INFLUENCE OF GLASS SHAPE ON WINE AROMA

Differences in the physical shape of glasses could potentially influence proportions of aromatic compounds trapped in the headspace of a wine glass, altering the perception of a wine. Blindfolded, naïve subjects assessed the aroma of a California Cabernet Sauvignon presented in 4 different glasses. Two of these were from a speciality line of crystal wine glasses, one designed for Chardonnay, the other for Bordeaux/Cabernet Sauvignon. A restaurant-style wine glass and a leaded crystal goblet were the remaining vessels used. The nonexpert judges assessed wine aroma for total intensity, fruitiness, vinegariness, oakiness, and mustiness, as well as liking.
The only significant difference found in the aroma intensity ratings was for the Bordeaux glass, which was rated as having a significantly lower total intensity than the other three glasses. However, several significant correlations were found between the attribute intensity ratings and physical characteristics of the glasses. This suggests that the glass does have a limited, but subtle, impact upon the olfactory experience of wines.     

THE EFFECT OF SOME BEVERAGES ON THE PERCEPTION OF SUCCEEDING BASIC TASTES

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect beverages have on subsequently perceived basic tastes. Two types of milk, Cola and water were used to rinse the mouth prior to conducting a Time Intensity study with basic taste solutions. From this some effects of the prior beverage onto the TI parameters was found. Especially Cola showed an effect on the intensity of the subsequently tasted sweet taste, and whole milk showed a stronger effect than skim milk. The effects showed both in size and timing of the basic taste intensities.     

SPECIES OF THE GENUSLECIDEA(LECANORALES) ON GYPSUM IN SPAIN

The genusLecideain the lichen flora of the gypsum soils of Spain is represented by two species:L. gypsicolaLlimona andL. circinarioidesCasares & Hafellner sp. nov., which are described in this article. Chemical, anatomical and ecological differences are also described, as is the taxonomic value of the morphological characteristics of the mature ascoma.     

EFFECT OF VIEWING BACKGROUND ON TURBIDITY PERCEPTION THRESHOLDS

Colloidal‐size synthetic‐polymer microspheres of three sizes (0.15, 0.31 and 0.70‐µm diameter) were each suspended in liquids of three different colors (clear, tan and dark brown) at a range of concentrations. The samples were presented to panelists in a viewing box. Visual‐threshold determinations were made for each of the nine sample sets using the ascending method of limits (AMLs) and bright illumination (1,192 lux) with each of the three viewing backgrounds: black velvet, white cotton and white taffeta. The thresholds were much more similarly expressed as turbidimeter observations than as either weight or number concentration. With the black‐velvet background, the thresholds ranged from 0.206 to 2.190 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). With white cotton and white taffeta, they were considerably higher (P < 0.001), ranging from 1.97 to 41.00 and 2.97 to 34.40 NTU, respectively. This large difference appears to be a matter of contrast – scattered white light is much easier to perceive against a dark background.     

短日照对于洋麻叶形态变化的影响

洋麻(Hibiscus cannabinus)一生中叶形态的变化有着一定的规律性(雅库希金1947)。茎上基部的叶子为锯齿卵形,中部为深裂叶,叶子的分裂程度随着叶子的层次逐渐加大,菜片由3裂、5裂、发展到7裂。以后分裂的程度开始下降由7裂降到5裂、3裂。顶端的叶子篇锯齿狭长叶。根据以上的现象,可以看出随着洋麻发育的进程叶片分裂的程度有着周期性的变化。洋麻可以用缩短光照的处理来加速它的开花结实。在短光照条件下的洋麻是否因为光照期的缩短加速了叶形态周期性的变化?当洋麻从短光照的条件下进入长光照之     

SHORT-TIME SCALE DEVELOPMENT OF A GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM POPULATION IN THE RIA DE VIGO (NW SPAIN)1

Wind direction and fresh water runoff determine the circulation pattern of the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain), which in turn influence the selection and distribution of its phytoplankton populations. Coastal winds with a south–southwesterly component reverse the positive estuarine circulation in the Ría, causing an off-shore to in-shore flow of surface waters and, consequently, the outflow of inner waters via deeper layers. We found that this reversal imposed a selective force on the phytoplankton population: diatoms, which could not counteract the sinking movement of the surface waters, were diminished, while dinoflagellates remained in the water column. From the end of September to the beginning of October 1993, an accumulation of Gymnodimium catenatum Graham was observed coinciding with an intrusion of coastal water induced by westerly winds which provoked a reversal in the circulation of the Ría. The slow reestablishment of the positive estuarine circulation pattern, which was due to a weak coastal upwelling and considerable fresh water runoff, allowed the population of G. catenatum to flourish.     

THE EFFECT OF MASTICATORY PATTERNS AS MEASURED BY TIME-INTENSITY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ON THE PERCEPTION OF BOVINE MUSCLE TENDERNESS

The relationship between perception of tenderness and chewing activity was explored using the Time-Intensity measurement of perception and electromyographic measurements of masseter muscle movement. Semitendinosus muscles from eight treatments of forage fed beef were evaluated by nine individuals. The Time-Intensity parameters of Area Under the Curve and Decrease Area were the most useful for treatment separation based on tenderness. Information was obtained from the electromyogram regarding the number of chews, time to chew and mastication rate. However, more work with EMG measurements is required to accurately study the effect of masticatory patterns on tenderness perception.     

烙铁头蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶研究——Ⅱ.对纤维蛋白原及凝血酶的作用

烙铁头(T.mucrosquamatus)蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶TMVFg能水解三肽底物Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-PNA,但对凝血酶的良好底物Cbz-Gly-Pro-Arg-PNA却活性甚低。TMVFS显著延长血浆凝血酶时间。血浆复钙时间及纤维蛋白原溶液凝血酶时间。同时,TMVFg体外也能延长全血凝固时间,表明具有抗凝作用。纤维蛋白原-纤维蛋白转换实验表明:TMVFg水解纤维蛋白原产生的纤维蛋白原断片(FDP)除具有抗凝血酶,抑制纤维蛋白聚合活性外,还能促进纤维蛋白的聚合。 进一步用FPLC分离TMVFg水解人纤维蛋白原混合液,得两个FDP断片功能峰,FDP组分Ⅰ和FDP组分Ⅱ。其中FDP组分Ⅰ能抑制纤维蛋白凝块形成;FDP组分Ⅱ能促进纤维蛋白凝块形成,抑制TMVA(烙铁头蛇毒血小板活化素,它可不通过ADP、花生四烯酸途径而诱导血小板聚集),但对ADP诱导的家兔血小板聚集无影响。TMVFg对凝血酶水解三肽底物Cbz-Gly-Pro-Arg-PNA及凝固纤维蛋白原的活性也有一定抑制作用。 实验证明,TMVFg抗凝的主要作用机理是其水解纤维蛋白原产生的断片对纤维蛋白原凝固的抑制作用、FDP断片抗凝血酶作用及TMVFg本身对凝血酶活性的抑制所引起的,但在二者之间,前者是主要的。 从研究结果发现:TMVFg水解纤维蛋白原所产生的断片有一类能加速凝血酶凝固纤维蛋白原的过程,这就发现了FDP断片的     

EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON THE RESPIRATION OF LEAVES FROM HIGHER PLANTS

The effect of fluoride on the respiration of leaves from Chenopodiummurale and soybean [Glycine max, Merr., Hawkeye variety) wasstudied. Fluoride treatment included both excised leaves culturedin nutrient solutions and leaves from plants fumigated withHP atmosphere. Tissues treated with low fluoride concentrationswhich initially showed increased oxygen uptake eventually showeddecreased oxygen consumption. Tissues treated with a high concentrationof fluoride showed an increased oxygen uptake if analyzed soonafter treatment initiation. Increase in respiration generallytook place before visible damage was manifested. Decrease inrespiration was correlated with pronounced injury of tissues.Besides concentration of fluoride and the time lapse of treatment,the pH of the culture solution in which fluoride was supplemented,tissue age, and plant species, were important factors affectingrespiration. The effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on respirationwas very similar to that of fluoride in that the effect differedwith pH, concentrations, time of treatment, leaf age, and plantspecies. The respiration of fluoride treated leaves was stimulatedless by DNP than that of control leaves. (Received July 18, 1967; )