国家大型煤电基地生态环境监测技术体系研究——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为例

随着我国煤电基地建设进程的不断加快,煤电基地建设与开发活动引起的环境问题也日趋严重。了解生态环境质量现状,评估其对生态系统与人民健康水平的影响,制定合理的保护、治理、恢复策略是煤电基地环境保护工作的重中之重,而生态环境监测是解决上述问题的基础。然而,现有的监测技术体系普遍存在自动化水平较低、成本较高、时空覆盖面较低等问题。鉴于物联网技术在提高信息采集效率和改善信息获取方式方面的作用日益显著,所以将物联网技术应用于煤电基地生态环境监测,从感知层、传输层、支撑层、应用层、用户层的角度明确生态环境监测技术体系,为解决上述问题提供有效途径。     

福州实蝇监测初报

自2005年5月29日至2006年5月28日在福州金山福建农林大学校园内进行了实蝇监测。采用甲基丁香酚(M e)、诱蝇酮(Cue)和地中海实蝇诱芯(T),诱集到橘小实蝇[Bactrocera(Bactrocera)dorsalis]、瓜实蝇[B.(Zeugodacus)cucurbi-tae]、南瓜实蝇[B.(Zeugodacus)tau]和具条实蝇(B.scutellata)4种实蝇,但未诱到地中海实蝇(Ceratitis capitata)。其中,橘小实蝇诱集量最大,8月中下旬达到高峰。本研究为掌握福州地区实蝇发生动态提供了基础资料。     

Spectrophotometric measurements of human tissues for the detection of subjacent blood vessels in an endonasal endoscopic surgical approach

Thin slices of human tissues are characterized concerning reflection and transmission in a wavelength range from 400 to 1700 nm. The results are primarily useful to find a wavelength for the detection of subjacent blood vessels during surgical procedures, especially neurological surgery. The measurements have been conducted using a customized measuring station, utilizing two halogen bulb lamps and two spectrometers. This paper focuses on creating a data base with the optical properties of artery, brain, bone, nasal mucosa, and nerve. The spectral distributions are compared among each other, similarities and differences are pointed out. Each tissue has got unique spectral characteristics, whereas typical absorption bands can be found in the overall tissues, especially hemoglobin and water absorption bands. The reflectivity maxima are typically located in the red or near‐infrared. All the transmission maxima are located between 1075 nm and 1100 nm. The measurements have been conducted at the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Leipzig. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Salivary cortisol assessment for stress detection in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A pilot study

Effects of introducing an unfamiliar female into an Asian elephant herd at Tierpark Berlin were monitored by means of salivary cortisol assessment. Saliva samples were obtained from a second female for comparative purposes. The period of familiarization was characterized by an enhanced cortisol level in both animals, with a maximum on the second day after joining. Cortisol returned to normal on the following day. Manipulations of the keepers caused a transitory increase on two other days. Possibilities for the use of this noninvasive method of stress monitoring in various management situations are indicated. © 1992 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

Are butterflies and moths useful indicators for restoration monitoring? A pilot study in Sydney's Cumberland Plain Woodland

Summary   Moths and butterflies are strongly associated with vegetation structure and composition, which makes them a suitable indicator taxon for various ecological studies. Despite a good knowledge of many Australian lepidopteran taxa, they have rarely been used for restoration assessment. To explore the feasibility of using Lepidoptera as an indicator taxon for restoration monitoring in Australia, we used it to evaluate the success of a large-scale revegetation program in western Sydney. We compared moth and butterfly assemblages sampled with relatively low intensity in unrestored pastures, revegetated pastures and remnants of endangered Cumberland Plain Woodland (restoration aim). A light-trap survey of moth assemblages showed no significant differences in moth species richness and composition between any of the treatments with traps in revegetated areas producing most species rich samples. Butterfly surveys conducted over a 1-year period showed a considerable increase in butterfly species richness in revegetated areas compared to pastures, while forest remnants still had twice as many butterfly species compared to revegetated areas. Current revegetation practices employed to restore Cumberland Plain Woodland increased the diversity of lepidopteran assemblages, however, it is not clear whether they are on a trajectory towards the reference assemblages of forest remnants. Our study demonstrates that Lepidoptera, particularly butterflies, has a potential for broader application as an indicator group in restoration monitoring in Australia.     

A study of degeneration and regeneration in the divided rat sciatic nerve based on electron microscopy

Summary Changes in the proximal stump of axons of divided rat sciatic nerves in the first 6 weeks after nerve section were studied, particularly in terms of alterations in the organelle content, axoplasmic ultrastructure and the diameter of the axons. A variety of organelle types were observed; quasi-membranous structures, multivesicular bodies, dense bodies, vesicles and tubules, dense cored vesicles and alveolate vesicles: their identification and the functional implications of their presence are discussed. Alterations in the ultrastructure of the stained elements of the axoplasm are described. Axons containing excess organelles were divided into classes, comprising myelinated axons; and supergiant, giant and conventional non-myelinated axons. Temporal changes in these axons are described. The characteristics of the various classes of apparently non-myelinated axon are considered in terms of their identification as regenerating terminal sprouts of myelinated axons, segmentally demyelinated axons, sections through abnormal nodes of Ranvier or merely non-myelinated axons. The structure of axons in regenerating units is described. Changes in the neurofilament microtubule ratio of small axons without excess organelles are demonstrated, and spiralling of neurofilaments in some myelinated and non-myelinated axons with normal axoplasmic ultrastructure is illustrated and discussed.Medical Research Council Scholar.McLoughlin Fellow.The authors have great pleasure in acknowledging the expert technical assistance of Mrs. Frances Burton. G. W. would also like to thank the British Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust and LEPRA (British Leprosy relief association) for financial assistance without which this work could not have been completed.     

Phagocytosis of degenerating myelin in transected feline optic nerve: an immunohistochemical study

The phagocytic activity of neuroglial cells in adult feline degenerating optic nerve was investigated by immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopy levels. Degeneration was initiated by unilateral eye enucleation and the segment distal to the transection showing true Wallerian degeneration was examined. Following enucleation, twelve adult domestic cats were examined over a period of seven to 215 days. All cases showed slow clearance of myelin debris and absence of proliferating monocytes throughout the post-enucleation period. All phagocytic cells present were neuroglial cells, and many of these cells expressed oligodendroglial antigens. These findings demonstrate the persistence of an active population of oligodendrocytes that might play an additional functional role during Wallerian degeneration of feline optic nerve.     

Phagocytosis of degenerating myelin in transected feline optic nerve: an immunohistochemical study

The phagocytic activity of neuroglial cells in adult feline degenerating optic nerve was investigated by immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopy levels. Degeneration was initiated by unilateral eye enucleation and the segment distal to the transection showing true Wallerian degeneration was examined. Following enucleation, twelve adult domestic cats were examined over a period of seven to 215 days. All cases showed slow clearance of myelin debris and absence of proliferating monocytes throughout the post-enucleation period. All phagocytic cells present were neuroglial cells, and many of these cells expressed oligodendroglial antigens. These findings demonstrate the persistence of an active population of oligodendrocytes that might play an additional functional role during Wallerian degeneration of feline optic nerve.     

A pilot study of the use of placental cord blood samples in monitoring for mutational events

A pilot study exploring the examination of placental cord blood samples for mutant proteins with one-dimensional electrophoretic techniques is described. Although technical advances are such that the techniques employed in this study are now partially superceded, the practical problems encountered in this study would be typical of any monitoring program of this type. No mutations altering electrophoretic mobility among a battery of 51 different locus products were encountered in a total of 277,747 locus tests. When these data are combined with similar data from other studies, the mutation rate for electromorphs becomes 0.34 X 10(-5)/locus/generation.     

A geospatial approach to monitoring impervious surfaces in watersheds using Landsat data (the Mondego Basin,Portugal as a case study)

The urbanization of watersheds is a highly dynamic global phenomenon that must be monitored. With consequences for the environment, the population, and the economy, accurate products at adequate spatial and temporal resolutions are required and demanded by the science community and stakeholders alike. To address these needs, a new Impervious Surface Area (ISA) product was created for a Portuguese Watershed (Mondego river) from Landsat data (a combination of leaf-on multispectral bands, derived products, and NDVI time series), using Regression Tree Models (RTM). The product provides 30-m spatial resolution ISA estimates (0–100%) with a Mean Average Error (MAE) of 1.6% and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 5.5%.A strategy to update the baseline product was tested in earlier imagery (2001 and 2007) for a subset of the watershed. Instead of updating the baseline product, the strategy seeks to identify stable training samples and remove those where change was detected in a time series of Change Vector Analysis (CVA). The stable samples were then used to create new ISA models using RTM. The updated maps were similar to the original product in terms of accuracy metrics (MAE: 2001: 2.6%; 2007:3.6%).The products and methodology offer a new perspective on the urban development of the watershed, at a scale previously unavailable. It can also be replicated elsewhere at a low cost, leveraging the growing Landsat data archive, and provide timely information on relevant land cover metrics to the scientific community and stakeholders.     

Towards meaningful monitoring: A case study of a threatened rodent

Detecting trends in species’ distribution and abundance are essential for conserving threatened species, and depend upon effective monitoring programmes. Despite this, monitoring programmes are often designed without explicit consideration of their ability to deliver the information required by managers, such as their power to detect population changes. Here, we demonstrate the use of existing data to support the design of monitoring programmes aimed at detecting declines in species occupancy. We used single‐season occupancy models and baseline data to gain information on variables affecting the occupancy and detectability of the threatened brush‐tailed rabbit‐rat Conilurus penicillatus (Gould 1842) on the Tiwi Islands, Australia. This information was then used to estimate the survey effort required to achieve sufficient power to detect changes in occupancy of different magnitudes. We found that occupancy varied spatially, driven primarily by habitat (canopy height and cover, distance to water) and fire history across the landscape. Detectability varied strongly among seasons, and was three times higher in the late dry season (July–September), compared to the early dry season (April–June). Evaluation of three monitoring scenarios showed that conducting surveys at times when detectability is highest can lead to a substantial improvement in our ability to detect declines, thus reducing the survey effort and costs. Our study highlights the need for careful consideration of survey design related to the ecology of a species, as it can lead to substantial cost savings and improved insight into species population change via monitoring.     

A light and transmission electron microscope study of the distribution and ultrastructural features of peripheral nerve processes in the extra-retinal layers of the zebrafish eye

The distribution and ultrastructural features of peripheral nerve processes in the extra-retinal layers of the eyes of the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton), were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. A comparative study of the quality of preservation provided by three different fixation procedures revealed no consistently striking general differences. However, somewhat subjectively, the fixative containing Millonig's buffer did consistently provide better fixation of myelin. Overall, nerve processes, depending on the site studied, were distributed as either (1) bundles (in the choroid near the optic nerve head and in the choroid adjacent to the limbus), (2) linear arrays (in the junction between the sclera and cartilage and in the choroid adjacent to the retina) or (3) individual units (in the choroid under the cartilage or in the sclera). Both myelinated and unmyelinated processes were identified in these locations. Myelinated processes usually contained both neurofilaments and neurotubules, but a few apparently contained only neurofilaments. Unmyelinated processes usually contained mainly neurotubules, but a few apparently contained only neurofilaments. Taken together, these findings indicate innervation of extra-retinal structures, as seen in zebrafish, is highly conserved among vertebrates, further supporting the use of zebrafish as a model for the vertebrate visual system.     

Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nerve cord of Crustacea: a character to study aspects of arthropod phylogeny

The number of serotonin-expressing neurons in the nervous system of Euarthropoda is small and their neurites have a characteristic branching pattern. They can be identified individually, which provides a character well suited for phylogenetic analyses. In order to gain data that may be useful in the ongoing discussion on insect–crustacean relationships, we documented the pattern of serotonin immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nerve cord of four crustacean species: the phyllocarid malacostracan Nebalia bipes Fabricius, 1780 (Phyllocarida, Leptostraca) and the entomostracans Artemia salina Linnaeus, 1758 (Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Sarsostraca), Triops cancriformis Bosc, 1801 (Branchiopoda, Phyllopoda, Calmanostraca, Notostraca), and Leptestheria dahalacensis Rüppell, 1837 (Branchiopoda, Phyllopoda, Diplostraca, Conchostraca, Spinicaudata). In the entomostracan taxa investigated, the pattern of serotonergic cells in the thoracic hemiganglia comprises an anterior and a posterior bilateral pair of neurons with ipsi- and/or contralateral neurites. Comparing these data to existing information on serotonin-immunoreactivity in the ventral nerve cord of other malacostracan and entomostracan groups enabled us to determine several features of these thoracic neurons being part of the ground pattern of these taxa. Our data demonstrate that studying individually identifiable neurons in Arthropoda can be used to analyse the phylogeny of this taxon.     

A cloud-fog software architecture for dental CBCT dose monitoring using the DICOM structured report: Automated establishment of DRL

PurposeThe diagnostic reference level (DRL) has been established to optimize the diagnostic methods and reduce radiation dose during radiographic examinations. The aim of this study was to present a completely new solution based on Cloud-Fog software architecture for automatic establishment of the DRL values during dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) according to digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) structured reports.Methods and MaterialsA Cloud-Fog software architecture was used for automatic data handling. This architecture used the DICOM structured reports as a source for extracting the required information by fog devices in the imaging center. These devices transferred the derived information to the cloud server. The cloud server calculated the value of indication-based DRL in dental CBCT imaging based upon the parameters and adequate quantities of the absorbed dose. The feedback of DRL value was continuously announced to the imaging centers in 6 phases. In each phase, the level of the dose was optimized in imaging centers.ResultsThe DRL value was established for 5-specific indications, including third molar teeth (511 mGy.cm²), implant (719 mGy.cm²), form and position anomalies of the tooth (408 mGy.cm²), dentoalveolar pathologies (612 mGy.cm²), and endodontics (632 mGy.cm²). The determination of the DRL value in each phase revealed a downward trend until stabilization.ConclusionThe new solution presented in this study makes it possible to calculate and update the DRL value nationally and automatically among all centers. Also, the results showed that this approach is successful in establishing stabilized DRL values.     

Industrially feasible alternative approaches in the manufacture of solid dispersions: A technical report

The purpose of this report was to compile relevant technical information on various alternative strategies that can be used as feasible approaches in the development of solid dispersions. The technologies discussed in the report are spray coating on sugar beads with a fluidized bed coating system, hot melt extrusion, direct capsule filling, electrostatic spinning, surface active carriers, and supercritical fluid technology. The focus is on basic principles, the equipment involved, and the relevant scale-up work. These technologies have been found to eliminate several drawbacks posed by the conventional methods of manufacturing of solid dispersions such as laborious preparation methods, reproducibility, scaling up of manufacturing processes, stability of drug, and vehicle.     

Remote monitoring and follow-up of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in the Netherlands : An expert consensus report of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology

Remote monitoring of cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIED: pacemaker, cardiac resynchronisation therapy device and implantable cardioverter defibrillator) has been developed for technical control and follow-up using transtelephonic data transmission. In addition, automatic or patient-triggered alerts are sent to the cardiologist or allied professional who can respond if necessary with various interventions. The advantage of remote monitoring appears obvious in impending CIED failures and suspected symptoms but is less likely in routine follow-up of CIED. For this follow-up the indications, quality of care, cost-effectiveneness and patient satisfaction have to be determined before remote CIED monitoring can be applied in daily practice. Nevertheless remote CIED monitoring is expanding rapidly in the Netherlands without professional agreements about methodology, responsibilities of all the parties involved and that of the device patient, and reimbursement. The purpose of this consensus document on remote CIED monitoring and follow-up is to lay the base for a nationwide, uniform implementation in the Netherlands. This report describes the technical communication, current indications, benefits and limitations of remote CIED monitoring and follow-up, the role of the patient and device manufacturer, and costs and reimbursement. The view of cardiology experts and of other disciplines in conjunction with literature was incorporated in a preliminary series of recommendations. In addition, an overview of the questions related to remote CIED monitoring that need to be answered is given. This consensus document can be used for future guidelines for the Dutch profession.     

A comparative scanning electron-microscopical study of endoneurial collagen around normal mouse nerve fibres,nerve fibres following crush injury and nerve fibres of the dystonic mouse mutant (dt/dt)

Summary The endoneurial collagen sheath around teased nerve fibres following crush injury was studied by scanning electron microscopy and compared with uninjured sciatic nerve fibres and with fibres from the dystonic mutant mouse. Following crush injury the endoneurial collagen became more abundant than seen in untreated nerve fibres and formed large, separate and longitudinally oriented bundles. However, by four weeks post injury the sheath regained a normal external appearance. Mutant nerve fibres were also associated with more than the usual amount of collagen, but the sheaths were more disorganised, with a marked disorientation and irregular aggregation of collagen, and these abnormalities were not confined to obviously degenerating or demyelinated regions of the fibres. The dystonic abnormalities of the endoneurial sheath may be important in the mechanism of the neuropathy.Medical Research Council, Radiobiology Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORD     

Intraoperative multispectral and hyperspectral label‐free imaging: A systematic review of in vivo clinical studies

Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) are emerging optical imaging techniques with the potential to transform the way surgery is performed but it is not clear whether current systems are capable of delivering real‐time tissue characterization and surgical guidance. We conducted a systematic review of surgical in vivo label‐free multispectral and HSI systems that have been assessed intraoperatively in adult patients, published over a 10‐year period to May 2018. We analysed 14 studies including 8 different HSI systems. Current in‐vivo HSI systems generate an intraoperative tissue oxygenation map or enable tumour detection. Intraoperative tissue oxygenation measurements may help to predict those patients at risk of postoperative complications and in‐vivo intraoperative tissue characterization may be performed with high specificity and sensitivity. All systems utilized a line‐scanning or wavelength‐scanning method but the spectral range and number of spectral bands employed varied significantly between studies and according to the system's clinical aim. The time to acquire a hyperspectral cube dataset ranged between 5 and 30 seconds. No safety concerns were reported in any studies. A small number of studies have demonstrated the capabilities of intraoperative in‐vivo label‐free HSI but further work is needed to fully integrate it into the current surgical workflow.      

Ipsilateral retinal projections into the tectum during regeneration of the optic nerve in the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni: A dil study in fixed tissue

Retinal projections were experimentally manipulated in a bony fish to reveal conditions under which considerably enlarged ipsilateral projections developed and persisted. Three experimental groups were studied: animals after unilateral enucleation, after unilateral nerve crush, and after enucleation and crush of the remaining optic nerve. At 29 days after unilateral enucleation alone, no enhanced ipsilateral projection had developed. After nerve crush, however, large numbers of retinal fibers regenerated into the ipsilateral tectum. Retrogradely filled, ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells were distributed throughout the entire retina. After 15 days regenerating retinal fibers covered the entire ipsilateral tectum. At later stages the ipsilateral projection showed progressive reduction in coverage of the tectum. Combining enucleation with nerve crush led to an ipsilateral projection that covered the tectum at 28 days and later. In this experimental situation the development of an ipsilateral projection appears to be a two-step process: (1) Fibers are rerouted to the ipsilateral side at the diencephalon, and (2) ipsilateral fibers persist in the tectum only in the absence of a contralateral projection while they appear to be eliminated in the other cases. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.