Proliferative senescence of embryo fibroblasts of Japanese senescence accelerated mice (SAM) is accompanied by parallel decreasing of response to various growth factors

The Japanese senescence accelerated mice (SAM) are a group of the low-longevity mouse lines and represent a new convenient model for studying the senescence process. We studied the proliferation of embryo fibroblasts of SAMP1 and SAMR1 mouse lines. It was shown that fibroblasts of the shortest longevity line SAMP1 have a markedly decreased proliferative potential of the mean 8.7 population doublings, whereas fibroblasts of a relatively high-longevity line SAMR1 have an average proliferative potential of 12.3 doublings. The fibroblast senescence in both lines is accompanied by a simultaneous lowering of the cell proliferative response to the blood serum, epidermal, fibroblast, and platelet-derived growth factors. At initial stages of the cell culture growth, lines SAMP1 and SAMR1 exhibit the same reactions to growth factors, but already beginning from the fifth doubling, the SAMP1 cell response is sharply decreased as compared with SAMR1. Lowering the proliferative reaction is accompanied by a decreased phosphorylation of tyrosine in the cell proteins responsible for mitogenic reaction. Thus, the parallel decrease of proliferative response to different growth factors during fibroblast senescence is most likely due the emergence of a regulatory block at common stages of the mitogenic signal transduction.     

Antioxidant Systems in Tissues of Senescence Accelerated Mice

Significant decrease in the level of lipid antioxidants (measured from the kinetics of the induced chemiluminescence in brain homogenate) and of the hydrophilic antioxidant carnosine as well was observed in the brain of 14-16-month-old mice of SAMP1 line, which is characterized by accelerated accumulation of senile features, in comparison with the control line SAMR1. In the brain of SAMP1 animals the activity of cytosolic Cu/Zn-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) was reduced, while the activity of membrane-bound Mn-SOD was at an extremely low level. The activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase) did not differ in the brain of SAMP1 and SAMR1 animals, and catalase activity was similarly low in both cases. At the same time, excess concentration of excitotoxic compounds, significantly exceeding that for the control line, was determined in the brain and blood of SAMP1 animals. The activity of glutathione enzymes in liver and heart as well as the activity of cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD in liver did not differ in the two studied lines, while the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase was slightly increased, and the activity of liver catalase and erythrocyte Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly decreased for SAMP1 compared with SAMR1. The results demonstrate that the accelerated ageing of SAMP1 animals is connected to a significant extent with the decreased efficiency of the systems utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues.     

A Biological Model of Accelerated Senescence: II. Age-Related Changes in the Number of Developing Male Germ Cells and Sertoli Cells in the Gonads of Senescence-Accelerated Mice

It was shown that in immature three- to four-week-old mice prone to accelerated senescence (SAMP1 strain), the number of spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, and circular spermatids exceeded that in mice resistant to accelerated senescence (SAMR1 strain) by more than two times. Differences were found in the pattern of age-related changes in the number of meiotic and postmeiotic cells in the sexually mature SAMP1 and SAMR1 mice. In the gonads of SAMP1 and SAMR1 mice, the number of Sertoli cells was unstable.     

Generation of somatic cell hybrids for the production of biologically active factors that stimulate proliferation of other cells

OBJECTIVE: Some normal somatic cells in culture divide a limited number of times before entering a non-dividing state called replicative senescence and fusion of normal cells with immortal cells claimed to produce hybrid cells of limited proliferation. We reinvestigated the proliferative capacity of hybrid cells between normal cell and immortal cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal pig fibroblast cells and cells of immortal mouse fibroblast cell line F7, a derivative of GM05267, were fused by polyethylene glycol treatment and subsequently the fused cells were cultured in a selective medium containing hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine in order to enrich the hybrid cells. The hybrid cells were then monitored for chromosome content and proliferation. RESULTS: Cytogenetic analysis revealed that the hybrid cells contained polyploidy chromosomes derived from normal pig fibroblasts. These hybrid cells exhibit no sign of replicative senescence after more than 190 population doublings in vitro. Instead, these hybrid cells have an accelerated growth and proliferate even in the complete absence of glutamine. In addition, these hybrids produce biologically active factors in the conditioned media, which not only can accelerate their own proliferation but also can reinitiate mitotic activity in the senescent-like normal fibroblast cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results question the validity of cellular senescence as a dominant trait. Additionally, the generation of hybrid cells using the specific mouse cell line can be applied to the generation of hybrids with other normal cell types and can be used to produce tissue-specific growth-factor(s) to extend the lifespan and/or improve the proliferation of various normal cells, including adult stem cells.     

The effect of aging on the mineral status of female SAMP1 and SAMR1

The effect of aging on the status of macrominerals and trace elements in tissues was studied using two strains (SAMP1 and SAMR1) of senescence accelerated mouse. Two-month-old, 6-mo-old, and 10-mo-old female SAMP1 and SAMR1 mice were fed a commercial diet. Iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, and potassium concentrations in blood, liver, kidney, brain, and tibia of the mice were determined. The copper concentration in the brain was significantly increased with age in SAMP1 and SAMR1. In addition, the brain copper levels in SAMP1 were significantly higher than that in SAMR1 at respective ages. The calcium concentration in the kidney was significantly increased with age, but the copper and phosphorus concentrations significantly decreased with age in SAMP1 and SAMR1. In the liver of SAMR1, all minerals measured in this study except for sodium and potassium were significantly decreased with age. In addition, all mineral concentrations in the liver of 2-mo-old mice in SAMR1 except for copper and sodium were markedly higher than those in SAMP1 of the same age. These results suggest that the genetic factor is related to the age-associated mineral changes in tissues.     

Regulation of the p19Arf/p53 pathway by histone acetylation underlies neural stem cell behavior in senescence‐prone SAMP8 mice

Brain aging is associated with increased neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis. B1/neural stem cells (B1‐NSCs) of the mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) support the ongoing production of olfactory bulb interneurons, but their neurogenic potential is progressively reduced as mice age. Although age‐related changes in B1‐NSCs may result from increased expression of tumor suppressor proteins, accumulation of DNA damage, metabolic alterations, and microenvironmental or systemic changes, the ultimate causes remain unclear. Senescence‐accelerated‐prone mice (SAMP8) relative to senescence‐accelerated‐resistant mice (SAMR1) exhibit signs of hastened senescence and can be used as a model for the study of aging. We have found that the B1‐NSC compartment is transiently expanded in young SAMP8 relative to SAMR1 mice, resulting in disturbed cytoarchitecture of the SEZ, B1‐NSC hyperproliferation, and higher yields of primary neurospheres. These unusual features are, however, accompanied by premature loss of B1‐NSCs. Moreover, SAMP8 neurospheres lack self‐renewal and enter p53‐dependent senescence after only two passages. Interestingly, in vitro senescence of SAMP8 cells could be prevented by inhibition of histone acetyltransferases and mimicked in SAMR1 cells by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC). Our data indicate that expression of the tumor suppressor p19, but not of p16, is increased in SAMP8 neurospheres, as well as in SAMR1 neurospheres upon HDAC inhibition, and suggest that the SAMP8 phenotype may, at least in part, be due to changes in chromatin status. Interestingly, acute HDAC inhibition in vivo resulted in changes in the SEZ of SAMR1 mice that resembled those found in young SAMP8 mice.     

Cytogenetic Aberrations in the Cells of Liver and Spermatogenic Epithelium in Senescence Accelerated SAMP1 and SAMR1 Mice

It was shown that during ontogenesis, the mice prone to (SAMP1) and resistant (SAMR1) against accelerates senescence did not differ substantially in the frequency of cytogenetic aberrations in the hepatocytes and spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia and round spermatids). These data suggest that in the mice of both lines, the processes of appearance, development, and functioning of complex biological systems, such as liver and spermatogonic epithelium take place against the background of high genetic instability. The role of genetic instability in senescence is discussed.     

Influence of tissue origins and external microenvironment on porcine foetal fibroblast growth, proliferative life span and genome stability

One of the challenges of manipulating genes in primary cells is that the cells have a finite proliferation capacity. This, combined with the lower gene targeting efficiency of somatic cells, makes identification of targeted clones very difficult. The objective of this study was to establish a system that allows porcine foetal fibroblasts to reach their maximal proliferation capacity in vitro. The influence of fibroblast origin, stage of foetal development, cell seeding densities and concentration of foetal bovine serum (FBS) on the population doublings, the percentage of beta-galactosidase-activity-positive cells and the genome stability of foetal fibroblasts during in vitro culture was investigated. It was found that porcine foetal fibroblasts could be cultured for over 80 population doublings in the appropriate culture system. Fibroblasts from earlier stages of foetal development were better candidate cells than those from the later stages. Cells from the heart were more actively proliferative and more resistant to replicative senescence than those from the liver. Compared to 10% FBS content, 15% FBS provided better homeostatic support, not only to proliferative performance, but also in maintaining a normal karyotype. In addition, the proliferative life span of porcine foetal fibroblasts is also dependent on seeding density of the culture.     

The Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Alpha in Bypassing Oncogene-Induced Senescence

Oncogene induced senescence (OIS) is a sustained anti-proliferative response acutely induced in primary cells via activation of mitogenic oncogenes such as Ras/BRAF. This mechanism acts as an initial barrier preventing normal cells transformation into malignant cell. Besides oncogenic activation and DNA damage response (DDR), senescence is modulated by a plethora of other factors, and one of the most important one is oxygen tension of the tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of hypoxia on Ras^V12-induced senescence in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). We showed here that hypoxia prevents execution of oncogene induced senescence (OIS), through a strong down-regulation of senescence hallmarks, such as SA- β-galactosidase, H3K9me3, HP1γ, p53, p21^CIP1 and p16^INK4a in association with induction of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In addition, hypoxia also decreased marks of H-Ras^V12-induced DDR in both cell lines through down-regulation of ATM/ATR, Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylation as well as decreased γ-H2AX positivity. Utilizing shRNA system targeting HIF-1α we show that HIF-1α is directly involved in down regulation of p53 and its target p21^CIP1 but not p16^INK4a. In line with this finding we found that knock down of HIF-1α leads to a strong induction of apoptotic response, but not restoration of senescence in Ras expressing HDFs in hypoxia. This indicates that HIF-1α is an important player in early steps of tumorigenesis, leading to suppression of senescence through its negative regulation of p53 and p21^CIP1. In our work we describe a mechanism through which hypoxia and specifically HIF-1α preclude cells from maintaining senescence-driven anti proliferative response. These findings indicate the possible mechanism through which hypoxic environment helps premalignant cells to evade impingement of cellular failsafe pathways.     

Cloning and characterization of cellular senescence-associated genes in human fibroblasts by suppression subtractive hybridization

Cellular senescence marks the end of the proliferative life span of normal cells in tissue culture and occurs after cells have undergone a certain number of population doublings (PDLs). It is accompanied by alterations in the pattern of gene expression. A specific human embryonic lung diploid fibroblast cell line, 2BS, has been studied as a model of senescence in our laboratory. Here, we report a set of cellular senescence-associated genes identified from suppression subtractive cDNA libraries from senescent and young 2BS cells. They include three novel genes and six previously identified genes of unknown function. The genes whose functions are known belong to various functional pathways that have been reported to change with the onset of senescence. These include three pre-mRNA splicing factors with reduced expression in senescent cells, indicating that the regulation of mRNA splicing is altered during cell senescence. In addition, the expression of the gene TOM1 (target of Myb 1), which has not previously been associated with cellular senescence, is shown to increase in senescent cells, and we demonstrate that the expression of antisense TOM1 gene in 2BS cells can delay the progress of senescence.     

Morphological changes of skeletal muscle, tendon and periosteum in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP6): a murine model for senile osteoporosis

SAMP6, a substrain of senescence-accelerated mouse, was developed as an animal model for senile osteoporosis. Previously we observed age-related changes of the bone in SAMP6. In the present study, we investigated the morphology of the skeletal muscle, tendon and periosteum in SAMP6 and age-matched normal mouse SAMR1. We did not find any significant differences between SAMR1 and SAMP6 at 1 and 2 months of age. As compared with SAMR1, the cross-sectional area of type I and type II muscle fibers of the soleus muscle were significantly low in SAMP6 at 8 months of age. The projections in the interface of the muscle-tendon junctions were significantly decreased in SAMP6 at 8 months of age. The number of fibroblasts and the diameter of the tendon collagen fibers in Achilles fiber were significantly reduced in SAMP6 at 8 months of age. The diameter of Sharpey's fiber reduced in SAMP6 at 5 and 8 months of age. Some chondrocytes in the insertions of Achilles tendon and some osteogenic cells in the periosteum showed degenerative changes in SAMP6 at 5 and 8 months of age. The pronounced degenerative changes were detected in the skeletal muscle, muscle-tendon junction, tendon, tendon-bone interface and periosteum in SAMP6 with age. These findings indicated the atrophy of skeletal muscle, degeneration of tendon and periosteum in SAMP6, which may be involved in the bone loss for senile osteoporosis.     

The level of butyrylcholinesterase activity increases and the content of the mRNA remains unaffected in brain of senescence-accelerated mouse SAMP8

Looking at cholinesterases (ChEs) changes in age-related mental impairment, the expression of ChEs in brain of senescence accelerated-resistant (SAMR1) and senescence accelerated-prone (SAMP8) mice was studied. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was unmodified and BuChE activity increased twofold in SAMP8 brain. SAMR1 brain contained many AChE-T mRNAs, less BuChE and PRiMA mRNAs and scant AChE-R and AChE-H mRNAs. Their content unchanged in SAMP8 brain. Amphiphilic (G(4)(A)) and hydrophilic (G(4)(H)) AChE and BuChE tetramers, besides amphiphilic dimers (G(2)(A)) and monomers (G(1)(A)) were identified in SAMR1 brain and their distribution was little modified in SAMP8 brain. Blood plasma does not seem to provide the excess of BuChE activity in SAMP8 brain; it probably arises from glial cell changes owing to astrocytosis.     

Age-related changes in blood pressure in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): aged SAMP1 mice manifest hypertensive vascular disease

Age-related changes in systolic blood pressure were assessed, using the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) model for aging research with strains SAMR1, SAMP1, and SAMP8. Each of the strains manifested a characteristic change in blood pressure with age. The SAMR1 strain, with normal aging, did not have chronologic changes from 2 to 27 months of age. The SAMP1 strain, with accelerated senescence, had a significant increase in blood pressure with age, and some (8 of 39) mice manifested hypertensive vascular disease characterized by high blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and arteriolar fibrinoid necrosis at 11 to 14 months of age. The gradual increase in blood pressure after 8 to 10 months was considered to be preceded by progressive renal changes, from glomerulonephritis to contraction of the kidney, suggesting that the high blood pressure in the SAMP1 strain was of renal origin. Blood pressure in the SAMP8 strain, with age-related deficits in learning and memory, gradually decreased after 5 to 7 months of age, and was suggested to be due to the astrogliotic changes in response to spongiform degeneration in the medulla oblongata at 11 to 14 and 15 to 18 months of age.     

Human fibroblast commitment to a senescence-like state in response to histone deacetylase inhibitors is cell cycle dependent.

Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) complete a limited number of cell divisions before entering a growth arrest state that is termed replicative senescence. Two histone deacetylase inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, dramatically reduce the HDF proliferative life span in a manner that is dependent on one or more cell doublings in the presence of these agents. Cells arrested and subsequently released from histone deacetylase inhibitors display markers of senescence and exhibit a persistent G1 block but remain competent to initiate a round of DNA synthesis in response to simian virus 40 T antigen. Average telomere length in prematurely arrested cells is greater than in senescent cells, reflecting a lower number of population doublings completed by the former. Taken together, these results support the view that one component of HDF senescence mimics a cell cycle-dependent drift in differentiation state and that propagation of HDF in histone deacetylase inhibitors accentuates this component.     

Immortalization in a normal foreskin fibroblast culture following transduction of cyclin A2 or cdk1 genes in retroviral vectors

Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) rarely, if ever, undergo spontaneous transformation to an immortalized cell type. Here we report the immortalization of an HDF cell line following transduction with cyclin A2 or cdk1 human genes via retroviral vectors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using the retroviral vector as a probe indicate that these cell lines are monoclonal. No telomerase activity could be detected in these cell lines, and the telomere length in the immortalized cells was observed to be 10-20 kb longer than that in low-passage cells from the parental fibroblast line. Cytogenetic studies revealed that the immortal lines share common chromosomal aberrations. FISH studies with a probe for p53 revealed loss of one copy of this gene which was associated with reduced steady-state levels of both p53 and p53-regulated p21(WAF1/Sdi1/CIP1) messages in both quiescent and proliferating immortalized cultures relative to the parental cells. Additional FISH studies with probes for p16(INK4a) and Rb, carried out after the immortalized cells proliferated in excess of 100 population doublings, also revealed loss of one copy of these genes in both cell lines. These cell lines, together with the well-characterized parental cells, could provide useful research material for the study of the mechanisms of immortalization and of regulation of proliferative senescence in HDF.     

加速衰老小鼠脑组织中的衰老相关基因的表达

从分子水平上研究衰老对大脑的影响有助于揭示机体衰老的分子机理 ,也有助于揭示衰老相关性脑功能异常的发生过程。本研究应用DDRT PCR方法研究衰老相关基因在SAM (Senescence acceleratedmouse)小鼠脑组织中表达的变化情况。在SAMR1TA、SAMP8/Ta、SAMP1 0 /Ta三个品系中 ,通过比较不同鼠龄SAMP1 0 /Ta (2、 4、 1 2、 1 8月龄 )的基因表达情况 ,发现在 4月龄和 1 2月龄分别有一个差异表达片段 ;对不同鼠龄的SAMP8/Ta (2、 4、 1 1月龄 )经差显比较 ,发现在 2月龄和 1 1月龄各有一差异表达片段。在不同品系的比较中发现了 1 6个差异性片段 ,分别属于SAMP1 0 /Ta (3个 )、SAMP8/Ta (6个 )和SAMR1TA (7个 )。测序结果经检索显示 ,它们分别与下列基因转录产物同源 :热休克识别蛋白 70、ATP依赖性线粒体RNA螺旋酶、DleumRNA、小鼠X染色体RP2 3 334C4克隆DNA序列、还原型辅酶Q 细胞色素c还原酶复合物 7 2kD亚单位、 6 0S核糖体蛋白L2 1、FIS、苯基烷基胺钙离子拮抗物结合蛋白、岩藻糖基转移酶 9、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子家族受体α1、内切核酸酶 /逆转录酶、PER1蛋白相关超级融原核蛋白、中心体蛋白CG NAP、转铁蛋白重链基因、巢蛋白 2基因、DNA依赖性蛋白激酶催化亚单位基因 prkdc     

Quantitative model of cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in primary human fibroblasts

Primary human fibroblasts in tissue culture undergo a limited number of cell divisions before entering a non-replicative "senescent" state. At early population doublings (PD), fibroblasts are proliferation-competent displaying exponential growth. During further cell passaging, an increasing number of cells become cell cycle arrested and finally senescent. This transition from proliferating to senescent cells is driven by a number of endogenous and exogenous stress factors. Here, we have developed a new quantitative model for the stepwise transition from proliferating human fibroblasts (P) via reversibly cell cycle arrested (C) to irreversibly arrested senescent cells (S). In this model, the transition from P to C and to S is driven by a stress function γ and a cellular stress response function F which describes the time-delayed cellular response to experimentally induced irradiation stress. The application of this model based on senescence marker quantification at the single-cell level allowed to discriminate between the cellular states P, C, and S and delivers the transition rates between the P, C and S states for different human fibroblast cell types. Model-derived quantification unexpectedly revealed significant differences in the stress response of different fibroblast cell lines. Evaluating marker specificity, we found that SA-β-Gal is a good quantitative marker for cellular senescence in WI-38 and BJ cells, however much less so in MRC-5 cells. Furthermore we found that WI-38 cells are more sensitive to stress than BJ and MRC-5 cells. Thus, the explicit separation of stress induction from the cellular stress response, and the differentiation between three cellular states P, C and S allows for the first time to quantitatively assess the response of primary human fibroblasts towards endogenous and exogenous stress during cellular ageing.     

Differential expression of the liver proteome in senescence accelerated mice

The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) is a useful animal model to study aging or age-associated disorders due to its inherited aging phenotype. To investigate proteins involved in the aging process in liver, we compared the young (4- or 20-week old) and the aged group (50-week-old) of SAMP8 (short life span) and SAMR1 (control) mice, and identified 85 differentially expressed distinct proteins comprising antioxidation, glucose/amino acid metabolism, signal transduction and cell cycle systems using proteomics tools. For the antioxidation system, the aged SAMP8 mice showed a large increase in glutathione peroxidase and decreases in glutathione-S-transferase and peroxiredoxin, ranging from 2.5- to 5-fold, suggesting lower detoxification potentials for oxidants in the aged SAMP8 liver. Similarly, levels of key glycolytic enzymes decreased greatly in the aged SAMP8 compared to SAMR1, indicating a disturbance in glucose homeostasis that may be closely related to the typical deficits in learning and memory of the aged SAMP8. Protein profiles of amino acid metabolic enzymes suggest that accumulation of glutamine and glutamate in tissues of the aged SAMP8 may be due to hyperexpression of ornithine aminotransferase and/or glutamate dehydrogenase. Decreases in levels of proteins involved in signal transduction/apoptosis (e.g., cathepsin B) in the aged SAMP8 may support the previously proposed negative relationship between apoptosis and aging. However, the changes described above were not markedly seen in the young group of both strains. For cell cycle systems, levels of selenium binding protein increased about four-fold with age in SAMP8. Yet, almost no change occurred in either the young or the aged SAMR1, which may explain problems associated with cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in the aged SAMP8. In conclusion, composite profiles of key proteins involved in age-related processes enable assessment of accelerated senescence and the appearance of senescence-related pathologies in the aged SAMP8.