沙生药用植物锁阳产地适宜性的定量评价

通过实地取样、标本查阅和文献研究获得131个锁阳（Cynomorium songaricum）采样点数据,并运用ArcGIS技术平台,从气候、土壤、地形数据库中提取了各采样点的生态因子,得出锁阳适宜生态因子范围。以此为据,利用中药材产地适宜性分析系统（TCMGIS）对锁阳在中国的产地适宜性进行多因子的空间分析。结果表明,锁阳适生区域主要位于西北干旱地区,包括内蒙古、新疆、宁夏、甘肃、青海等省（区）。研究结果对我国西北地区防沙固沙、荒漠生态保护和恢复具有重要的社会效应和生态价值。     

基于PLS分析石斛品质与生态因子的相关性

基于中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统(TCM-GIS)平台,获得了采样区域11个生态因子值.应用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)分析了石斛中的化学成分及其与生态因子的相关性.结果表明: 同种石斛不同产地的化学成分含量差异显著.土壤类型与铁皮石斛中多糖含量呈极显著正相关;年降水量与金钗石斛中石斛碱积累呈极显著正相关;温度是影响鼓槌石斛中毛兰素含量的主要因素.主成分分析表明,浙江是铁皮石斛的最佳产地,贵州是金钗石斛的最佳产地,而云南是鼓槌石斛的最佳产地.
     

南药青天葵全球产地生态适宜性分析

搜集青天葵Nervilia fordii主产区及野生分布区的分布样点,应用药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统(GMPGIS)对南药青天葵进行全球产地生态适宜性分析。对青天葵各生态因子进行聚类分析,得到青天葵在全球范围的生态适宜区和潜在的人工栽培区。中国、巴西、越南、老挝等11个国家和地区境内皆有青天葵生长的适宜区;其中适宜区面积最大的为中国,总面积为406 980.1 km~2,占全部面积的69%;青天葵在中国的适宜分布区主要位于广西、广东、福建、海南、云南等省(区)。GMPGIS分析结果为青天葵的人工栽培提供科学依据,有助于保护青天葵药用资源,以期促进稀缺药用资源青天葵的区划研究和人工栽培。     

人参药材中人参皂苷与生态因子的相关性及人参生态区划

为了扩大人参(Panax ginseng)栽培面积, 解决人参资源日益短缺的问题, 研究了人参皂苷与生态因子之间的相关性。利用超高效液相(UPLC)色谱法, 测定了辽宁、吉林和黑龙江三省不同产区人参样品中3种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re和Rb1)的含量, 并基于“中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统”(TCMGIS)平台, 获得采样区域10个生态因子(包括活动积温、年平均气温、海拔、相对湿度、年日照时数、年降水量、7月最高气温、7月平均气温、1月最低气温和1月平均气温等)数据; 利用因子分析法对16个人参基地进行因子得分评价, 得分最高的是吉林和辽宁的人参基地, 故将吉林和辽宁的人参基地作为人参生态适宜性分析的最佳区域; 通过偏最小二乘回归法建立3种人参皂苷成分与上述10个生态因子间的回归方程并获取其相应的权重, 结果发现多个温度因子与人参皂苷含量呈强负相关关系, 说明热量因子对人参皂苷活性成分的累积起主要作用, 而水分因子、地理因子和光照因子与人参皂苷含量呈弱相关关系; 以因子得分最高的吉林和辽宁人参基地为基点区域, 分别对3种人参皂苷进行单成分生态适宜性区划以及综合区划, 得知3种人参皂苷成分积累的最佳区域主要集中在长白山脉, 而燕山山脉和太行山脉只有少量分布区域。     

药用和观赏植物常山产地适宜性分析和定量评价

为了解常山(Dichroa febrifuga Lour.)现有产区分布并预测新的产区,本文利用中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统TCMGIS(Geographic Information System for Traditional Chinese Medicine)对426个常山样品信息进行了适宜生态因子生长范围确认,分析了常山适宜产地空间分布状况。结果显示,常山主要分布于我国温暖湿润的东部季风区,生态相似系数100%区域分布较为集中,总面积达760 640.1 km2,共829个县区,其中广西、云南、广东、湖南分布较多。本研究结果对常山的野生资源保护、人工规范化种植和资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

福建省多花黄精生态适宜性区划研究

通过研究多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema)的生态适宜性,为其野生资源保护及人工规范化栽培提供依据。收集237份多花黄精分布位置和55个生态因子,导入最大熵(MaxEnt)模型运算,结合地理信息系统(GIS)分析其适合生长区域。结果表明,影响多花黄精生态适宜性的主要生态因子是3月降水量、年均降水量、6月降水量、5月降水量、4月降水量、2月降水量和最冷季降水量,在福建省具有广泛适宜生长区域。模型预测结果可靠,可为多花黄精野生资源保护提供参考,并为其科学种植提供指导。     

青海湖表层沉积物重金属富集特征及其来源

针对青海湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征,测定了湖区11个采样点99个样本表层(0～20 cm)沉积物中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr和Fe的含量,采用地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价重金属富集状况,并运用相关分析和因子分析对重金属来源进行了初步探讨.结果表明,旅游区采样点151码头(1#)和江西沟码头(4#)的Zn和Cu元素及布哈河(5#)Cr为轻度污染,其他样点未受重金属污染,所有样点潜在生态危害均为轻微程度,以旅游区码头的潜在生态危害综合评价最高;沉积物中Cr、Fe和TOC存在显著相关性,且在因子1(内源因子)中占绝对负荷,其来源主要与沉积母质有关.此外,入湖河流也带入一定量的Cr元素;Pb和Zn与其他元素相关性较差,分别反映因子2(农业生产活动因子)和因子3(旅游交通排放因子)的迁移转化规律,其来源与人类活动有关;表层沉积物中Cu的积累与内源因子、农业和旅游排放因子均有关;Ni的分布特征主要受内源因子和旅游交通排放因子的影响.本研究表明,青海湖表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态危害较轻,其来源除内源因子外,还与湖区农业活动及旅游交通排放等人为因素有关.     

基于GIS的秦岭山区聚落用地适宜性评价

利用自然地理、生态和社会经济方面共14个因子构建秦岭山区聚落建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,采用AHP法确定各评价因子的权重,在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术支持下,利用适宜性评价模型定量评价聚落建设用地适宜性,将聚落建设用地适宜性分为五个等级,并结合已建设区进行空缺分析。结果表明:(1)秦岭山区最适宜聚落用地面积为3378.1 km2,占研究区总面积的5.87%,说明秦岭山区适宜聚落开发的土地相对较少。(2)最适宜聚落用地集中在秦岭北、南坡山麓和东部的山间河谷地带,山地型特征明显。(3)有9.15%已建成区分布在限制建设区内,存在生态安全风险。(4)可用适宜聚落建设用地为3192.27 km2,空间分布不平衡。研究结果可为该区域城镇体系布局与用地规模的核算提供科学依据。     

鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布

【背景】界面微生物群落组成研究日益成为微生态系统的研究热点之一。【目的】探究鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布。【方法】选取鄱阳湖河湖交错带的典型采样点11个,现场采集水样,进行理化指标分析。运用扩增子测序获得了上述样品的16SrRNA基因序列数据。根据多样性指数和丰富度指数计算比较11个采样点样品的微生物群落多样性和丰富度。根据β多样性距离矩阵,利用相似度树状图对细菌群落进行聚类分析,研究鄱阳湖河湖交错带微生物分布差异。基于冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)研究理化因子与微生物群落分布之间的关系。【结果】鄱阳湖河湖交错带水体为中性或微酸性水质、总氮含量在V类标准以上、总磷含量在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类标准间波动。鄱阳湖河湖交错带水体细菌优势种组成大体相似,只是其相对丰度有所区别,其中门级微生物群落优势类群为:变形菌门(Proteobacteria,36.18%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,22.18%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,17.06%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,8.87%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria,4.43%)。水体中变形菌门以γ-变形菌为优势菌群,以β-变形菌为次优势菌群;属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的是放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的其他属类(11.4%)。乐安河(R9采样点)与鄱阳湖长江交汇处(H11采样点)的细菌α多样性指数较高,万家桥(N2采样点)、赣江鄱阳湖交汇处(W6采样点)和瑶湖(Y10采样点)的α多样性指数最低。从细菌群落组成看:鄱阳湖大湖池保护区(W7采样点)、乐安河(R9采样点)和鄱阳湖长江交汇处(H11采样点)群落组成相似,其余8个采样点群落组成相似。pH值(P=0.735 2)、总氮(P=0.761 4)和总磷(P=0.612 8)是影响微生物群落分布的主要环境因子。【结论】鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布差异较为明显,其空间地理差异叠加人类活动的扰动,影响了植被、水文、富营养化程度等,从而导致水体理化指标的差异,进而影响细菌群落的组成,水体理化指标相似的区域细菌群落组成也相似。水体富营养化严重的区域细菌多样性低。该研究有助于深层次了解鄱阳湖河湖交错的生态系统结构和功能,可为鄱阳湖水环境治理和生态保护提供相应的技术支持,对维持鄱阳湖生态平衡有着重要的意义。     

基于周丛藻类群落结构的新疆额尔齐斯河生态健康评价

周丛藻类对水环境变化较为敏感,可迅速而灵敏的反映水质健康状况。本研究于2019年对额尔齐斯河周丛藻类群落结构和水环境特征进行了系统调查,并运用周丛藻类生物完整性指数(Periphytic algae index of biotic integrity, P-IBI)对生态健康进行了评价。结果表明:额尔齐斯河周丛藻类有6门41属102种,以硅藻门为主。周丛藻类密度和生物量的时间变化趋势为:9月>7月>5月,空间分布趋势为中下游>上游、支流>干流。主成分分析(PCA)与典范对应分析(CCA)显示,影响周丛藻类群落结构的主要环境因子有水温、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、pH、悬浮物,不同月份的环境影响因素有所差异。额尔齐斯河周丛藻类多样性指数(H′)、丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)的平均值分别为3.52、3.02、0.75,显示额尔齐斯河流域整体水质为寡污或无污。P-IBI分析结果显示:5个采样点为健康状态,1个采样点为亚健康状态,3个采样点为一般状况,1个采样点极差,表明额尔齐斯河整体生态健康状况趋于良好。本研究可为额尔齐斯河的水环境监测提供...     

Home ranges of brown bears on the Kamchatka peninsula and Sakhalin Island

Territorial activity was studied using satellite tracking of four brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Kamchatka in 2005–2006 and three brown bears on Sakhalin in 2011–2012. The size of annual home ranges was 6.09–27.58 km² for females and 153.12 km² for males. The size of the nuclear zone of the annual home ranges did not exceed 1.68 km². Seasonal home ranges were largest in August-September and smallest in May. The home ranges of two females in Kamchatka were significantly overlapped, the lesser degree of overlap was noted for two females on Sakhalin. The nature of the use of the study area by bears, essentially depends on the seasonal distribution of food, in particular salmon.     

The effect of experimental removal of red foxesVulpes vulpes on spring density of brown haresLepus europaeus in western Poland

Red foxesVulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) were experimentally removed in two nearby areas located in western Poland to verify the hypothesis about the limiting impact of their predation on the low-density population of brown haresLepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778) (4.4-10.6 ind./km² in late autumn). In 1996/1997–2001/2002 foxes were culled (mainly in autumn and winter) in the reduction area (32 km²), whereas in the control area (34 km²) intensive culling was carried out only in 2000/2001–2001/2002. Indices of fox and hare spring densities were estimated using spotlight counts, as mean numbers of individuals observed per 10 km of the counting route. Annual changes in the fox density indices were negatively correlated with the bag of foxes, and annual changes in the hare density indices were negatively related to the annual changes in fox density indices. The fox density indices were significantly lower in the reduction area than in the control one only in 2000–2001 (2.8 times, on average), and in the same years, the hare population responded with higher density (1.7 times, on average). The hare responses took place without time delay, which suggests that the changes in fox abundance affected the situation of hares primarily in the autumn-winter season.     

福建省城镇-交通系统的景观分隔效应

近年来,我国城市及交通基础设施建设的迅猛发展对区域生态功能造成了严重影响.城镇-交通网络的不断强化和扩展加剧了区域景观的破碎化并导致多种景观功能的退化.以2007年为研究基准年,采用跨边界有效栅格评价指标,借助地理信息技术,定量评估了福建省由城镇-交通网络引发的景观分隔效应.研究结果显示,面积大小位于0-15 km2的斑块数量最多.厦门、漳州、泉州3市小于300 km2的斑块面积及斑块数量分别所占比例率均高于南平、三明和龙岩3市.福建省有效栅格计算结果显示,全省景观破碎化呈现北轻南重、西轻东重的空间分布格局.沿海地区和交通干线周边破碎化明显高于其他地区.以地市为报告单位,福建省景观破碎化的空间分布呈现由西向东的梯度格局.景观破碎化最轻微地区(龙岩市、三明市、南平市有效栅格值处于679.2-939.0 km2之间)和最严重地区(厦门市、泉州市、漳州市的有效栅格值处于197.1-336.2 km2之间)形成鲜明对比.结果还显示,福建省厦门市、泉州市、漳州市的景观破碎化水平与欧洲发达国家如荷兰、比利时等接近;西部的三明市、北部的南平市则接近美国加利福尼亚.以县(市、区)为报告单位,全省景观破碎程度的空间分布从西至东呈现三级梯度.以瑞士Glarus州跨边界有效栅格值为参照,厦门、泉州和漳州3市所辖各县(市、区)的景观破碎化程度均高于Glarus.宁德、福州、莆田3市各县(市、区)则与Glarus基本持平.南平、三明、龙岩3市各县(市、区)则好于Glarus,其中,三明市和南平市各县(市、区)跨边界有效栅格值远大于Glarus.     

退耕还林还草工程生态效应的地域分异特征

退耕还林还草工程作为我国投资最大、涉及面最广的一项重大生态工程,其生态经济社会效应是行业部门及学术界关注的焦点。选择退耕还林还草面积、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀量作为指标,依据遥感反演和模型模拟得到的结果,分析了2000—2015年县域退耕还林还草时空差异,退耕还林还草区域植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀变化及其对县域生态状况变化的贡献,并基于规划目标评估了退耕还林还草工程的宏观生态效应及其地域分异特征。结果表明:(1)近15年,工程区耕地转林地面积12.75万km~2,耕地转林地区域植被覆盖度年增加0.32%、土壤水蚀和风蚀模数分别年减少0.43 t/hm~2和0.21 t/hm~2。(2)耕地转草地面积9.43万km~2,耕地转草地区域植被覆盖度年增加0.43%,土壤水蚀和风蚀模数分别年减少0.55 t/hm~2和0.94 t/hm~2。(3)工程区全县域植被覆盖度年增加0.17%,平均土壤水蚀和风蚀模数分别年减少0.13 t/hm~2和0.68 t/hm~2。(4)遥感估算结果与工程规划目标相比,退耕还林的面积完成率达到87%,工程区林草覆盖率增加4.8%—6.5%,工程区平均土壤水蚀和风蚀模数逐年减少,大部分县域15度及以上坡耕地退耕比例超过50%。工程在黄土丘陵沟壑、东北山地及沙地、云贵高原等区域凸显了提高植被覆盖度与土壤抗蚀效应的正面作用。     

Integrating sign surveys and telemetry data for estimating brown bear (Ursus arctos) density in the Romanian Carpathians

Accurate population size estimates are important information for sustainable wildlife management. The Romanian Carpathians harbor the largest brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in Europe, yet current management relies on estimates of density that lack statistical oversight and ignore uncertainty deriving from track surveys. In this study, we investigate an alternative approach to estimate brown bear density using sign surveys along transects within a novel integration of occupancy models and home range methods. We performed repeated surveys along 2‐km segments of forest roads during three distinct seasons: spring 2011, fall‐winter 2011, and spring 2012, within three game management units and a Natura 2000 site. We estimated bears abundances along transects using the number of unique tracks observed per survey occasion via N‐mixture hierarchical models, which account for imperfect detection. To obtain brown bear densities, we combined these abundances with the effective sampling area of the transects, that is, estimated as a function of the median (± bootstrapped SE) of the core home range (5.58 ± 1.08 km²) based on telemetry data from 17 bears tracked for 1‐month periods overlapping our surveys windows. Our analyses yielded average brown bear densities (and 95% confidence intervals) for the three seasons of: 11.5 (7.8–15.3), 11.3 (7.4–15.2), and 12.4 (8.6–16.3) individuals/100 km². Across game management units, mean densities ranged between 7.5 and 14.8 individuals/100 km². Our method incorporates multiple sources of uncertainty (e.g., effective sampling area, imperfect detection) to estimate brown bear density, but the inference fundamentally relies on unmarked individuals only. While useful as a temporary approach to monitor brown bears, we urge implementing DNA capture–recapture methods regionally to inform brown bear management and recommend increasing resources for GPS collars to improve estimates of effective sampling area.     

中国东部亚热带森林土壤呼吸的时空格局

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环中仅次于全球总初级生产力的第二大碳通量途径, 揭示土壤呼吸的时空格局对整个陆地碳循环具有重要意义。该文在中国东部亚热带季风气候区, 按纬度梯度由南向北选取深圳梧桐山、杨东山十二度水保护区、宁波天童山3个区域作为研究对象, 于2009年8月至2010年10月测定了不同季节各个区域内代表性植被类型的土壤呼吸速率及地下5 cm处土壤温度, 旨在初步了解中国东部亚热带森林地区土壤呼吸的时空格局及其影响因素。结果显示: 3个区域的土壤呼吸速率均存在显著的季节变化, 其变幅为2.64-6.24 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s^-1, 总体趋势和地下5 cm处土壤温度的季节变化一致, 均为夏季最高冬季最低; 土壤温度的变化可以解释不同样地土壤呼吸季节变化的58.3%-90.2%; 各样地全年的Q₁₀值从1.56到3.27; 通过离样地最近的气象站点的日平均气温与试验样地地下5 cm处土壤温度之间的线性正相关关系推算出日土壤温度的变化, 利用土壤呼吸速率和地下5 cm处土壤温度之间的指数关系, 估算出各样地全年的土壤CO₂通量为1 077-2 058 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 在全球所有生态系统类型中处于较高水平。     

Effects of Forest Regrowth and Urbanization on Ecosystem Carbon Storage in a Rural–Urban Gradient in the Southeastern United States

Forest regrowth after cropland abandonment and urban sprawl are two counteracting processes that have influenced carbon (C) sequestration in the southeastern United States in recent decades. In this study, we examined patterns of land-use/land-cover change and their effect on ecosystem C storage in three west Georgia counties (Muscogee, Harris, and Meriwether) that form a rural–urban gradient. Using time series Landsat imagery data including MSS for 1974, TM for 1983 and 1991, and ETM for 2002, we estimate that from 1974 to 2002, urban land use in the area has increased more than 380% (that is, 184 km²). Most newly urbanized land (63%) has been converted from forestland. Conversely, cropland and pasture area has decreased by over 59% (that is, 380 km²). Most of the cropland area was converted to forest. As a result, the net change in forest area was small over the past 29 years. Based on Landsat imagery and agricultural census records, we reconstructed an annual gridded data set of land-cover change for the three counties for the period 1850 to 2002. These data sets were then used as input to the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to simulate land-use effects on C fluxes and storage for the study area. Simulated results suggest that C uptake by forest regrowth (approximately 23.0 g C m⁻² y⁻¹) was slightly greater than the amount of C released due to deforestation (approximately 18.4 g C m⁻² y⁻¹), thus making the three counties a weak C sink. However, the relative importance of different deforestation processes in this area changed significantly through time. Although agricultural deforestation was generally the most important C-release process, the amount of C release attributable to urbanization has increased over time. Since 1990, urbanization has accounted for 29% of total C loss from the study area. We conclude that balancing urban development and forest protection is critically important for C management and policy making in the southeastern United States.     

Identifying climate refugia and its potential impact on Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Climate change has direct impacts on wildlife and future biodiversity protection efforts. Vulnerability assessment and habitat connectivity analyses are necessary for drafting effective conservation strategies for threatened species such as the Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus). We used the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to assess the current (1950–2000) and future (2041–2060) habitat suitability by combining bioclimatic and environmental variables, and identified potential climate refugia for Tibetan brown bears in Sanjiangyuan National Park, China. Next, we selected Circuit model to simulate potential migration paths based on current and future climatically suitable habitat. Results indicate a total area of potential suitable habitat under the current climate scenario of approximately 31,649.46 km², of which 28,778.29 km² would be unsuitable by the 2050s. Potentially suitable habitat under the future climate scenario was projected to cover an area of 23,738.6 km². Climate refugia occupied 2,871.17 km², primarily in the midwestern and northeastern regions of Yangtze River Zone, as well as the northern region of Yellow River Zone. The altitude of climate refugia ranged from 4,307 to 5,524 m, with 52.93% lying at altitudes between 4,300 and 4,600 m. Refugia were mainly distributed on bare rock, alpine steppe, and alpine meadow. Corridors linking areas of potentially suitable brown bear habitat and a substantial portion of paths with low‐resistance value were distributed in climate refugia. We recommend various actions to ameliorate the impact of climate change on brown bears, such as protecting climatically suitable habitat, establishing habitat corridors, restructuring conservation areas, and strengthening monitoring efforts.     

林下植被抚育对樟人工林生态系统碳储量的影响

以亚热带东部地区48年生樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林为研究对象, 探讨不同林下植被处理方式对植被和土壤碳储量的影响。研究结果表明: 1)林下植被抚育增加了植被的碳储量, 增幅为48.87%, 平均每年比未抚育林分增加了0.62 t·hm^-2; 2)林下植被抚育降低了土壤有机碳含量, 降低幅度介于4.79%-34.13%之间, 其中0-10 cm、10-20 cm土层比未抚育林分分别降低了10.16 g·kg^-1和8.58 g·kg^-1, 差异达到显著水平(p < 0.05); 3)林下植被抚育降低了森林土壤碳储量, 降低幅度介于1.98%-43.45%之间, 其中0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层分别降低了15.39 t·hm^-2和11.58 t·hm^-2, 差异达到极显著水平(p < 0.01)和显著水平(p < 0.05); 4)林下植被抚育降低了森林生态系统总碳储量, 降低幅度为4.27%, 但差异不显著。因此, 林下植被抚育虽有利于植被碳储量的积累, 但降低了土壤有机碳含量和储量。