光肩星天牛种组研究现状

评述了我国光肩星天牛种组种类的外部形态和外生殖器主要鉴别特征、寄主、地理分布、起源及其演化。光肩星天牛主要分布在山西吕粱山、太行山以东的广大平原地区 ,寄主广泛 ,主要有榆、复叶槭、杨、柳、五角枫等。黄斑星天牛主要分布在秦岭以北 ,山西吕粱山、太行山以西的陕甘宁地区 ,向东已扩展到河南、河北 ;主要危害杨树 ,也为害柳、榆。四川星天牛主要分布于秦岭以南的云、贵、川地区 ,主要危害柳树 ;在这里至今还没有发现光肩星天牛和黄斑星天牛。     

藻胆蛋白质的提取纯化与生物活性研究进展

藻胆蛋白的提取原料主要来自于红藻和蓝藻;细胞破碎的方法主要有反复冻融法、化学试剂处理法等5种方法;提取的方法主要有盐析法等3种;分离纯化的方法主要有层析法等3种;藻胆蛋白其生物活性主要表现在:抗肿瘤活性、抗病毒活性、抗氧化和消炎活性,提高免疫活性。     

图片新闻

正越南的乡村社区与森林。研究显示,森林是中南半岛主要的土地覆被类型,20世纪八九十年代的覆被面积呈净增加趋势,之后净减少。相关人为因素在各地区表现不同,如刀耕火种主要影响老挝、缅甸,越南三国北部:选择性伐木主要影响缅甸、柬埔寨、老挝中部和南部;道路建设主要影响缅甸、泰国、老挝交界的"金三角"地区;经济林扩张主要影响中国云南西双版纳、湄公河沿岸、泰国南部、柬埔寨东部和东南部、越南南部。     

我国大豆油、花生油、芝麻油的甘油三酯组成研究

应用高效液相色谱技术,分离分析大豆油、花生油、芝麻油的甘油三酯组成,测试表明,大豆油的主要甘油三酯为LLL、LLO、LLP、OLO和PLO;花生油的主要甘油三酯为OLO、LLO、PLO;芝麻油的主要甘油三酯为LLO、OLO、POO和LLL。     

三种木本植物果肉类植物油的开发与利用

木本油料植物种类繁多,其油脂主要来源于种子,即种仁。以果肉为主提取脂肪油的植物种类主要集中在樟科、木犀科、棕榈科,已经广泛开发利用的主要有3种,即产于美洲的鳄梨、产于地中海地区的油橄榄和产于非洲的油棕。本文主要报道这3种植物的开发历史及应用。     

叶绿体功能基因的工程改造

主要介绍叶绿体功能基因工程改造的目的、受体材料、主要方法、转入外源基因细胞的筛选和鉴定等.     

水生鳞翅类——螟蛾科水螟亚科

从成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹及生物学等方面介绍了鳞翅目的主要水生类群———螟蛾科水螟亚科Nymphulinae的主要特征及其幼虫的主要生活类型。水螟幼虫的生活型可分为Nymphula型、Parapoynx型、Potamomusa型、Eoophyla型和Nymphicula型。各生活型的主要类群及生活特征也予以说明。目的是为了使读者对该类群有正确的认识,以引起人们的重视。     

中国生物科技企业前沿模型的构建与应用研究

综述了前沿模型的产生、发展、分类,并在此基础上根据2004年度中国主要生物科技上市公司样本数据,尝试构建中国生物科技企业前沿模型。分别选用了随机前沿模型、确定性参数前沿模型和确定性统计前沿模型并根据主要统计检验指标进行分析比较,结果发现:2004年度中国主要生物科技企业上市公司样本数据适合于建立确定性统计前沿模型。根据建立的确定性统计前沿模型测定中国主要生物科技企业上市公司技术效果发现:中国主要生科企业普遍存在着技术效率低下、差距大的现状;资本投入对产出的影响大大高于劳动力投入对产出的影响;中国东、中、西部主要生科企业总平均技术效率并无显著差异。     

《生物工程学报》对摘要的写作要求

1.研究报告摘要:基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论(不用单列标题书写)。目的(Purpose):主要说明作者写此文章的目的,或说明本文主要要解决的问题;方法(Methods):重点说明作者的主要工作过程及使用的方法。应用性文章如需要,可注明条件、使用的主要设备和仪器。     

年产一万吨香肠工厂物料衡算与主要设备选型优化设计

针对一万吨香肠工厂中的物料衡算与主要设备选型进行了研究和设计,主要研究了以下几个内容:物料、水、电、汽衡算,以及相关主要设备的选型。根据本工厂的生产需要,由物料衡算、热量衡算及日产量对水电气的使用量进行估算并确定主要设备规格类型,同时对水、电、汽的使用量进行了估算最大量为依次为200吨、5 000千瓦、50吨。     

Molecular dissection of the mechanisms of substrate recognition and F-actin-mediated activation of cofilin-phosphatase Slingshot-1

Slingshot-1 (SSH1), a member of a dual-specificity protein phosphatase family, regulates actin dynamics by dephosphorylating and reactivating cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor. SSH1 has the SSH family-specific, N-terminal, noncatalytic (SSH-N) domain, consisting of the A and B subdomains. SSH1 is activated by binding to actin filaments. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of SSH1 substrate recognition of phospho-cofilin (P-cofilin) and SSH1 activation by F-actin. We found that P-cofilin binds to a phosphatase-inactive mutant, SSH1(CS), in which the catalytic Cys-393 is replaced by Ser. Using a series of deletion mutants, we provided evidence that both the phosphatase (P) domain and the adjacent B domain are indispensable for P-cofilin binding of SSH1(CS) and cofilin-phosphatase activity of SSH1. In contrast, the A domain is required for the F-actin-mediated activation of SSH1, but not for P-cofilin binding or basal cofilin-phosphatase activity. The P domain alone is sufficient for the phosphatase activity toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), indicating that the SSH-N domain is not essential for the basal phosphatase activity of SSH1. Addition of F-actin increased the cofilin-phosphatase activity of SSH1 more than 1200-fold, but the pNPP-phosphatase activity only 2.2-fold, which suggests that F-actin principally affects the cofilin-specific phosphatase activity of SSH1. When expressed in cultured cells, SSH1, but not its mutant deleted of SSH-N, accumulated in the rear of the lamellipodium. Together, these findings suggest that the conserved SSH-N domain plays critical roles in P-cofilin recognition, F-actin-mediated activation, and subcellular localization of SSH1.     

Recombination between snowhoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses.

We have previously reported heterologous genetic recombination resulting from crosses involving temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of La Crosse (LAC) group II and snowshoe hare (SSH) group I ts mutants (J. Gentsch, L. R. Wynne, J. P. Clewley, R. E. Shope, and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 24:893-902, 1977). From those crosses two reassortant viruses having the large/medium/small viral RNA segment genotypes of SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC were obtained. In this study it has been found that the reciprocal cross (SSH group II x LAC group I ts mutants) has not yielded the expected LAC/SSH/SSH or LAC/SSH/LAC reassortant viruses. The backcross of a SSH/LAC/SSH group II ts mutant with a LAC group I ts mutant has produced a new reassortant virus, LAC/LAC/SSH, whereas the backcross of SSH/LAC/LAC group I ts mutants with SSH group II ts mutants gave another reassortant, SSH/SSH/LAC. Backcross analyses of LAC/LAC/SSH group I ts mutants with Group II ts mutants of SSH have not yielded the expected LAC/SSH/SSH reassortant virus, nor have backcrosses of SSH/SSH/LAC group II ts mutants with group I ts mutants of LAC virus yielded the expected LAC/SSH/LAC reassortant. Possible reasons why certain reassortant viruses are not produced are discussed. A procedure to screen SSH-LAC reassortant viruses which differ in their virion N polypeptides is described.     

The information encoded by the sex steroid hormones testosterone and estrogen: a hypothesis

It is suggested that the sex steroid hormones testosterone and estrogen (SSH) provide receptor cells with reliable information on protein synthesis and on the level of oxidative metabolism in the cells of the gonads. The SSH are derived from the oxidation of cholesterol. This oxidation is a side reaction of the oxidative processes in the mitochondria that generate most of the energy to the organism. The amount of SSH that is synthesized is correlated to the partial pressure of oxygen at the synthesizing cells. The amount of free SSH that a cell can hold is checked by the damage that free steroids may cause. This damage is prevented by proteins that bind with SSH. As a result, SSH levels are correlated also with the ability of the SSH synthesizing cell to produce proteins that bind with them. A cell can only synthesize SSH in relation to the oxidative processes within it and to its ability to produce the binding proteins necessary to prevent the damage caused by SSH. As a result, the information conveyed by SSH is reliable. We examine the specific damage caused by testosterone and estrogen, and suggest why each of them is best suited for its function. Although both SSH can provide similar information on the metabolism in the cells that synthesize them, there are secondary reasons why testosterone and estrogen were selected to serve particular functions. Testosterone improves the efficiency of the proton pump at the mitochondria in producing ATP, but increases oxidative damage. Estrogen on the other hand decreases oxygen damage but also decreases the efficiency of the proton pump. These differences between the two SSH may explain why females use estrogen to inform the body about the activity of the cells in their gonads while males do it by testosterone. The increased oxidative damage may also explain why in males the testosterone that reaches the brain is turned into estrogen. We also suggest why fish use 11-keto testosterone and why insects do not use these two steroids.     

Identification and characterization of differential gene expression in the mesocarp and kernel of oil palm nuts using suppression subtractive hybridization

Suppression subtracted hybridization (SSH) and dot blotting were used to identify differential gene expression in the mesocarp and kernel of oil palm nuts. The different types of nut tissue show differences in fatty acid anabolism and the synthesis of other important compounds. In total, 302 clones from forward SSH libraries and 238 clones from reverse SSH libraries were identified following differential screening, respectively. Among these, 120 clones from the forward SSH library and 81 clones from the reverse SSH library, showed tenfold or more differential expression levels, and were sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that 76 clones (28 from the forward SSH library and 48 from the reverse SSH library) represent non-redundant cDNA inserts. The differential expression of 39 subset genes in the two different tissues was further confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Functionally annotated blasting against the GenBank non-redundant protein database classified all 76 candidate genes into six categories, according to their putative functions. Interestingly, our results show that a group of significantly differentially expressed genes are involved in processes associated with oil palm nut maturation, such as the synthesis of medium-chain saturated fatty acids and phytic acid, nut development, and stress/defense responses. This study describes some relationships between gene expression and metabolic pathways in mature oil palm nuts, and contributes to our understanding of oil palm nut ESTs.     

Formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses.

Wild-type recombinants were obtained at high frequency from coinfections of BHK cells involving temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal mutants of snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses. Analyses of two of the recombinants indicated that they have the genome compositions SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC for their respective L, M, and S virion RNA species. This evidence, together with that for the genetic stability of the recombinants, indicates that they were derived by segment reassortment of the competent genome pieces of the parental viruses. The SSH/LAC/SSH recombinant appears, from polypeptide analysis, to have the SSH type of nucleocapsid protein (N), whereas the SSH/LAC/LAC recombinant has the LAC nucleocapsid protein, suggesting that the viral S RNA codes for the N protein.     

Suppression of the invasive capacity of rat ascites hepatoma cells by knockdown of Slingshot or LIM kinase

Actin cytoskeletal reorganization is essential for tumor cell migration, adhesion, and invasion. Cofilin and actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) act as key regulators of actin cytoskeletal dynamics by stimulating depolymerization and severing of actin filaments. Cofilin/ADF are inactivated by phosphorylation of Ser-3 by LIM kinase-1 (LIMK1) and reactivated by dephosphorylation by Slingshot-1 (SSH1) and -2 (SSH2) protein phosphatases. In this study, we examined the roles of cofilin/ADF, LIMK1, and SSH1/SSH2 in tumor cell invasion, using an in vitro transcellular migration assay. In this assay, rat ascites hepatoma (MM1) cells were overlaid on a primary-cultured rat mesothelial cell monolayer and the number of cell foci that transmigrated underneath the monolayer in the presence of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was counted. The knockdown of cofilin/ADF, LIMK1, or SSH1/SSH2 expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly decreased the LPA-induced transcellular migration of MM1 cells and their motility in two-dimensional culture. Knockdown of LIMK1 also suppressed fibronectin-mediated cell attachment and focal adhesion formation. Our results suggest that both LIMK1-mediated phosphorylation and SSH1/SSH2-mediated dephosphorylation of cofilin/ADF are critical for the migration and invasion of tumor cells and that LIMK1 is involved in the transcellular migration of tumor cells by enhancing both adhesion and motility of the cells.     

Valuation for usefulness of selected chromosomal markers for Bacillus anthracis identification. II. Valuation for markers SSH and rpoB

The article presents results of valuation for B. anthracis-specificity and usefulness for its identification obtained for different chromosomal markers. In the second part of the study markers SSH241, SSH196, SSH163, SSH133 as well as a fragment of the house-keeping gene rpoB were analyzed. For the investigation MSSCP and multiplex-PCR assays were used. There were also tested different techniques of electrophoresis. The results gave an information about specificity of tested markers and their usefulness for B. anthracis identification.     

From population connectivity to the art of striping Russian dolls: the lessons from Pocillopora corals

Here, we examined the genetic variability in the coral genus Pocillopora, in particular within the Primary Species Hypothesis PSH09, identified by Gélin, Postaire, Fauvelot and Magalon (2017) using species delimitation methods [also named Pocillopora eydouxi/meandrina complex sensu, Schmidt‐Roach, Miller, Lundgren, & Andreakis (2014)] and which was found to split into three secondary species hypotheses (SSH09a, SSH09b, and SSH09c) according to assignment tests using multi‐locus genotypes (13 microsatellites). From a large sampling (2,507 colonies) achieved in three marine provinces [Western Indian Ocean (WIO), Tropical Southwestern Pacific (TSP), and Southeast Polynesia (SEP)], genetic structuring analysis conducted with two clustering analyses (Structure and DAPC) using 13 microsatellites revealed that SSH09a was restricted to the WIO while SSH09b and SSH09c were almost exclusively in the TSP and SEP. More surprisingly, each SSH split into two to three genetically differentiated clusters, found in sympatry at the reef scale, leading to a pattern of nested hierarchical levels (PSH > SSH > cluster), each level hiding highly differentiated genetic groups. Thus, rather than structured populations within a single species, these three SSHs, and even the eight clusters, likely represent distinct genetic lineages engaged in a speciation process or real species. The issue is now to understand which hierarchical level (SSH, cluster, or even below) corresponds to the species one. Several hypotheses are discussed on the processes leading to this pattern of mixed clusters in sympatry, evoking formation of reproductive barriers, either by allopatric speciation or habitat selection.