新Jiao堤围果林生态环境污染调查与保护对策

广州市海珠区新Ｊｉａｏ镇堤桌林区设点采样,对大气,自然降水等生态痼子,以及果树叶片的污染现状进行监测调查,结合现有广州市环境污染资料,对果林生态民环境污染现状进行综合分析。     

广州城市河岸带环境及最佳管理措施 BMPs 应用初探

近年来国内逐步引进并开发新的最佳管理措施(Best Management Practices, BMPs)用于农村或城市面源污染控制 , 考虑国内在 BMPs 应用时比选决策基本依赖国外经验和系统、国内尚无有效决策系统等问题, 文章选择广州市车陂涌、台涌、珠江干道大学城河段的河岸带作为研究对象, 针对三条河涌河岸带各自的具体情况, 通过初选、对备选的 5 项 BMPs(植被过滤带、植草沟、入渗沟、砂滤系统和透水性铺面)进行比选, 并确定生态环境和经济效益作为评价指标进行综合评价 , 最终确定出适合三条河涌各自的 BMPs, 初步建立 BMPs 应用决策程序 , 形成广州城市河岸带BMPs 应用初步方案, 为广州应用 BMPs 控制城市面源污染与河涌整治提供一定的参考。     

广州市河涌水环境原位治理生物修复技术

针对广州市河涌治理的紧迫性、复杂性以及传统治理方法的缺陷与不足,本文介绍了一种利用生物修复技术原位治理广州黑臭河涌污染的方法。该方法通过河道曝气增氧、投放微生物菌剂、底泥生物修复和设置生物巢系统等步骤和措施,控制和消除河涌外源和内源污染,净化河涌水质,提高水体自净能力,达到消除黑臭、消除河道底泥的目的。本方法无须在河道中兴建构筑物,也无须清疏河道底泥,普遍适用于截污、清淤的河涌,以及受潮汐影响流态变化复杂的河道进行原位治理,恢复水体正常生态功能,为众多的城镇黑臭河涌提供了切实可行、经济方便的治理方法。     

利用植物多级净化广州污染河涌水体及景观修复设想

对广州市水系污染状况及其综合治污的重要性和必要性进行了分析,对以往靠比较单一的污水处理厂处理污水效果较差的原因从多个角度进行了探究.对于采取建立利用植物多级处理、净化水污染物的立体处理系统的原理、必要性及可行性进行了分析;针对广州市土地紧张,在水厂内难以建立大型植物氧化塘的特点,提出了在各个河涌建立各级以高等植物为主的植物净化系统等措施,对主要技术措施进行了论述,并对其所能达到的改善水生态系统、实现良好的景观效益和生态效益方面进行了深入的探讨.     

广州地区淡水水体尿素的分布特征

近年来,随着农业的发展,化学肥料尿素的使用量逐年攀升,由于土壤中氮肥的流失,导致水体中尿素含量偏高,对浮游植物的生长繁殖起到了重要的作用。于2007年8月～2008年7月对广州市区、从化市、花都区和增城区四个地区的具有代表性的河涌、河流、人工湖和水库等47个样点的尿素含量进行了一年的监测。结果表明,这四个地区河涌、河流、人工湖和水库都不同程度的受到了尿素的污染,其中广州市区尿素污染最严重,其次是花都区和增城区,污染最轻的是从化市;从水体类型来看,人工湖和大多数水库尿素污染较轻,而人口居住较密集地区和农田附近的河涌和河流污染较严重,可能与人类活动和农业生产关系较大。     

大氯污染对白云山森林植被的损害分析

通过测定白云山马尾松Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ、台湾相思Ａｃａｓｉａ ｃｏｎｆｕｓａ植物光合特性和叶片含氟、硫量,并将广州市城区及白云山测点大气污染、酸雨等污染特征和发展趋势,与大气污染、酸雨影响植物的阈值和剂量－反应关系进行综合分析,评价广州市大气污染对白云山森林植物生态环境的影响。结果表明,位于白云山山南（麓湖）公路边的植物光合系统和细胞膜均产生明显变异,由汽东尾气衍生的光化学氧化剂污染     

微生物除臭剂消除垃圾压缩中恶臭的效果评估

针对广州市城市生活垃圾的收运和处置现状 ,采用一种新型的微生物除臭剂及自行研发的高效除臭自动喷雾装置对城市垃圾压缩、转运过程中产生的臭气污染进行控制 ,并对其除臭效果进行了评估。     

《国际微生物生态学会会刊》:科学家揭示微生物消减底泥污染物作用机制

<正>广东省微生物所研究员许玫英发现,微生物驱动的硝酸盐还原过程在复合污染底泥修复中发挥重要作用。相关成果3月27日在线发表于自然出版集团所属《国际微生物生态学会会刊》。据了解,虽然近年来大部分水域已实现沿岸截污,但水环境质量并未得到明显改善。这主要是水体底泥污染未能得到有效控制所致。许玫英团队在珠江三角洲某典型污染河涌进行了长达28个月的研究,总结出复合污染河涌水体和沉积物中典型污染物的分布特点、变化规律及其与水     

大气污染对白云山森林植被的损害分析

通过测定白云山马尾松Pinusmassoniana、台湾相思Acasiaconfusa植物光合特性和叶片含氟、硫量 ,并将广州市城区及白云山测点大气污染、酸雨等污染特征和发展趋势 ,与大气污染、酸雨影响植物的阈值和剂量 -反应关系进行综合分析 ,评价广州市大气污染对白云山森林植物生态环境的影响。结果表明 ,位于白云山山南 (麓湖 )公路边的植物光合系统和细胞膜均产生明显变异 ,由汽车尾气衍生的光化学氧化剂污染物和酸雨是主要的影响因素。说明广州市大气污染已给白云山森林植被造成一定的损害 ,这种损害影响是低剂量长期的综合慢性效应 ,最终将导致森林的衰退 ,应引起重视。     

模糊数学评价法在广州花都区地表水质现状评价中的应用

在环境调查和监测的基础上综合评价了广州市花都区地表水环境质量现状,为花都区的污染治理及规划提供了科学依据。在评价过程中,重点讨论了评价因子的选取、权重值的运算,并对其评价的结果与水环境调查的实际状况进行了对比分析。评价结果表明:模糊数学评价的结果与花都区地表水质现状相符,全区地表水质尚可,各水库水质都优于Ⅲ类;但区内工业园排水对地表水有不良影响,天马河井岗桥附近出现石油类污染和有机污染,水质属于Ⅴ类;评价方法有实用价值。     

百喜草及其在南方果园生草栽培和草被体系中的应用

果园立地条件差、土壤肥力不足是影响我国果树产量和果实品质的重要因素。百喜草是优良的果园生草栽培和草被体系草种。在我国南方果产区推广应用百喜草,对于防止水土流失、改善果园生态环境、培肥果园土壤、提高果实产量和品质具有重要意义。     

百喜草及其在南方果园生草栽培和草被体系中的应用

果园立地条件差、土壤肥力不足是影响我国果树产量和果实品质的重要因素。百喜草是优良的果园生草栽培和草被体系草种。在我国南方果产区推广应用百喜草,对于防止水土流失、改善果园生态环境、培肥果园土壤、提高果实产量和品质具有重要意义。     

Managing the water of the Border Rivers in Australia: irrigation,Government and the wetland environment

Humans remove considerable amounts of water from rivers in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. As a result, many wetlands no longer flood for as long or as frequently as they used to. Even though the extent of ecological damage is becoming better understood, the policies which contributed to increased water use are not well known. The Border Rivers Region of Australia provides an opportunity to more closely examine these issues. Water use rose by more than 2,700% between 1969 and 1991, mostly to irrigate cotton crops. Between 1969 and 1984, only about 5% of the water, measured at Goondiwindi on the main river channel of the Macintyre River, was used for irrigation. Water use to irrigate cotton increased to 60–69% of this measure in the period 1992–1995, which included two extremely dry years. This development was driven primarily by Governments through building dams. The ecological and economic costs of such changes were never adequately measured or forecasted. The key question for the future is whether Government should insist on proponents paying these costs or continue to promote and build infrastructure for water resource developments. Whatever the verdict, there must be better recognition of the economic and ecological costs through transparent processes of environmental assessment. This includes the economic benefits of riverine and wetland conservation. In addition, governmental environment protection and conservation agencies should participate more fully in decisions of water resource management if there is to be balance between resource exploitation and protection.     

环境中的黑色微塑料——轮胎磨损颗粒的来源、迁移扩散及环境风险

近年来,随着汽车人均保有量的持续增长,轮胎在道路上磨损产生的轮胎磨损颗粒也在各种环境介质中被广泛发现,其环境行为和效应已引起广泛关注。这些微、纳米级轮胎磨损颗粒在道路上产生后,会飘散到大气或随雨水、径流进入周边土壤、河流,部分甚至流入海洋。轮胎磨损颗粒的存在会显著影响环境中有机物的构成,同时其载带的重金属和有机添加剂的释放也会对环境生物及人体健康产生潜在危害。本文总结了近年来有关轮胎磨损颗粒的来源、特征,在水体、大气和土壤环境中的迁移扩散,分析了其环境影响和生态风险,探讨了轮胎磨损颗粒污染研究中亟待解决的关键问题和防治措施。     

植物修复在抗生素污染治理中的应用研究进展

抗生素的环境污染问题日益严峻,如何对抗生素污染的水体和土壤进行有效的原位处理已然成为亟待解决的问题.植物修复是具有处理成本低、二次污染可控、易于后续处理、不破坏土壤和河流生态环境等优势的绿色、原位修复技术,已被证明是可用于抗生素污染治理的处理技术之一.因此,通过文献搜索和总结分析,作者们对植物修复在抗生素污染治理中的应...     

森林植物的一些特殊环境功能

本文从植物对大气、水体和土壤化角度分析了森林的特殊环境功能,有些植物能吸收空气中各种有害气体,如SO₂、Cl₂、HF以及放射性物质,可用于治理大气污染,或用于环境污染监测;许多森林植物对各种污染物有一定的吸收、积累和分解作用,因而,可以用于污染环境的修复治理;植物通过蒸腾作用向大气中释放大量的水分,带走了热量,降低了大气的温度;森林还能保持水土、防风固沙、涵养水源.因而,森林具有美化环境,清理环境污染物,稳定气候等重大的环境功能.     

Urgency,development stage and coordination degree analysis to support differentiation management of water pollution emission control and economic development in the eastern coastal area of China

The eastern coastal areas of China have high-density population, developed society and economy, and large water pollution emissions. How to reduce water pollution and realize the coordinated development of the economy and environment has become the national focus. Effective environmental policies should consider regional differences in development stage and sustainability performance. Here, we first analyzed the water pollution emissions intensity of the eastern coastal areas of China and the urgency of emissions reduction using 8-year environmental statistics from 2003 to 2010. We characterized development stages of the eastern coastal areas based on the relationships between water pollution emissions intensity and economic development. Further, we built a coordination degree index of economic development and water environment protection as a measure of sustainability. Results show that water pollution emissions intensity decreases as the economy grows from 2003 to 2010. The less-developed regions have a better coordination degree than some more-developed regions, especially those most-developed ones (e.g., Shanghai show more pressures on long-term sustainability than Hebei). The less-developed regions should take advantage of economic growth to invest more advanced environment protection technologies. The more-developed regions need to upgrade its economic structures and municipal infrastructures. Overall, the study provided a comprehensive approach to understand regional difference in development stage and sustainability performance in the eastern coastal region of China as well as the need of different environmental policies to reduce water pollution emissions.     

城市综合生态风险评价——以淮北市城区为例

城市面临复杂的生态风险,为了保障城市安全,需要对单一灾害或污染源的生态风险评估结果进行整合。基于城市复合生态系统特性,将当前城市地域常见的生态风险区分为自然灾害、环境污染及生态退化等3种主要类型,以土地利用单元作为风险受体,整合自然、人文、景观及环境因子,在现有生态风险评价研究方法基础上,构建了城市综合生态风险评价的空间分析框架。研究中选择淮北市城区作为研究区,针对研究区内存在的洪涝、干旱、水污染、大气污染、采煤塌陷及生态服务降低等生态风险类型,定量评价其空间差异,并提出相应的风险防范措施。案例分析结果表明,研究区综合生态风险较高的区域包括龙河、岱河、龙岱河与闸河等过境河流流经塌陷密集带的河段,北湖、东湖、中湖及南湖等人工湖泊沿岸,化家湖湖岸,及土型、新蔡、北杨新杨煤矿及其外围地区。由降低生态风险保障城市生态安全角度,在未来城市的整体规划中,建议结合城市外围绿地与城市内部的高风险区域,划设禁建或限建区域,共同构建淮北城市生态风险防范的空间结构。     

The rivers Rhine and Meuse in The Netherlands: present state and signs of ecological recovery

The ecosystems of the rivers Rhine and Meuse have suffered drastic environmental changes, for example because of the regulation of the stream bed and the construction of weirs and dams. Furthermore, discharges of industrial and municipal waste water have caused the water quality of these rivers to deteriorate; this problem became acute in the sixties and seventies. Recently some chemical parameters of water quality have improved in the Rhine, and as a consequence some aquatic communities are showing signs of recovery after decades of severe degradation. This paper describes the present state of the aquatic communities in the Dutch part of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, using published observations on plankton, macrophytes, invertebrates, and fish. The sparse information on the food chain in these rivers is summarized. The main channels of the Rhine and Meuse are characterized by a dense plankton that develops rapidly in the nutrient-rich river waters. The stream beds, now dominated by wave-exposed sand and gravel, have a sparse fauna and flora. The river banks, mostly consolidated by blocks of stone, offer a substratum for numerous benthic organisms, particularly now that the water quality has improved. The floodplain waters and old river channels harbour a flora and fauna rich in species. The degree of water exchange with the river is crucial for the ecological development of the river and its backwaters. Today the freshwater tidal reaches of the rivers occupy a very restricted area, and only remnants of the previously abundant vegetation of rushes are found. Losses in the numbers of animal and plant species, notably those specific to rivers, are evident, but over the last 15 years several species have returned. Allochthonous species (exotics), including crustaceans and molluscs, have also settled in the Rhine and Meuse. Fish species characteristic of these rivers, such as river lamprey, sea trout, barbel, and flounder, have recently been observed in appreciable numbers. The Rhine Action Programme provides a framework for the large-scale rehabilitation of the Rhine. Experiments on re-stocking the Rhine with Atlantic salmon and on the ecological rehabilitation of floodplains are being carried out on the assumption that there will be a further reduction of the pollution load. A similar programme is required for the Meuse.     

闽江流域生态安全格局及其生态保护修复措施

流域及其生态环境问题受到国内外的广泛关注,我国面临的流域生态环境问题突出亟待解决,体现流域生态系统完整性的山水林田湖草生命共同体理念对我国流域生态保护修复工作具有重要意义。以福建省山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点的工程区——闽江流域为例,在介绍其生态环境特征的基础上,通过梳理分析,根据区域生态功能的重要性构建“一江一带一区一屏”的闽江流域总体生态安全格局,面临的主要生态环境问题包括闽江水环境污染、流域岸带水土流失、矿区生态破坏、森林屏障和生物多样性退化等一系列威胁;分析提出了闽江水环境综合治理、干支流沿岸带水土流失防治、矿区废弃土地修复、武夷山地等重要生态屏障森林和生物多样性保护等主要任务及相应工程措施,体现了流域整体性、系统性的保护修复需求和内在逻辑;讨论了监测、评价等保障措施,为改善闽江流域生态系统和开展山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程提供科学依据和实践经验。