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1.
Seventy heart preparations of persons belonging to different sex and age have been investigated, using a complex of anatomical and histological techniques. The dimensions of the sinoatrial node (SAN) vary with age and depend on various size and form of the heart. The large atrial branch of the right and left coronary arteries supplies mainly the SAN with blood. More seldom the atrial branches of both cardiac arteries, having anastomoses, realize the SAN blood supply. The character of the SAN vascularization depends on branching variations of the atrial vessels. At the right coronary variant the sources of the SAN blood supply are the SAN branch, the right intermediate or right posterior atrial branches, and at the left coronary variant--the anterior left, the posterior left and the intermediate left atrial branches. At the even variant the SAN blood supply sources are the right intermediate and the anterior left atrial or the right posterior and the left posterior atrial branches. The data obtained can be used for comparison with the results of coronography to make a skilled analysis of clinical-roentgenological observations.  相似文献   

2.
By means of roentgenography and preparation methods 145 specimens of the hepatic arteries filled with roentgenopaque latex have been studied. An essential individual changeability is peculiar for the celiac trunk structure and for formation of the hepatic arteries. A "typical" structure of the celiac trunk is observed in 66%. In other cases either "noncompleteness" of the celiac trunk, or increasing number of the branches up to 4-6 are observed. As a rule, the common hepatic artery gets of the celiac trunk (93%), but sometimes it can take its origin from the aorta, the superior mesenteric artery and some other sources (7%). The hepatic artery proper only in 73% divides into the right and left branches, in other observations the latter have their independent formation. It is necessary to distinguish the independent separation of the right and left lobar hepatic arteries from some sources and presence of additional arteries. The additional arteries are the branches that are formed from any arteries when there is present the hepatic artery proper, or substituting it independent right and left branches. The additional arteries appear from the left gastric, superior mesenteric, gastro-duodenal arteries, from the aorta, the right renal artery and other sources. The peculiarities of formation of the hepatic arteries discussed can be used in clinical practice and can make the terminology more precise.  相似文献   

3.

Background  

Takayasu's arteritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that usually affects the aorta, its primary branches and occasionally the pulmonary and coronary arteries. Female gender in reproductive age and Asian origin are known factors associated with higher disease prevalence. The clinical manifestations vary considerably and are typically caused by limb or organ ischemia illness and fever. The estimated incidence rate in the western world is 2.6 cases per million persons per year. Occasionally, exertional dyspnea can be the sole primary clinical manifestation of Takayasu's arteritis.  相似文献   

4.
The sources, anastomoses and variations of bloodsupply of the laryngeal part of the pharynx were studied in 100 corpses of different sex and age. It has been established that the fronto-lateral divisions of the laryngeal part of the pharynx are supplied with blood by pharyngeal branches of the superior and inferior paryngeal arteries. Ligation of the pharyngeal arteries during laryngectomy prior to their entering the larynx, i. e. before the divergence of the pharyngeal branches from them, as conventional, causes restriction of supply of these parts and can contribute to disjunction of the pharyngeal suture. The trunks of laryngeal arteries with their pharyngeal branches should be preserved, if possible. The posterior wall of the laryngeal part of the pharynx is divided into three zones depending on the main arterial sources (the ascending pharyngeal, superior and inferior thyroid arteries).  相似文献   

5.
Arterial supply to the stomach of dogs indigenous to Bangladesh was investigated by using latex. The hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries sent their major branches to the stomach. The cranial and caudal branches of the left gastric artery supplied the lesser curvature of the stomach. The right gastric, and right and left gastroepiploic arteries also sent their branches to both the lesser and greater curvatures. Six or seven short gastric arteries from the splenic artery supplied the greater curvature. Anastomoses between the left and right gastric, between the left and right gastroepiploic, and between short gastric arteries and left gastric arteries were observed.  相似文献   

6.
目的:咯血的主要责任血管是支气管动脉,非支气管性体动脉参与供血是大咯血介入治疗失败的重要原因,腹腔动脉系统分支动脉参与供血更为罕见。本文通过收集相关病例,结合国内外相关研究,提高对腹腔动脉系统分支动脉为咯血责任动脉的认识,探讨其可能的病理机制、危险因素。方法:回顾分析2例腹腔动脉系统分支(胃左动脉、肝左动脉)参与大咯血供血动脉的临床及影像学资料,并报道介入栓塞治疗的效果。结果:2例患者均为支气管动脉栓塞后再发大咯血,再次血管造影显示1例肝左动脉参与供血,1例胃左动脉参与供血。栓塞上述血管后,患者止血成功。病变位于下肺、伴有胸膜增厚,提示有腹腔动脉系统分支动脉参与供血的可能。术前仔细阅读患者影像学资料,术前行主动脉分支动脉CT血管成像,可减少对责任性非支气管性体动脉的遗漏。结论:腹腔动脉系统参与供血是介入栓塞治疗后咯血复发的少见原因,了解其病理机制、危险因素,及时进行栓塞,可以降低咯血的复发率。  相似文献   

7.
Rat cerebral vasculature serves as a model for study of the pathophysiology of stroke in humans. Human thalamic arteries show a high incidence of stroke. The objective is to describe the thalamic arterial vascular pattern in normotensive male rats as the initial step for quantitative histochemical studies of enzyme activities in the walls of these vessels. Intracardiac injections of methyl methacrylate monomer provide detailed vascular endocasts. The thalamic vascular bed defined by in situ dissection, serial reconstruction, and light and scanning electron microscopy of endocasts contained four groups of vessel: ventral medial thalamic arteries, thalamic branches from the posterior cerebral artery, and ventral lateral and ventral anterior thalamic arteries. Thalamic vessels are muscular arterioles that, after three to four bipinnate branches, feed into a continuous capillary bed (no loops). The parent vessels and their subsequent branches have been evaluated in terms of their mean internal diameters, mean interbranch intervals, and branch angles. The arterial patterns to rat and human thalami are very similar, with the exception of the anterior choroidal artery which is missing in the rat. The branches supplying the thalamus in both the rat and human are closely associated with the circle of Willis; however, the constituent parts of the circle in rat vary from the pattern in human brain. The rat thalamic arteries show morphological features similar to those seen in the stroke-prone ganglionic arteries in the human basal ganglia.  相似文献   

8.
鼠兔子宫血管铸型的光镜和扫描电镜观察   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
俞诗源 《动物学报》1999,45(2):129-134
用光镜和扫描电镜观察了ABS丁酮溶液灌注的达乌尔鼠兔子宫血管与微血管构筑情况。子宫大部分血液来自子宫动脉,小部分来自生殖动脉。各弓状动脉进入宫壁后,即在宫壁内分支形成3个血管层:浆膜层、大血管层和粘肌层。研究发现鼠兔子宫内膜血管呈树杆状或有轻度弯曲向腔面垂直穿行,直至浅层分支形成毛细血管网和较大的窦状毛细血管;其内膜血管形态与有月经的人子宫内膜螺旋动脉明显差异。文中还对子宫微血管构筑与月经产生机制  相似文献   

9.
In preparations impregnated with silver nitrate (25 corpses of mature persons), the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the intestine wall tunics has been stated to possess a layer-by-layer organization. The most powerful submucosal vascular plexus, formed by branches of the arteries perforating the external tunics of the intestine, supplies with blood all the layers of the intestinal wall and their main working and integrating elements: intestinal and duodenal glands, villi, neural ganglia and trunks of the submucosal and intermuscular plexuses. Summarizing morphometrical criteria for estimating the capillary bed of the tunics of all the anatomical parts and the large duodenal papilla, it is clear that there are specific conditions in microvascularization of the upper part of the organ.  相似文献   

10.
A three-dimensional angiographic analysis of the deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in Cercopithecidae, Pongidae and Hominidae revealed the following features. In Cercopithecidae, 3 deep palmar arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery: 2 proximal arches (the catella volaris proximalis and the arcus volaris profundus) and 1 distal arch (the catella volaris distalis). The intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis and the palmar metacarpal arteries arise from the arcus volaris profundus. In Pongidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they are composed of only the catella volaris proximalis and catella volaris distalis. In Hominidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they consist of the arcus volaris profundus and an incomplete catella volaris distalis.  相似文献   

11.
The blood supply of the corpus callosum is studied in 20 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The arterial vascularization derives mainly from the anterior cerebral arteries, accessed from the median artery of the corpus callosum or from the terminal and choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. The various arteries give off perforating branches which are direct or indirect, short, of middle length or long. All these arteries concentrate on the peripheral wall of the corpus callosum. Inside of it these various arteries give off numerous terminal and collateral branches running between the nervous fibres and forming a characteristic vascular network which nourishes the capillary network. The venous vascularization of the corpus callosum is tributary to the deep venous system of the brain and concentrates on the central wall of the commissure.  相似文献   

12.
Branches of the coronary arteries of normal human hearts, supplying both atria and ventricles, were found by fine dissection and have been named rami atrioventriculares. They comprise atrial branches from ventricular arteries and ventricular branches from atrial arteries. Their incidence was 74% in the 50 adult individuals studied. The subjects had committed suicide with a poison which did not damage the coronary arteries. The atrioventricular branches constitute communications across the coronary sulcus, thus establishing a continuity between the atrial and the ventricular arterial supply. Therefore, there is not invariably a sharp demarcation of blood supply between atria and ventricles, as has been commonly taught. Neither atrial nor ventricular branches consist exclusively of ascending and descending branches of the coronary arteries, as has been assumed. Atrioventricular branches can play a role in collateral circulation and may, in individuals who are born with them, provide an explanation for some of the variability in signs and symptoms incidental to heart attacks.  相似文献   

13.
Patient specific geometrical data on human coronary arteries can be reliably obtained multislice computer tomography (MSCT) imaging. MSCT cannot provide hemodynamic variables, and the outflow through the side branches must be estimated. The impact of two different models to determine flow through the side branches on the wall shear stress (WSS) distribution in patient specific geometries is evaluated. Murray's law predicts that the flow ratio through the side branches scales with the ratio of the diameter of the side branches to the third power. The empirical model is based on flow measurements performed by Doriot et al. (2000) in angiographically normal coronary arteries. The fit based on these measurements showed that the flow ratio through the side branches can best be described with a power of 2.27. The experimental data imply that Murray's law underestimates the flow through the side branches. We applied the two models to study the WSS distribution in 6 coronary artery trees. Under steady flow conditions, the average WSS between the side branches differed significantly for the two models: the average WSS was 8% higher for Murray's law and the relative difference ranged from -5% to +27%. These differences scale with the difference in flow rate. Near the bifurcations, the differences in WSS were more pronounced: the size of the low WSS regions was significantly larger when applying the empirical model (13%), ranging from -12% to +68%. Predicting outflow based on Murray's law underestimates the flow through the side branches. Especially near side branches, the regions where atherosclerotic plaques preferentially develop, the differences are significant and application of Murray's law underestimates the size of the low WSS region.  相似文献   

14.
15.
An anatomic study performed on 64 fresh injected legs has shown the role of the vascular axis that follows the superficial sensitive nerves in supplying the skin. Three nerves were studied: the saphenous nerve, the superficial peroneal nerve, and the sural nerve. Conclusions are the same for the three nerves: The vascular axis, which can be either a true artery or an interlacing network, ensures the vascularization of the nerves, gives off several cutaneous branches in the suprafascial course of the nerve, and anastomoses with the septocutaneous arteries issuing from a deep main vessel. The superficial nerves that course the leg can therefore be considered as vascular relays owing to their neurocutaneous arteries. The concept of a neuroskin island flap has been developed and applied to six clinical cases for coverage of some specific areas of the knee and of the lower part of the limb.  相似文献   

16.
用25只树鼩,从升主动脉灌注带色的橡胶乳液,在解剖显微镜下进行解剖观察,用目测微尺进行测量。大多数树鼩(22只)有完整的脑底动脉环。由左、右大脑前动脉向内侧各发一前交通动脉组成大脑前总动脉。前交通动脉口径为大脑前动脉的75~85%。后交通动脉口径与大脑后动脉相近,连于颈内动脉与大脑后动脉(基底动脉的分支)之间。测量了组成脑底动脉环有关动脉的口径。由于后交通动脉足够粗大,只有中断左、右颈总动脉和左、右椎动脉,才能造成全脑缺血。  相似文献   

17.
The aim of the present study was to determine the immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and its two receptors, viz., Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase) and Flk-1 (fetal liver kinase), on the surface of endothelial cells of the uterine artery and its branches and of the arcuate arteries in the area of the uterine broad ligament during various phases of the estrous cycle in the pig. We also investigated their expression to determine whether this was phase-related. The highest immunoreactivity for VEGF-A was observed in the uterine artery and arcuate arteries at the early luteal phase and in the branches of the uterine artery during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. The strongest immunostaining intensity of Flt-1 was found in the uterine artery and its branches at the follicular phase and in arcuate arteries at the mid-luteal phase, whereas Flk-1 immunostaining was at its highest in the uterine artery at the mid-luteal phase and in the branches of the uterine artery and arcuate arteries at the follicular phase. Additionally, VEGF-A expression was assessed by semi-quantitative Western blot analysis, which revealed significantly higher levels of VEGF-A protein during the early luteal and the follicular phase of the estrous cycle (P < 0.001). The phase-related differences in the immunoreactivity and expression of VEGF-A and VEGF receptors suggest that these factors are hormone-dependent during the estrous cycle in the pig.  相似文献   

18.
In progressive development of the organisms, the cardio-vascular system perfects, its construction is adequate to the level and character of the animal's metabolism. The hypobranchial arteries, forming in the subbranchial area in fishes, make the immediate source for the branching off the coronary arteries. Comparison of the data concerning the places where the cranial coronary arteries take their origin in amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammalia demonstrates that the evolutional process is directed towards transference of the places of their branching off on the ventral aorta, and then on the nearest distance to the heart. Certain data are obtained on evolution of the blood circulation pathways in the myocardium and, particularly, on presence of blood vessels in the spongy myocardium in Elasmobranchii, Chondrosteoideii, as well as in the alligator. The most important of the myocardial blood vessels at all stages of evolution is their connection with the cardiac chambers. At definite stages of phylogenesis, simultaneously with compactization of the myocardium and formation of veins from the intertrabecular spaces, the subepicardial and intramural veins unite into a single venous system, bringing blood to the cardiac cavity. In birds, mammalia and human being, the coronary vessels have reached a high degree of development, having penetrated by their branches into all layers of the cardiac wall, and thus they exclude the dependence of the myocardial blood supply from the blood that is present in the cardiac cavity.  相似文献   

19.
A numerical model based on the nonlinear, one-dimensional (1-D) equations of pressure and flow wave propagation in conduit arteries is tested against a well-defined experimental 1:1 replica of the human arterial tree. The tree consists of 37 silicone branches representing the largest central systemic arteries in the human, including the aorta, carotid arteries and arteries that perfuse the upper and lower limbs and the main abdominal organs. The set-up is mounted horizontally and connected to a pulsatile pump delivering a periodic output similar to the aortic flow. Terminal branches end in simple resistance models, consisting of stiff capillary tubes leading to an overflow reservoir that reflects a constant venous pressure. The parameters required by the numerical algorithm are directly measured in the in vitro set-up and no data fitting is involved. Comparison of experimental and numerical pressure and flow waveforms shows the ability of the 1-D time-domain formulation to capture the main features of pulse wave propagation measured throughout the system test. As a consequence of the simple resistive boundary conditions used to reduce the uncertainty of the parameters involved in the simulation, the experimental set-up generates waveforms at terminal branches with additional non-physiological oscillations. The frequencies of these oscillations are well captured by the 1-D model, even though amplitudes are overestimated. Adding energy losses in bifurcations and including fluid inertia and compliance to the purely resistive terminal models does not reduce the underdamped effect, suggesting that wall visco-elasticity might play an important role in the experimental results. Nevertheless, average relative root-mean-square errors between simulations and experimental waveforms are smaller than 4% for pressure and 19% for the flow at all 70 locations studied.  相似文献   

20.
The arteries and veins of the heart of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) are described from the dissection of nine specimens. The arterial distribution is composed of the basic mammalian pattern of two major vessels, the left and right coronary arteries, which supply the cardiac tissue. The venous drainage is provided by three major systems which are the great, middle, and small cardiac veins. The vascular characteristics of the heart of the beluga whale are the marked sinuosity of both coronary arteries and their main branches, the numerous large interarterial anastomoses between major vessels, and the duplication of vessels in parallel branches. These characteristics are discussed in functional terms and correlated with the diving ability of the species.  相似文献   

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