Typification of the Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine (Cruciferae)

Lectotypification of the following Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine L. (Cruciferae) is presented Cardamine asarifolia, C. graeca, C. petraea (|M= Cardaminopsis petraea), C. resedgolia (including designation of an epitype), C. trifolia and C. virginica. The lectotypes of the previously typified names of this genus and the protologues of these names are discussed. The probable typotype for the lectotype of C. azcana is identified and the need for the conservation of the type of C. chelidonia is noted.     

Typification of Brassica oleracea L. (Gruciferae) and its Linnaean varieties

OOST, E. H., BRANDENBURG, W. A. & JARVIS, C. E., 1989. Typification of Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) and its Linnaean varieties. The Linnaean concept of Brassica oleracea and its varieties is discussed. In the light of this concept several types are considered and chosen.     

Typification of the Boissier names in Anthriscus Pers. (Apiaceae)

Boissier described several taxa in Anthriscus , summarized in his Flora orientalis account. The names include A. lamprocarpa, A. kotschyi, A. ruprechtii, A. tenerrima, A. t. var. leiocarpa, A. anatolica, A. macrocarpa, A. nemorosa var. mollis, A. n. var. glabra; the hst four are still recognized as separate species. These names are typified in this paper, based on the material in Boissier herbarium at G.     

Typification of four species names of Bellis (Compositae)

There are six species of Bellis inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula, four of their accepted names are typified here. Bellis microcephala Lange, B. perennis L., and B. cordifolia (Kunze) Willk. are lectotypified, while an epitype is designated for B. sylvestris Cirillo. Some diagnostic characters are discussed in order to provide a proper identification of the specimens designated as types.     

Typification of Radlkofer's infrageneric names in Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae)

Ancillary to my revision ofPaullinia, the necessary lectotypifications for Radlkofer's infrageneric names are proposed. Those sectional names requiring lectotypification areNeurotoechus, Diphtherotoechus, Pleurotoechus, Pachytoechus, Xyloptilon, Neuroptilon, Anisoptilon, Isoptilon, Caloptilon, andPhygoptilon. SectionCryptoptilon, monotypic at the time of publication, is typified automatically byP. verrucosa Radlk. The generic namesEnourea andCastanella, reduced by Radlkofer to sectional status, retain their types.     

Molecular phylogeny of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) with a note on the placement of the Pyroloideae

Mycotrophism occurs in two ericaceous subfamilies, the Monotropoideae and the Pyroloideae. However, three aspects of the evolution of these subfamilies remain equivocal; 1) morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses have failed to establish that the Monotropoideae is monophylectic; 2) the relationships among members of the Monotropoideae remain unresolved; 3) it is unclear whether the Pyroloideae should be included as a subfamily within the Ericaceae or treated as a separate family. To address these topics a phylogeny was constructed using a portion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene from 22 members of the Ericaceae. Results indicate that the present Monotropoideae is polyphyletic; one species, Monotropsis ordata, is more closely related to members of the Vaccinioideae than to the rest of the Monotropoideae. This arrangement is supported by consideration of mycorrhizal type, consequently multiple origins of mycotrophic parasitism must be assumed. The relationships depicted within the Monotropoideae are nearly congruent with those depicted in Copeland's (1941) phylogeny, and morphological or biochemical characters are identified which support the relationships depicted by the molecular tree which do not agree with the morphological tree. In addition, the data indicate, although not strongly, that the Pyroloideae should be included within the Ericaceae.     

Lectotypification of Linnaean names for Flora Nordica (Brassicaceae - Apiaceae)

Linnaean names appearing in Flora Nordica in the families Brassicaceae - Apiaceae (in the conventional family sequence of the Flora) are typified. The main sources for types are the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN), the Clifford Herbarium (BM), the Burser Herbarium (UPS) and the Iter lapponicum herbarium in Paris (LAPP), and cited illustrations. The study forms part of the "Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project" based at The Natural History Museum, London (BM). - Flora Nordica notes No. 31.     

Lectotypification of the Linnaean names Thalictrum angustifolium and T. lucidum (Ranunculaceae)

Two further Linnaean names of Thalictrum are lectotypified. Thalictrum lucidum has priority over angustifolium. — Flora Nordica Notes no. 30.     

Typification and synonymy of names in Santolina (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) published by Hoffmannsegg and Link

During recent studies in the Santolina rosmarinifolia L. aggregate, nomenclatural problems with the the names S. impressa and S. semidentata published by Hoffmannsegg and Link were revealed. Here, both names are neotypified and S. rosmarinifolia var. cinerea Pau & Merino and S. zamorana Losa are lectotypified. The criteria used to recognise S. impressa and S. semidentata and their diagnostic characters are discussed. Revision of the lectotypes of S. rosmarinifolia var. cinerea Pau & Merino and of S. zamorana Losa suggests that both names are synonyms of S. semidentata. The full synonymy of S. impressa and S. semidentata is provided.     

Typification of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria

STACE, C. A. & JARVIS, C. E., 1985. TypiHcation of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria. The status and typification of 15 Linnaean species of annual grasses related to Vulpia and Desmazeria are discussed. Of these 15, eight are represented by holotypes or lectotypes in LINN, two by lectotypes in Herb. A. van Royen (L), and one by a neotype in LINN. One (Festuca marina) is based on a pre-Linnaean polynomial and is represented by a lectotype in Herb. Sloane (BM); one (Cynosurus durus) has no known type specimens and we have chosen a Barrelier (1714) illustration as lectotype; one (Nardus aristatus) is an illegitimate name change for Nardus incurvus Gouan, for which we have selected a Scheuchzer (1719) illustration as lectotype; and finally Festuca incrassala appeared on a cancelled page of Species Plantarum and has no nomenclatural standing.     

Multiple origins of circumboreal taxa in Pyrola (Ericaceae), a group with a Tertiary relict distribution

MethodsEstimates of divergence times and ancestral geographical distributions based on neutrally evolving DNA sequence variation were used to develop a spatio-temporal model of colonization patterns for Pyrola.ConclusionsThree circumboreal Pyrola lineages have arisen independently and at least two of these appear to have originated in Asia. The cool, high-altitude habitats of many Pyrola species and the fact that diversification in the genus coincided with global cooling from the late Miocene onwards fits a hypothesis of pre-adaptation to become circumboreal within this group.     

Lectotypification of two Linnaean names for Flora Nordica Vol. 6

The Linnaean names Tamarix germanica (=Myricaria germanica) and Trapa natans are typified. – Flora Nordica Note No. 37.     

Seasonal and environmental changes of mycorrhizal associations and heterotrophy levels in mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae) growing under different light environments

? Premise of the study: Mixotrophy is a strategy whereby plants acquire carbon both through photosynthesis and heterotrophic exploitation of mycorrhizal fungi. In Euro-American Pyroleae species studied hitherto, heterotrophy levels vary according to species, sites of study, and possibly light conditions. We investigated mycorrhizal association and mixotrophy in the Asiatic forest species Pyrola japonica, and their plasticity under different light conditions. ? Methods: Pyrola japonica was sampled bimonthly in sunny and shaded conditions from a deciduous broadleaf forest. We microscopically assessed the rate of fungal colonization and sequenced the ITS to identify the mycorrhizal fungi. We measured (13)C and (15)N isotopic abundances in P. japonica as compared with neighboring autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plants, to evaluate P. japonica's heterotrophy level. ? Key results: Pyrola japonica formed arbutoid mycorrhizas devoid of fungal mantles, with intracellular hyphal coils and a Hartig net. It tended to be more colonized by mycorrhizal fungi in spring and summer. Most associated fungi belonged to ectomycorrhizal taxa, and 84% of identified fungi were Russula spp. Rate of mycorrhizal colonization and Russula frequency tended to be higher in shaded conditions. Both δ(13)C and δ(15)N values of P. japonica were significantly higher in autotrophic plants, showing that about half of the carbon on average was received from mycorrhizal fungi. Both isotopic values negatively correlated with light availability, suggesting higher heterotrophy levels in shaded conditions. ? Conclusions: The mixotrophic P. japonica undergoes changes in mycorrhizal symbionts and carbon nutrition according to light availability. Our results suggest that during Pyroleae evolution, a tendency to increased heterotrophy emerged in the Pyrola/Orthilia clade.     

Typification of seabeach amaranth, Amaranthus pumilus (Amaranthaceae)

Amaranthus pumilus is known from coastal Massachusetts to South Carolina and from ballast in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is currently listed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as a threatened species.Amaranthus pumilus was originally described by Rafinesque in 1808 from southern New Jersey, but he did not cite specimens. Here, the nameA. pumilus is lectotypified using the only known original element, a Rafinesque specimen at the herbarium of The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (PH).     

Typification of the genus Dileptus Dujardin, 1841 (Ciliophora,Rhynchostomatia)

In their monograph of the dileptids, Vďačný and Foissner (2012) could not clarify the type species of the genus Dileptus Dujardin, 1841. Thus, they suggested that the problem be referred to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. However, recently we discovered that Dujardin (1841) has originally typified Dileptus with Amphileptus anser sensu Ehrenberg (1838) which is in fact a misidentified Amphileptus margaritifer Ehrenberg, 1833, a common species also originally classified in Dileptus. Under Article 70.3.2 of the Code, Dileptus margaritifer (Ehrenberg, 1833) Dujardin, 1841, thoroughly redescribed by Foissner et al. (1995), is now the type of Dileptus. This has the great advantages of historical continuity and that new combinations (names) are not required.     

Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Hypochaeris maculata (Asteraceae)

The typification of the name Hypochaeris maculata L. is discussed. A specimen from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) is designated as the lectotype.     

Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Fagus castanea (Fagaceae)

The typification of the name Fagus castanea L. (Fagaceae) is discussed. A specimen from the Linnaean Herbarium (no. 1130.1, LINN!) is designated as lectotype.