雪被厚度对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落的影响

为了解雪被覆盖对青藏高原高寒森林土壤线虫群落的影响,选取藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林为研究区,采用高通量测序技术分析不同雪被厚度0、10、20、30 cm下土壤线虫群落特征。结果表明：随着雪被增厚,有机质和全氮含量显著降低(P<0.05),全钾含量显著升高(P<0.05)。雪被增厚对线虫群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数以及成熟度指数、线虫通路比值(NCR)均未产生显著影响,但NCR值有升高的趋势。雪被增厚使刺嘴纲(Enoplea)及食细菌性线虫的相对丰度增多,同时使20 cm和30 cm雪被下土壤线虫群落结构发生显著变化(P<0.05)。土壤有机质、全氮和全钾含量是影响土壤线虫群落的最关键的3个土壤环境因子。研究表明雪被厚度会对青藏高原色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落产生影响,雪被增厚意味着较为稳定和温暖的土壤环境,利于土壤细菌数量增加,继而利于土壤有机质分解及钾的释放,为刺嘴纲及食细菌性线虫的增多提供了资源与环境条件。目前仍需对青藏高原地区土壤进行系统调查,以更深入的了解该生态脆弱区土壤线虫分布及其响应环境变化的规律。     

雪被去除对川西高山森林冬季土壤温度及碳、氮、磷动态的影响

气候变暖导致的雪被动态格局变化可能深刻影响高山森林生态过程.为了解气候变暖背景下雪被的减少对川西高山森林土壤生态过程的影响,2009年10月19日-2010年5月18日,采用遮雪方法,研究了雪被去除对该区冷杉原始林土壤温度和碳、氮、磷的影响.结果表明:雪被去除加大了土温日变化幅度和冻融循环频次,使土壤冻结和融化时间提前.雪被去除使土壤可溶性碳和可溶性氮、有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮冬季含量高峰提前到雪被覆盖期;雪被覆盖期至融化期的可溶性碳和氮及硝态氮含量增加,但有效磷和铵态氮含量降低,改变了其组分比例.气候变暖引起的川西高山森林雪被减少将改变土壤外部环境条件,进而影响土壤碳、氮和磷过程.     

伏牛山南、北坡植物物种多样性及其与主要生态因子的相关性

采用实地调查法对伏牛山南坡23个样地和北坡15个样地内的乔木、灌木和草本种类数以及乔木的Margalef 指数和Shannon-Wiener指数进行了统计分析和计算;在此基础上,运用典范对应分析(CCA)法筛选出影响南、北坡植物物种多样性的主要生态因子并进行了相关性分析.结果表明:南坡每个样地乔木、灌木和草本种类数的平均值分别为8.3、8.6和9.5,北坡分别为5.4、7.5和11.1;在海拔1 645～1 870m范围内,南坡样地的乔木、灌木和草本种类数均多于北坡样地.影响伏牛山南、北坡植物物种多样性的主要生态因子均为9个,它们之间略有差异但均可分为地形、气象和土壤3大类因子.相关性分析结果显示:北坡乔木的种类数、Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤厚度均呈极显著(P＜0.01)正相关,与海拔呈极显著负相关;而南坡乔木的Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关.北坡草本种类数与大气温度以及土壤有机质和碱解氮含量均呈极显著或显著(P＜0.05)正相关;而南坡草本种类数则与海拔、土壤厚度和土壤有机质含量呈极显著或显著正相关,与坡度、阴阳坡和大气湿度呈显著或极显著负相关.除北坡的灌木种类数与坡向呈显著正相关外,南、北坡灌木种类数与9个主要生态因子的相关性均不显著.说明伏牛山南、北坡的乔木多样性主要与土壤厚度和有机质含量等土壤性状因子有关,草本多样性则与局地小气候因子关系密切,而影响灌木多样性变化的主要生态因子并不明确.     

基于功能性状及系统发育的亚高寒草甸群落构建北大核心CSCD

为了解甘南藏族自治州亚高寒草甸植物群落在坡向梯度上的构建机制,该文选取5个坡向的样地,构建了植物群落系统发育树,测定了各坡向土壤环境因子和植物叶片的功能性状,检验了叶片功能性状的系统发育信号。结果表明:坡向变化对土壤含水量、土壤养分含量影响显著。大部分植物的叶片特征在不同坡向的差异显著,叶片干物质含量在南坡、西南坡较高,比叶面积和叶片氮、磷含量在北坡和西北坡较高。叶片的磷含量具有微弱的系统发育信号,而叶片干物质含量、比叶面积、叶片的氮含量均没表现出显著的系统发育信号。从南坡到北坡,群落的系统发育结构由发散到聚集。生境过滤作用是南坡、西南坡群落构建的驱动因素,种间竞争是北坡和西北坡群落构建的主要驱动力。西坡系统发育指数相反,其构建机制比较复杂,可能是几种机制共同作用的结果。     

基于功能性状及系统发育的亚高寒草甸群落构建

为了解甘南藏族自治州亚高寒草甸植物群落在坡向梯度上的构建机制,该文选取5个坡向的样地,构建了植物群落系统发育树,测定了各坡向土壤环境因子和植物叶片的功能性状,检验了叶片功能性状的系统发育信号。结果表明:坡向变化对土壤含水量、土壤养分含量影响显著。大部分植物的叶片特征在不同坡向的差异显著,叶片干物质含量在南坡、西南坡较高,比叶面积和叶片氮、磷含量在北坡和西北坡较高。叶片的磷含量具有微弱的系统发育信号,而叶片干物质含量、比叶面积、叶片的氮含量均没表现出显著的系统发育信号。从南坡到北坡,群落的系统发育结构由发散到聚集。生境过滤作用是南坡、西南坡群落构建的驱动因素,种间竞争是北坡和西北坡群落构建的主要驱动力。西坡系统发育指数相反,其构建机制比较复杂,可能是几种机制共同作用的结果。     

环境因子对太白山高山植被物种组成和丰富度的影响

高山植被是一类具有重要生态和经济价值的植被类型,了解其物种组成和丰富度与环境因子的关系对于该类型植被保护、管理以及植物资源合理开发利用策略的制订具有重要指导意义。基于太白山高山植被和环境因子野外调查及室内实验数据,采用CCA排序法探索了环境因子对物种组成的影响,偏CCA计算了各环境因子对物种组成的总效应和净效应,GLM回归模型拟合了物种丰富度对环境因子的响应。结果表明,13个环境因子共解释了物种组成变异的31.7%,其中海拔、坡度、土壤碱解氮含量、全磷含量、坡向、岩石盖度、p H值、土壤厚度、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮含量对物种组成的净效应达显著水平(P0.05),但其作用强度依次减小。GLM拟合结果显示,物种丰富度与环境因子存在4种显著(P0.05)关系,即物种丰富度沿海拔和土壤厚度梯度单调递增,沿坡度和土壤全氮含量梯度单调递减,沿坡向、土壤p H值、碱解氮含量和全磷含量梯度呈单峰分布,与土壤有机质含量和全钾含量呈倒单峰关系。在这些显著的环境因子中,海拔、土壤碱解氮含量,p H值、有机质含量和坡向解释的物种丰富度变异量最大。     

季节性雪被对高山生态系统土壤氮转化的影响

在高山生态系统中,季节性雪被对土壤氮含量及转化有着重大影响.降雪是氮沉降的一种重要形式,直接影响着土壤中的有效氮含量;降雪形成不同厚度和持续期的雪被后,造成环境因子(土壤温度和含水量)和生物因子(土壤微生物、高山植物和高山动物)的异质性,进而对土壤中氮素矿化和微生物固持过程产生复杂的影响.本文重点介绍了持续性雪被消融期冻融交替影响土壤氮素矿化和流失的机制,并针对高山地区未来季节性雪被可能发生的变化,综述了野外原位模拟实验的主要研究成果,最后提出了开展季节性雪被对土壤氮影响研究的一些建议.     

2000-2016年秦岭山地植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

利用2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,采用趋势分析及地形差异修正法,探讨秦岭山地植被覆盖变化在南北坡、不同海拔以及不同坡度坡向下的空间分异性。结果表明：近17年来,秦岭山地植被覆盖度良好,整体呈上升趋势,南北坡、不同海拔、不同坡度、不同坡向下植被覆盖度有所差异,植被变化趋势也不同。（1）就南北坡而言,近17年来秦岭南坡植被覆盖度上升趋势大于北坡,南坡植被覆盖以上升趋势为主,而北坡以稳定为主。（2）不同的海拔高度上秦岭山地植被覆盖变化在存在分异性：低海拔区域呈减少趋势,中海拔区呈明显的上升趋势,2000 m以上的高海拔区域北坡的植被覆盖度较为稳定,而南坡的2500到3100 m区域内有较明显的减小趋势。（3）从坡度来看,随着坡度的增加秦岭山地植被覆盖度由减少转为增加再转为稳定,南北坡植被变化分异性不明显。（4）不同坡向上,秦岭南北坡植被覆盖度变化差异明显,由阴坡转为阳坡时,北坡植被覆盖有明显的增长趋势,而南坡则不明显,植被覆盖度减小区在南北坡的分布呈相反趋势,分别分布在南坡的阳坡以及北坡的阴坡。     

川西高山林线三种灌木凋落叶分解中的无脊椎动物多样性

以无脊椎动物为主体的土壤动物是影响凋落物分解的重要生物因素,对维持陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动具有重要作用。高山林线交错带是高山植被垂直带谱中重要的过渡区域,拥有比相邻生态系统更高的生境复杂性和物种多样性。林线上温度波动和冻融循环频率显著高于针叶林,为了了解林线交错带上环境差异对凋落物分解过程中的土壤动物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用凋落物分解袋的方法,于高山生态系统的两个主要时期,即雪被末期和生长季末期,研究了林线主要代表性灌木——高山柳(Salix cupularis)、高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)和红毛花楸(Sorbus rufopilosa)凋落叶分解的土壤动物多样性特征。结果表明:凋落物中的无脊椎动物群落多样性及个体、类群密度随物种、海拔梯度和季节而变化,且季节差异对无脊椎动物多样性的影响比物种和海拔梯度更显著。3个因子的交互作用不仅影响土壤动物群落多样性和均匀度,而且影响群落个体密度和类群密度。雪被末期,凋落物中的无脊椎动物多样性指数H、均匀度指数J及丰富度指数D以针叶林最高,优势度指数C以林线最高;生长季节末期的无脊椎动物类群密度和个体密度显著高于雪被末期。总体上,凋落物中的无脊椎动物群落丰富度以生长季末期最高,林线较针叶林丰富。这意味着,未来气候变暖情景下,灌丛密度增加,凋落物输入量增大,可能导致无脊椎动物多样性增加。     

云南杜鹃群落不同海拔土壤养分状况分析

为研究云南省杜鹃属植物集中分布区的2183~3310 m 海拔带内土壤养分受海拔高度变化及杜鹃群落种类的影响,采集了10个不同海拔高度的杜鹃群落土壤,分析土壤 pH、电导率、总溶解固体量、有机质、全氮、铵态氮、全钾、全磷、全锰、全锌、全铁和全铜含量。结果表明：(1)不同海拔高度杜鹃群落土壤各养分含量差异显著,具有高山土壤养分变化的特点;(2)随着海拔高度的上升,杜鹃群落土壤的 pH 值、有机质、全氮、铵态氮、全锰、全锌含量均表现为沿海拔升高而呈先上升后下降再上升的分布规律,电导率、总溶解固体量、全钾、全磷、全铁和全铜含量表现为沿海拔升高而呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势;(3)杜鹃群落土壤的 pH 值、有机质、全氮、全钾含量与海拔之间呈现明显的相关关系。综合分析得出,土壤养分含量的变化受到海拔的影响,并且土壤各养分之间也相互影响。     

Parallel changes in the taxonomical structure of bacterial communities exposed to a similar environmental disturbance

Bacterial communities play a central role in ecosystems, by regulating biogeochemical fluxes. Therefore, understanding how multiple functional interactions between species face environmental perturbations is a major concern in conservation biology. Because bacteria can use several strategies, including horizontal gene transfers (HGT), to cope with rapidly changing environmental conditions, potential decoupling between function and taxonomy makes the use of a given species as a general bioindicator problematic. The present work is a first step to characterize the impact of a recent polymetallic gradient over the taxonomical networks of five lacustrine bacterial communities. Given that evolutionary convergence represents one of the best illustration of natural selection, we focused on a system composed of two pairs of impacted and clean lakes in order to test whether similar perturbation exerts a comparable impact on the taxonomical networks of independent bacterial communities. First, we showed that similar environmental stress drove parallel structural changes at the taxonomic level on two independent bacterial communities. Second, we showed that a long-term exposure to contaminant gradients drove significant taxonomic structure changes within three interconnected bacterial communities. Thus, this model lake system is relevant to characterize the strategies, namely acclimation and/or adaptation, of bacterial communities facing environmental perturbations, such as metal contamination.     

转型期城市生态学前沿研究进展

城市是一类以人类活动为中心听社会－经济－自然复合生态系统。城市人类活动对局地、区域和全球环境的胁迫效应,自然生态系统的响应机制,城市时、空、量、构、序的耦合规律、动力学机制和控制论方法是当前国际社会和学术界关注的热点。介绍了转型期城市人类生态影响研究的一些主要国际科学计划,如ＳＣＯＰＥ及ＩＨＤＰ等,综述了城市生态学研究三大前沿领域的国际研究动向和案例,即人居生态学、产业生态学和城镇生命支持系统生态     

Towards a Molecular Taxonomy for Protists: Benefits,Risks, and Applications in Plankton Ecology

The increasing use of genetic information for the development of methods to study the diversity, distributions, and activities of protists in nature has spawned a new generation of powerful tools. For ecologists, one lure of these approaches lies in the potential for DNA sequences to provide the only immediately obvious means of normalizing the diverse criteria that presently exist for identifying and counting protists. A single, molecular taxonomy would allow studies of diversity across a broad range of species, as well as the detection and quantification of particular species of interest within complex, natural assemblages; goals that are not feasible using traditional methods. However, these advantages are not without their potential pitfalls and problems. Conflicts involving the species concept, disagreements over the true (physiological/ecological) meaning of genetic diversity, and a perceived threat by some that sequence information will displace knowledge regarding the morphologies, functions and physiologies of protistan taxa, have created debate and doubt regarding the efficacy and appropriateness of some genetic approaches. These concerns need continued discussion and eventual resolution as we move toward the irresistible attraction, and potentially enormous benefits, of the application of genetic approaches to protistan ecology.     

流域生态学——生态学研究的一个新领域

由于人类不合理开发和利用自然资源,造成了流域生态环境的重大破坏,为了合理开放流域资源和保护生态环境,非常有必要开展流域生态学的研究。文中系统阐述了流域生态学的重要意义、主要研究内容和方法。流域生态学属于宏观生态学的研究领域,主要借助于宏观生态学的研究方法。流域生态学与目前生态学最关注的“全球变化、生物多样性和可持续发展”3个研究问题紧密结合在一起,极具研究价值,建议开展广泛深入的研究。     

The Philosophical Dullness of Classical Ecology, and a Levinsian Alternative

Ecology has had a lower profile in Biology & Philosophy than one might expect on the basis of the attention ecology is given in public discussions in relation to environmental issues. Our tentative explanation is that ecology appears theoretically redundant within biology and, consequently, philosophically challenging problemsrelated to biology are commonly supposed to be somewhere else, particularly in the molecular sphere. Richard Levins has recognized the genuine challenges posed by ecology for theoretical and philosophical thinking in biology. This essay sets the stage for appreciating his work; it was preceded by four articles published in Biology & Philosophy 15(2),and is followed by a personal reminiscent.     

Distribution patterns of Batrachium communities in Mediterranean hard waters

The greatest number of Batrachium plant-communities is reached in base-poor waters of SW Europe where most Batrachium species develop laminar leaves. In contrast, base-rich waters of the Western Mediterranean are characterized by few Batrachium communities and by the only one Batrachium species present in the area with only dissected leaves. This work focused initially on studying the water ecology of Iberian Batrachium communities' developing in hard waters in order to seek to what extend the water physical–chemical gradient determines the occurrence of heterophyllous or homophyllous-dissected species. Floristic data and water physical–chemical data were analyzed using multivariate and comparative methods. We found two main types of Batrachium communities: community of Ranunculus trichophyllus – homophyllous and dissected species–, and community of Ranunculus penicillatus – heterophyllous species–. Alkalinity degree is the main factor separating both communities. Our results of a tentative survey on Batrachium composition in hard waters in the Eastern Mediterranean showed a wider range of physical–chemical water features as well as a greater number of Batrachium species with only dissected leaves in comparison to Western Mediterranean. We conclude that high alkalinity is related to the occurrence of Batrachium communities characterized by species with only dissected leaves in both the western and eastern parts of Mediterranean Europe.     

Unifying functional trait approaches to understand the assemblage of ecological communities: synthesizing taxonomic divides

Functional traits have long been considered the ‘holy grail’ in community ecology due to their potential to link phenotypic variation with ecological processes. Advancements across taxonomic disciplines continue to support functional ecology's objective to approach generality in community assembly. However, a divergence of definitions, aims and methods across taxa has created discord, limiting the field's predictive capacity. Here, we provide a guide to support functional ecological comparisons across taxa. We describe advances in cross‐taxa functional research, identify gaps in approaches, synthesize definitions and unify methodological considerations. When deciding which traits to compare, particularly response traits, we advocate selecting functionally analogous traits that relate to community assembly processes. Finally, we describe at what scale and for which questions functional comparisons across taxa are useful and when other approaches may be more constructive. Our approach promotes standardized methods for integrative research across taxa to identify broad trends in community assembly.     

Diet of Alouatta belzebul discolor in an Amazonian Rain Forest of Northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Prior field studies of Alouatta showed the highest frugivory in A. belzebul. During 10 mo between October 1999 and October 2000, we studied the feeding ecology of a group of 7–9 red-handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul discolor) in a primary forest on the banks of a tributary of the Teles Pires River, near Paranaíta, MT, Brazil (9°34S; 56°19W). The howlers used 3 types of habitat: upland (terra firme) forest, flood plain forest (igapó) and palm forest (açaizal). During 45 complete days of observation, the group fed on 67 plant species (N = 2039 feeding records) in 24 families. The 2 most used families were Leguminosae and Moraceae, with 17 species each. Fruits predominated (40–80%) in every month, except June, when young leaves accounted for 54% of the diet. Dialium guianense (Leguminosal, Caesalpinioideae) was the most consumed species. Flower (6%) and mature leaf (5%) consumptions were low. Tree bark, live and decayed wood, and woody twig monthly consumption varied from 0 to 26%, and occurred only in igapó, where they used mostly Macrolobium acaciaefolium (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae), Clitoria amazonum (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) and Licania cf. canescens (Chrysobalanaceae). Our study on Alouatta belzebul discolor complements the high frugivory in A. b. belzebul and documents uncommon dietary items for the species. Although there is intraspecific variation in howler diets and new studies have shown higher frugivory for more folivorous species, Alouatta belzebul seems to be the most frugivorous howler species, in spite of its wide geographical distribution and, in this case, sympatry with Ateles chamek, a frugivore.