Vitreoscilla hemoglobin aids respiration under hypoxic conditions in its native host

When Vitreoscilla were grown in medium containing 60mM sodium nitrite under both normal and limited aeration conditions, the levels of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) were decreased by greater than 90%, while the levels of the terminal respiratory oxidase, cytochrome bo, were increased 350% under normal aeration and 7-23% under limited aeration. Cytochrome function, as measured by both NADH and ubiquinol oxidases for cells grown under both conditions, increased in parallel (by 150-222% and 8-56%, respectively, for the two activities). Nitrite in the medium inhibited Vitreoscilla growth at both normal and limited aeration. The inhibition of VHb at 60mM nitrite decreased whole cell respiration to the greatest degree in stationary phase for growth in limited aeration conditions, which was the most oxygen poor condition tested. These results are consistent with the originally proposed role for VHb, as an aid to respiration under hypoxic conditions.     

Vitreoscilla hemoglobin binds to subunit I of cytochrome bo ubiquinol oxidases

The bacterium, Vitreoscilla, can induce the synthesis of a homodimeric hemoglobin under hypoxic conditions. Expression of VHb in heterologous bacteria often enhances growth and increases yields of recombinant proteins and production of antibiotics, especially under oxygen-limiting conditions. There is evidence that VHb interacts with bacterial respiratory membranes and cytochrome bo proteoliposomes. We have examined whether there are binding sites for VHb on the cytochrome, using the yeast two-hybrid system with VHb as the bait and testing every Vitreoscilla cytochrome bo subunit as well as the soluble domains of subunits I and II. A significant interaction was observed only between VHb and intact subunit I. We further examined whether there are binding sites for VHb on cytochrome bo from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two organisms in which stimulatory effects of VHb have been observed. Again, in both cases a significant interaction was observed only between VHb and subunit I. Because subunit I contains the binuclear center where oxygen is reduced to water, these data support the function proposed for VHb of providing oxygen directly to the terminal oxidase; it may also explain its positive effects in Vitreoscilla as well as in heterologous organisms.     

Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. Intracellular localization and binding to membranes

The obligate aerobic bacterium, Vitreoscilla, synthesizes elevated quantities of a homodimeric hemoglobin (VHb) under hypoxic growth conditions. Expression of VHb in heterologous hosts often enhances growth and product formation. A role in facilitating oxygen transfer to the respiratory membranes is one explanation of its cellular function. Immunogold labeling of VHb in both Vitreoscilla and recombinant Escherichia coli bearing the VHb gene clearly indicated that VHb has a cytoplasmic (not periplasmic) localization and is concentrated near the periphery of the cytosolic face of the cell membrane. OmpA signal-peptide VHb fusions were transported into the periplasm in E. coli, but this did not confer any additional growth advantage. The interaction of VHb with respiratory membranes was also studied. The K(d) values for the binding of VHb to Vitreoscilla and E. coli cell membranes were approximately 5-6 microm, a 4-8-fold higher affinity than those of horse myoglobin and hemoglobin for these same membranes. VHb stimulated the ubiquinol-1 oxidase activity of inverted Vitreoscilla membranes by 68%. The inclusion of Vitreoscilla cytochrome bo in proteoliposomes led to 2.4- and 6-fold increases in VHb binding affinity and binding site number, respectively, relative to control liposomes, suggesting a direct interaction between VHb and cytochrome bo.     

从透明颤菌血红蛋白谈到植物缺氧与转基因作物

扼要介绍透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在多种微生物的表达、调节和生理功能,特别是在生物工程方面可能的应用。但最值得重视的是这一基因在烟草中的表达及其生理效应,它为我们提出一个重要的问题,就是植物是否缺氧,透明颤菌血红蛋白基因很可能是构建转基因作物的重要元件。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在产PHB重组大肠杆菌中的引入

将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因 (vgb)采用插入染色体的方式引入产聚 β 羟基丁酸酯(PHB)重组大肠杆菌VG1 (pTU1 4)中 ,以从分子水平上提高克隆菌对氧的利用率 ,解决PHB发酵生产过程中的供氧矛盾 ,透明颤菌血红蛋白的一氧化碳差光谱分析明表 ,vgb基因可以在VG1 (pTU1 4)中成功表达 ,且其表达量受溶氧水平的调控。Vgb基因的引入可以同时促进菌体生长和PHB产品的积累 ,且溶氧水平越低 ,VHB表达量越高 ,这种促进作用就越明显     

毕赤酵母中表达透明颤菌血红蛋白提高重组脂肪酶的表达

解脂耶氏酵母胞外脂肪酶Lip2(YlLip2)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了改善高密度发酵生产Y1Lip2过程中的溶氧限制,提高Y1Lip2的表达量,将YlLip2基因lip2和透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)基因vgb分别置于AOXl启动子和PsADH2启动子的调控之下,进行YlLip2和VHb在毕赤酵母中的共表达.PsADH2启动子来源于树干毕赤酵母Pichia stipitis,在低氧条件下能被激活.SDS-PAGE和CO-差式光谱分析表明,Y1Lip2和VHb在重组菌中成功实现了共表达.在氧限制性条件下,VHb表达的细胞(VHb+,GS 115/9Klip2-pZPVT)与对照细胞(VHb-,GS 115/9Klip2)相比,摇瓶和10 L发酵罐中YlLip2表达量分别提高了25％和83％.此外,在低氧条件下,VHb+细胞在10 L发酵罐中的生物量也比VHb-细胞高.文中也获得了一株表达了VHb的并携带有多个lip2基因拷贝的克隆子GS 115/9Klip2-pZP VTlip2 49#,在低氧条件下,该克隆子在10L发酵罐中的最高脂肪酶水解活力达33 900 U/mL.因此,在毕赤酵母中用PsADH2启动子表达VHb,同时增加lip2基因的拷贝数是提高YlLip2表达量的一种有效策略.     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因调控与功能的研究

透明颤菌(Vitreoscila)血红蛋白(VHB)是一种氧调节、氧结合蛋白。其基因(vgb)已被克隆及表达。Vgb基因表达在转录水平上受氧控制．FNR蛋白作为厌氧激活于介入该调节过程。VHb可与氧结合参与细胞代谢过程,使细胞适应贫氧环境。Vgb基因的氧调控启动子和VHb蛋白的生理功能在基因工程和发酵工程具有良好的应用前景。     

Recombinant E. coli expressing Vitreoscilla haemoglobin prefers aerobic metabolism under microaerobic conditions: A proteome-level study

Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) expression in heterologous host was shown to enhance growth and oxygen utilization capabilities under oxygen-limited conditions. The exact mechanism by which VHb enhances the oxygen utilization under oxygen-limiting conditions is still unknown. In order to understand the role of VHb in promoting oxygen utilization, changes in the total protein profile of E. coli expressing the vgb gene under its native promoter was analysed. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) was employed to quantify the differentially expressed proteins under oxygen-limiting conditions. Overexpression of proteins involved in aerobic metabolic pathways and suppression of proteins involved in non-oxidative metabolic pathways shown in this study indicates that the cells expressing VHb prefer aerobic metabolic pathways even under oxygen limitation. Under these conditions, the expression levels of proteins involved in central metabolic pathways, cellular adaptation and cell division were also found to be altered. These results imply that Vitreoscilla haemoglobin expression alters aerobic metabolism specifically, in addition to altering proteins involved in other pathways, the significance of which is not clear as of now.     

Bacterial hemoglobins and flavohemoglobins: versatile proteins and their impact on microbiology and biotechnology

In response to oxygen limitation or oxidative and nitrosative stress, bacteria express three kinds of hemoglobin proteins: truncated hemoglobins (tr Hbs), hemoglobins (Hbs) and flavohemoglobins (flavo Hbs). The two latter groups share a high sequence homology and structural similarity in their globin domain. Flavohemoglobin proteins contain an additional reductase domain at their C-terminus and their expression is induced in the presence of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Flavohemoglobins detoxify NO in an aerobic process, termed nitric oxide dioxygenase reaction, which protects the host from various noxious nitrogen compounds. Only a small number of bacteria express hemoglobin proteins and the best studied of these is from Vitreoscilla sp. Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) has been expressed in various heterologous hosts under oxygen-limited conditions and has been shown to improve growth and productivity, rendering the protein interesting for biotechnology industry. The close interaction of VHb with the terminal oxidases has been shown and this interplay has been proposed to enhance respiratory activity and energy production by delivering oxygen, the ultimate result being an improvement in growth properties.     

Cloning and expression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene in Enterobacter aerogenes: effect on cell growth and oxygen uptake

The hemoglobins found in unicellular organisms show a greater chemical reactivity, protect cells against oxidative stress and hence have been implicated in a wider variety of potential functions than those traditionally associated with animal and plant hemoglobins. There are well-documented studies showing that bacteria expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb), the first prokaryotic hemoglobin characterized, have better growth and oxygen uptake rates than VHb counterparts.     

细菌血红蛋白基因在产D-阿拉伯糖醇酵母菌中的克隆与表达

构建了含透明颤菌血红蛋白基因vgb和甲醛抗性基因SFA1的重组质粒pVgb EX2 ,转化到产D 阿拉伯糖醇的酵母Saccharomycessp.X 62中。转化子细胞中VHb的含量比对照菌细胞有显著提高 ,表明基因vgb在酵母细胞中得到表达。转化子发酵的D 阿拉伯糖醇产量与转化率均有提高。在重复实验中D 阿拉伯糖醇的产量最多提高了 2 7 3%。在实验条件下 ,似乎D 阿拉伯糖醇的产量与细胞VHb含量有相关性。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白的分离纯化与分析检测

透明颤菌血红蛋白(Vitreoscillahemoglobin,VHb)是惟一一种研究得较为透彻的原核生物氧结合蛋白血红蛋白。它支持细胞在微氧条件下进行好氧生长,克服发酵过程中的溶氧限制,因此在需氧微生物发酵工业中具有重要的应用价值。简述了VHb的分离纯化过程,综述了VHb的各种定性检测和定量分析方法,比较了各种检测分析方法的优缺点和适用性。提出利用改进的一氧化碳差光谱法以全细胞悬浮液为对象直接进行VHb的定量分析是发酵工业中应用VHb重组菌株的研究发展方向 。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因的研究与应用

总结了近 15年来透明颤菌血红蛋白的研究结果 ,包括它的分布、结构、功能、合成等分子生物学以及在基因工程中的应用。透明颤菌的血红蛋白是 2 0世纪 70年代被发现的 ,由于它具有结合氧的特性 ,可使透明颤菌这一专性好氧的革兰氏阴性菌在贫氧环境中生长。透明颤菌血红蛋白是同型二聚体形式的可溶性血红蛋白分子 ,每分子透明颤菌血红蛋白由两个分子量为 15 775的亚基和两个b型血红素组成。透明颤菌血红蛋白的功能是为透明颤菌强大的呼吸膜增加氧的流量。完整的有功能的血红蛋白由血红蛋白亚基和血红素组成 ,血红蛋白亚基由基因vgb编码 ,血红素由生化代谢合成。透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在野生透明颤菌中是以单拷贝的方式随染色体一起复制表达的。透明颤菌血红蛋白基因已经被克隆和测序。同时也讨论了将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因整合到异源宿主菌中增加重组蛋白产量和发酵产量方面的研究。最后 ,概述了当透明颤菌血红蛋白在植物中表达时 ,转基因植物表现出生长增加以及代谢物产量发生变化的情况。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达及对基因工程菌的影响

利用已克隆的透明颤菌(Vitreoscilla)血红蛋白基因(vgb),构建了一批复制类型和抗生标记不同的vgb表达载体,并就vgb基因表达及其对几种基因工程大肠杆菌的影响进行了初步研究。实验证明vgb基因的表达具有氧调控特性,在溶氧水平下跌至20％饱和度时迅速合成。Vgb基因的表达产物(Vitreoscilla Hemoglogin,VHb)可促进青霉素酰化酶和TNF、IL-2等基因工程菌在低氧条件下细胞生长和产物表达的状况,由于vgb基因的表达降低了细胞对氧的敏感程度,可望运用它来改善发酵过程中溶氧控制裕度。这些实验结果预示着vgb基因在耗氧生物过程中,如抗生素工业和基因工程菌高密度发酵,有着良好的应用前景。     

Role of hemoglobin in improving biodegradation of aromatic contaminants under hypoxic conditions

Genetic engineering of bacteria using the Vitreoscilla (bacterial) hemoglobin gene has been used to enhance bioremediation of several compounds which are models for, or are themselves, toxic chemicals which may contaminate soil and water. Initial experiments, done mostly in shake flasks, with Escherichia coli, Burkholderia sp. DNT and Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated that expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin in heterologous hosts can enhance biodegradation of several aromatic compounds as well as an organophosphorus compound. These studies concentrated for the most part on enhancement of endogenous catabolic capabilities of the hosts; the presence of vgb/VHb enhanced both growth and biodegradation. The initial studies were followed by experiments in systems which more closely approximated conditions that would exist in field applications. These included soil columns, continuous flow reactors and membrane bioreactors. The latter work also enabled calculation of the effects of the presence of vgb/VHb on kinetic parameters such as growth rate, substrate and oxygen utilization rate, and degradation rate of pollutants, etc. Although not always the case, for the most part, and particularly in bioreactors, the advantages due to vgb/VHb were greater under conditions of limited aeration or hypoxic conditions.     

Improvement of amorpha-4,11-diene production by a yeast-conform variant of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin

Amorpha-4,11-diene is the precursor of the antimalarial compound artemisinin. The effect of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) and its yeast-conform variant (VHbm) on amorpha-4,11-diene production in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. First, the VHb gene was mutated to the yeast-conform variant VHbm based on step-by-step extension of a short region of the gene through a series of polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The artificial VHbm gene contained codons preferred by the yeast translation machinery. Two yeast expression vectors containing VHb or VHbm gene were constructed and introduced into the amorpha-4,11-diene-producing strain S. cerevisiae WK1 to form WK1[VHb] and WK1[VHbm], respectively. Western blot and CO-difference spectrum absorbance assay showed that VHb and VHbm were successfully expressed. In shake flasks, VHbm expression conferred higher cell growth than VHb expression. GC-MS results indicated the amorpha-4,11-diene production in WK1[VHbm] and WK1[VHb] was 3- and 2-fold higher than that in WK1, respectively. This suggests that VHb might improve the amorpha-4,11-diene production in engineered S. cerevisiae.     

Recent developments and future prospects of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin application in metabolic engineering

In hypoxic conditions, bacteria express a kind of hemoglobin, which is proposed to enhance respiration and energy metabolism by promoting oxygen delivery. Bacteria hemoglobin from Vitreoscilla stercoraria - Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb), when expressed in various hosts in oxygen-limited conditions, has been shown to improve growth, protein secretion, metabolite productivity and stress resistance of hosts, thus rendering the protein promising in metabolic engineering, especially in plant metabolism optimization. In this review, many well-studies areas are presented to illustrate the potential of VHb application in biotechnology industry, to discuss the cellular mechanisms of VHb function and to show the wide variety of approaches taken within the field.     

在兽疫链球菌中表达vgb基因和HA合成基因提高透明质酸产量

透明质酸(HA)是一种在医药及化妆品领域具有广泛应用的天然粘多糖。兽疫链球菌(Streptococcuszooepidemicus)是工业上生产透明质酸的菌种之一。透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)具有增强细胞摄氧的作用。对生产透明质酸的兽疫链球菌进行了基因改造:将兽疫链球菌HA的合成基因hasABC以及合成透明颤菌血红蛋白的vgb基因(Vitreoscillahemoglobingene,vgb)分别或同时插入阳性菌表达质粒pEU308中,通过电转化导入兽疫链球菌中。通过一氧化碳(CO)差光谱检测到了VHb的表达。在摇瓶实验中,同时带有hasABC和vgb基因的重组菌比野生菌的透明质酸产量提高了30％。而在发酵罐中,带有这2个基因的重组菌的透明质酸产量达到了6．9g／L,高于重组菌5．5g／L的产量。实验结果表明,vgb基因的存在促进了细胞的生长,hasABC操纵子的过表达增强了透明质酸的合成。首次将VHb导入兽疫链球菌中,获得了表达,并证明其对菌体生长及透明质酸合成有促进作用。通过研究,VHb将可以在阳性菌中获得更广泛的应用。