朵丽蝶兰MADS-box基因DtpsMADS1的克隆与表达特性

植物MADS-box基因家族编码高度保守的转录因子,参与了包括花器官发育和开花在内的多种发育进程。为阐释兰科植物成花的分子调控机制,根据MADS-box基因保守序列设计简并引物,用RACE方法从朵丽蝶兰花葶中克隆到1个MADS-box家族基因,该基因cDNA全长960 bp,包含37 bp 5'UTR,一个738 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)和185 bp 3'UTR,共编码245个氨基酸。序列和系统进化树分析表明,该基因与其他植物的MADS-box基因具有很高的同源性,属于AP1/FUL-like亚家族,命名为DtpsMADS1,GeneBank登录号为JQ065097。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示:DtpsMADS1具有明显的组织表达特异性;在根和叶中,DtpsMADS1在花前期和花后期表达量较高;苗期和盛花期表达量较低;DtpsMADS1在花葶中的表达趋势与根和叶相似;而在花器官中,DtpsMADS1只有痕量表达。由此推断,DtpsMADS1可能参与开花进程调控,而不参与花器官的形态建成。     

油菜BnMKK2基因的克隆及表达分析

通过实验从陇油6号油菜中克隆得到了一种新的MAPK激酶基因BnMKK2基因的cDNA,全长1 344 bp,其中包括5′非翻译区（5′UTR）111 bp,3′非翻译区（3′UTR）165 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）长1 068 bp,编码355个氨基酸,该基因编码的蛋白质分子量为39.3 kDa,理论等电点为6.8。与拟南芥AtMKK2有很高的同源性,因此命名为BnMKK2(GenBank登录号:HQ848661)。该基因实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BnMKK2基因的表达受低温胁迫诱导。     

白桦开花位点Flowering Locus T（FT）基因的分离及其表达

FT及其同源基因在促进植物成花和发育阶段转变过程中起重要作用。应用RT-PCR和RACE技术分离了白桦FT基因的cDNA,全长为928 bp,其开放阅读框为525 bp,编码174个氨基酸。预测的蛋白质分子量为19.6 kDa,理论等电点为7.73。该预测蛋白序列含有保守的PEBP蛋白结构域,命名为BplFT,并在GenBank注册,登录号为JQ409561。该基因序列同其它16种植物的相似性为74%～93%,其中与无花果（Ficus carica）的相似度最高为93%,与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）的相似度最低为74%,并构建了该基因序列的进化树。通过qRT-PCR的方法检测BplFT基因在白桦不同时期不同组织中的转录表达,在营养器官的表达高于花器官,成熟组织要高于幼嫩的组织,在成熟茎中的表达量最高,推测BplFT基因在成熟的营养器官发育中起重要作用,并可能参与调控次生细胞壁的形成。另外,选择了白桦雄花序突变体进行该基因的转录表达分析,该基因在突变体雌花序、雄花序、幼叶及幼茎中均为上调表达,预示着BplFT基因不仅仅参与营养组织发育,在花器官发育中也具有一定的作用。     

丹参咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因(SmCOMT1)的克隆及其分析

依据丹参转录组数据库得到的咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因序列设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法从丹参分离得到一个新的COMT基因,命名为SmCOMT1(GenBank注册号为JF693491）。该基因cDNA全长1 158 bp,包含一个长为1 095 bp的开放阅读框,编码364个氨基酸。SmCOMT1 gDNA序列长2 275 bp,包含4个外显子和3个内含子。序列分析结果表明,SmCOMT1编码的多肽具有COMT的序列保守元件,与同科植物罗勒COMT编码的多肽高度同源,同源性达到89%。系统进化树分析表明,SmCOMT1与双子叶植物的COMT亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR结果表明,SmCOMT1基因在丹参不同组织器官中差异表达,其中茎中的表达量最高,并且其表达受茉莉酸甲酯和病原菌的诱导,显示SmCOMT1基因可能在植物防御反应中发挥作用。     

油菜BnHMGB2基因的克隆及表达分析

通过RACE技术从陇油6号油菜中克隆得到了一种新的BnHMGB2基因的cDNA,全长823 bp,其中包括438 bp的开放阅读框,131 bp的5′非翻译区（5′UTR）,253 bp的3′非翻译区（3′UTR）。与拟南芥AtHMGB2的同源性达到了87.4%,因此命名为BnHMGB2(GenBank登录号：JN807314)。该基因编码145个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子量15.9 KDa,等电点为5.63。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明该基因在油菜根、茎、叶、下胚轴均有表达,根中表达量最高。同时,该基因的表达受低温胁迫的诱导,表明该基因在油菜适应低温胁迫的过程中发挥作用。     

茶树脂氢过氧化物裂解酶基因CsiHPL1的克隆及表达

根据茶树基因CsiHPL1的cDNA序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法从茶树品种龙井43′中克隆了CsiHPL1序列,并分析了CsiHPL1在生物和非生物胁迫下的诱导表达情况及亚细胞定位。结果表明,CsiHPL1包含一个1 476 bp的最大开放阅读框,编码491个氨基酸,预测为13-HPL基因。Real-Time PCR分析结果表明,CsiHPL1的表达受到茶尺蠖取食、机械损伤和茉莉酸的诱导;构建了CsiHPL1与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因的重组表达载体,经农杆菌瞬时转化烟草叶片,利用激光共聚焦显微镜在叶绿体中观察到GFP荧光,表明CsiHPL1编码的蛋白质为叶绿体蛋白质。     

斑茅δ-OAT基因克隆及其序列分析

利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从斑茅（Erianthus arundinaceus）中分离出编码鸟氨酸-δ-氨基转氨酶基因的全长cDNA序列,序列全长1 680 bp,编码454个氨基酸。通过对哺乳动物、高等植物、微生物的δ-OAT基因编码的氨基酸序列进行同源比对,发现斑茅δ-OAT基因同其近缘属植物甘蔗的同源性最高（87%）,同其他高等植物的同源性次之（约为70%）,而同动物的同源性最低（约为60%）。在斑茅δ-OAT基因编码的氨基酸序列的5′端未发现线粒体定位序列,同甘蔗δ-OAT基因一样。斑茅δ-OAT基因具有完整的鸟氨酸转氨酶功能区rocD。利用定量RCR（real-time PCR）对30%PEG胁迫下的斑茅δ-OAT基因表达量进行研究,结果表明δ-OAT基因在胁迫12 h表达量达到最高,约为对照的4.1倍;胁迫2 h δ-OAT基因表达量反而有所降低。     

丹参ACC氧化酶基因(SmACO1)的克隆与序列分析

依据丹参转录组数据库序列信息,采用RT-PCR和染色体步移技术从丹参中首次克隆得到ACC氧化酶基因,命名为SmACO1(GenBank注册号为JQ026111)。该基因gDNA序列长1 347 bp,由3个外显子和2个内含子组成;cDNA全长1 117 bp,包含945 bp的开放阅读框,编码314个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析显示SmACO1为无信号肽与跨膜结构域,且定位于细胞质的稳定亲水蛋白,含有Fe²⁺依赖的加氧酶结构域。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,SmACO1基因在丹参不同组织器官中差异表达,花中表达量最高;其表达受到病原菌和茉莉酸甲酯的诱导,表明SmACO1基因可能在植物防御反应中发挥作用。     

茶树肌动蛋白基因（CsActin1）全长cDNA克隆与生物信息学分析

以茶树（Camellia sinensis）萌动芽为材料,根据茶树萌动芽芽抑制消减杂交文库中分离得到的肌动蛋白（actin）基因的5′-片段设计引物,利用3′-RACE技术克隆了其cDNA全长序列,该基因cDNA全长1 470 bp,命名为CsActin1（GenBank登录号HQ235647）。序列分析表明,CsActin1开放阅读框长1 134 bp,编码377个氨基酸,5′非编码区100 bp,3′非编码区236 bp。推测的蛋白质分子量为41.70 kD,等电点约为5.31,具有肌动蛋白家族的特征信号序列（YVGDEAQs.KRG和WIAKaEYDE）和肌动蛋白相关蛋白的特征信号序列（LLTEApLNPkaNR）。CsActin1与GenBank中注册的其它植物肌动蛋白核苷酸序列的相似性在80%以上,氨基酸序列相似性在95%以上。与其它植物肌动蛋白的进化树分析结果表明,茶树肌动蛋白与杨树的两个肌动蛋白间的亲缘关系最为密切。并对推导的蛋白结构进行了分析。     

小苍兰ACC合成酶FhACS1基因的克隆与序列分析

以小苍兰品种“上农金皇后”为研究对象,利用PCR技术和染色体步移技术首次克隆到了ACC合成酶FhACS1基因的全长序列和编码序列。结果表明：FhACS1基因全长为2 576 bp,包含长为433 bp的5′端非编码区序列（5′-UTR）以及长为373 bp的3′端非编码区序列（3′-UTR）;开放读码框（ORF）长度为1 371 bp,推定编码457个氨基酸。分析表明,该基因包含3个内含子和4个外显子。序列分析结果显示,FhACS1推导蛋白具备ACS蛋白的7个保守结构域;在氨基酸水平上,FhACS1与小果芭蕉的同源性最高（85%）;系统进化分析表明,FhACS1与孟宗竹BaACS（BAC56949.1）、水稻OsACS1（AAA33888.1）、小果芭蕉MaACS1（AAQ13435）的亲缘关系最近。在其已知启动子区域,发现有多个对脱落酸、赤霉素、细胞分裂素等激素响应的顺式元件,以及对干旱和低温等逆境胁迫响应的顺式元件。     

西伯利亚蓼rd22基因的克隆与序列分析

以3% NaHCO₃溶液胁迫处理48 h的西伯利亚蓼为试材,利用RACE技术,从其茎部组织克隆了脱水应答蛋白RD22的全长cDNA序列。测序后的结果分析表明,该cDNA序列全长为1 302 bp,5′非翻译区为59 bp,3′非翻译区为25 bp,开放读码框为1 218 bp,编码405个氨基酸。在氨基酸序列的C端含有一个比较保守的BURP结构域,N端含有5个重复序列THV-VGKGGV-V。信号肽检测证明该蛋白为分泌性蛋白,前21个氨基酸区域为信号肽结构。其推演的氨基酸序列与葡萄的同源性最高,达到60%。该基因已在GenBank上注册,基因序列登录号为DQ836050。     

Molecular analysis and expression of a floral organ-relative F-box gene isolated from ‘Zigui shatian’ pummelo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus grandis</Emphasis> Osbeck)

F-box proteins are a large family of eukaryotic proteins that contained a conserved motif of approximately 40 amino acids. They play an important role in the processing of degradation of cellular regulatory proteins. In this study we isolated a full-length of cDNA encoding a putative F-box protein from Citrus grandis Osbeck CV ‘Zigui shatian’ pummelo and designated as CgF-box. The cDNA sequence of CgF-box was 920 bp containing a 585 bp open reading frame encoding a precursor protein of 194 amino acid residues. The deduced protein comprised a conserved F-box domain at the position from the 40th to 84th amino acids. Cluster analysis suggested that CgF-box was more closely related to the grape F-Box protein. Southern hybridization verified CgF-box existed in the genome as multiple copies. The expression analysis revealed that the expression level of CgF-box gene remarkably increases during the flower developmental process of ‘Zigui shatian’ pummelo, such as high level of expression was noted in style, petal and anther, on the other hand low level of expression was found in ovary and leaf. For further verifying the different expression in different tissue of this gene, in situ hybridization was conducted, strong expression signal could be observed in the style, stigma and anther, low even no signal was observed in ovary. According to their findings we can conclude that CgF-box was not only involved in flower maturation, but also showed different roles in different tissue.     

Molecular characterization of the PpMADS1 gene from peach

PpMADS1, a member of the euAP1 clade of the class A genes, was previously cloned from peach. In this study, PpMADS1 was constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to study its function in plant development. The transgenic A. thaliana plants containing 35S::PpMADS1 showed severe phenotype variation including early flowering, conversion of inflorescence branches to solitary flowers, formation of terminal flowers, production of higher number of carpels, petals, and stamens than non-transgenic plants, and prevention of pod shatter. Significantly, the transgenic plants produced more than one silique from a single flower. The results obtained by using cDNA microarray and real-time PCR analyses in the transgenic Arabidopsis indicated that PpMADS1 might play dual roles in regulating the floral meristem development by activating or repressing different sets of genes that would determine the different fate of a floral meristem. In addition, the PpMADS1 gene promoter was further cloned, and deletion analyses were conducted by using fused GUS as a reporter gene in transgenic A. thaliana. Histochemical staining of different organs from transgenic plants revealed the region between ?197 and ?454?bp was specific for GUS expression in flower primordium, and the region between ?454 and ?678?bp was specific for GUS expression in sepals and petals. In contrast, a negative regulatory element present between ?678 and ?978?bp could suppress GUS expression in filament.     

西伯利亚蓼谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的克隆及碱性盐胁迫下的表达

根据西伯利亚蓼(Polygonum sibiricum Laxm.)地下茎抑制消减文库(SSH)中获得的谷氨酰胺合成酶基因(Glutamin synthetase,GS)EST序列,应用RACE技术克隆了具有Poly A的全长cDNA序列,以下简称为PsGS基因。该序列全长1 273 bp,其5'非翻译区178 bp,3'非翻译区24 bp,开放阅读框编码356个氨基酸残基;根据与其他植物谷氨酰胺合成酶的氨基酸序列的比对以及系统进化分析的结果,确定此基因为谷氨酰胺合成酶基因家族成员;经过SignalP3.0预测该蛋白没有信号肽,无切割位点,为非分泌蛋白。经过ProtParam计算该蛋白的理论等电点为5.55,分子量为39.2 kD,不稳定系数为43.82%,为非稳定蛋白。实时定量PCR分析表明,PsGS在西伯利亚蓼叶、茎、地下茎中均有表达。在3%NaHCO3诱导下,该基因在叶和茎中表达升高,在地下茎中表达受到抑制,推测该基因在抵御碱性盐迫时具有重要作用。     

柽柳金属硫蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

用木麻黄(Casuarina glauca)的金属硫蛋白基因(metallothionein 1)氨基酸序列对柽柳ESTs序列本地数据库进行tBlastn检索,获得了柽柳金属硫蛋白基因全长cDNA序列,去除polyA后该基因全长366 bp,其中5′非翻译区97 bp,3′非翻译区59 bp,开放读码框(ORF)长210 bp,编码70 个氨基酸组成的多肽,蛋白分子量为6.793 kD,理论等电点为4.99,含10个Cys,集中分布在肽链的N端和C端。BlastP同源性分析表明该基因与花生同源性最高,与小豆同源性最低。该基因的EST序列在GenBank登录(登录号：CV792539)。     

Cloning and expression profiling polycomb gene VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 in tomato

VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3) is a chromatin remodelling protein that is induced by low temperatures and is required for the vernalization response in Arabidopsis thaliana. VIN3 is one of the polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which mediates epigenetic repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) in A. thaliana. Here, we present cloning, characterization, and expression of a putative SlVIN3 gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by isolating cDNA clones corresponding to SlVIN3 gene using primers designed based on conserved sequences between PcG genes in A. thaliana and tomato. The SlVIN3 cDNAs were cloned into a pBS plasmid and sequenced. Both 5′ and 3′ RACE were generated and sequenced. The flcDNA of 2 823 bp length for the SlVIN3 gene was composed of 5’UTR (336 bp), ORF (2 217 bp), and 3’UTR (270 bp). The translated ORF encoded a polypeptide of 739 amino acids. Alignment of deduced amino acids indicates that there are highly conserved regions between tomato SlVIN3 predicted protein and plant VIN3 gene family members. Both unrooted phylogenetic trees constructed using the maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods indicate that there is a close relationship between SlVIN3 predicted protein and VIN3 protein of Vitis vinifera. The expression of SlVIN3 gene remained high during floral organ differentiation and growth and decreased when the fruit started to develop.     

Over-expression of the Gerbera hybrida At-SOC1-like1 gene Gh-SOC1 leads to floral organ identity deterioration

Background and Aims

The family of MADS box genes is involved in a number of processes besides controlling floral development. In addition to supplying homeotic functions defined by the ABC model, they influence flowering time and transformation of vegetative meristem into inflorescence meristem, and have functions in roots and leaves. Three Gerbera hybrida At-SOC1-like genes (Gh-SOC1–Gh-SOC3) were identified among gerbera expressed sequence tags.

Methods

Evolutionary relationships between SOC1-like genes from gerbera and other plants were studied by phylogenetic analysis. The function of the gerbera gene Gh-SOC1 in gerbera floral development was studied using expression analysis, protein–protein interaction assays and reverse genetics. Transgenic gerbera lines over-expressing or downregulated for Gh-SOC1 were obtained using Agrobacterium transformation and investigated for their floral phenotype.

Key Results

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the closest paralogues of At-SOC1 are Gh-SOC2 and Gh-SOC3. Gh-SOC1 is a more distantly related paralogue, grouping together with a number of other At-SOC1 paralogues from arabidopsis and other plant species. Gh-SOC1 is inflorescence abundant and no expression was seen in vegetative parts of the plant. Ectopic expression of Gh-SOC1 did not promote flowering, but disturbed the development of floral organs. The epidermal cells of ray flower petals appeared shorter and their shape was altered. The colour of ray flower petals differed from that of the wild-type petals by being darker red on the adaxial side and greenish on the abaxial surface. Several protein–protein interactions with other gerbera MADS domain proteins were identified.

Conclusions

The At-SOC1 paralogue in gerbera shows a floral abundant expression pattern. A late petal expression might indicate a role in the final stages of flower development. Over-expression of Gh-SOC1 led to partial loss of floral identity, but did not affect flowering time. Lines where Gh-SOC1 was downregulated did not show a phenotype. Several gerbera MADS domain proteins interacted with Gh-SOC1.