advantage of the sika genotype. The genetic integrity of the Scottish mainland red deer is shown to be at risk from the invasion of sika.