基于CO Ⅰ基因部分序列对尾凤蝶属(鳞翅目,凤蝶科)四种蝴蝶分子系统关系及相关问题的探讨

为了探讨中国尾凤蝶属的系统发生关系,对中国产4种尾凤蝶属蝴蝶的细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因的部分序列进行了分析.在获得的636bp的序列中,有59个变异位点,47个简约信息位点;A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为29.5%、40.8%、13.9%及15.8%;表现出明显的A T含量(70.3%)偏异.采用NJ、MP、ML法构建了分子系统树,结果表明尾凤蝶属二尾种组与多尾凤蝶亲缘关系较近,而三尾凤蝶较早分化出来.同时结果表明丽斑尾凤蝶和二尾凤蝶的COⅠ基因没有序列差异.对这2个物种3个个体的COⅡ基因进行了测序,结果也没有序列的差异,表明丽斑尾凤蝶和二尾凤蝶可能是同物异名.而三尾凤蝶的遗传多样性较为贫乏.     

中国凤蝶科昆虫地理分布的聚类分析

在对中国凤蝶科昆虫多样性分布统计的基础上,用特有性简约性方法构建中国凤蝶科昆虫的分布区分支图。结果表明,中国凤蝶在8大生物地理分布区中可分成6个聚类群,至少有5次大的隔离分化事件造成了目前我国凤蝶科昆虫的分布格局。分支图显示出东北区与蒙新区比其他分布区形成要早,华南区和西南区的凤蝶多样性最为丰富,推测其原因可能与生态环境等因素有关。     

锯凤蝶类和绢蝶类(鳞翅目,凤蝶科)分类地位及系谱关系初探

锯凤蝶族Zerynthiini的分类地位一直受到国内外学者的关注.本文对锯凤蝶族Zerynthiini、绢蝶族Parnassiini及凤蝶亚科Papilioninae中相关族的幼虫形态、翅脉、翅面斑纹、鳞片、雌性交配栓、雄性外生殖器、地理分布与历史变迁,进行了比较研究,对这些类群的亲缘关系进行了初步探讨.结果表明:锯凤蝶族可能是由绢蝶亚科某一古老或已灭绝的族中演化而来,应作为绢蝶亚科下的一个族,不应作为亚科对待;锯凤蝶族和绢蝶族同属绢蝶亚科,绢蝶亚科和凤蝶亚科同属凤蝶科.     

基于系统发生探讨绿带翠凤蝶和西番翠凤蝶的分类地位(英文)

绿带翠凤蝶和西番翠凤蝶的分类问题存在一定的争议。应用分子系统学方法对这一问题进行了研究。对6个不同地区的24个绿带翠凤蝶、2个地区的16个西番翠凤蝶个体的COI(579bp)和COII(655bp)基因测序,绿带翠凤蝶与西番翠凤蝶的遗传距离为0至0.6%,共获得了15个单倍型。结果显示这些单倍型不能形成各自独立的单系群,因此认为绿带翠凤蝶和西番翠凤蝶为近期分化的两个种。     

青凤蝶一新型记述

青凤蝶又名绿青凤蝶、樟青风蝶,在国内已知分布于江苏、江西、云南、广东、贵州、广西、浙江、四川、湖北、湖南、西藏、海南、台湾、香港、福建(三明、永安、南平、福州、宁化、沙县、尤溪、将乐、建宁、诏安、东山、云霄、龙岩、长汀、漳平、武平、建阳、建瓯、浦城、宁德、连江、闽侯）;     

青凤蝶饲养方法初探

青凤蝶（Graphium sarpedon）为鳞翅目凤蝶科昆虫,分布于陕西、湖北、湖南、四川、云南、西藏、江西、浙江、福建、广西、广东、海南。该蝶成虫前后翅中央贯穿l列略呈方形的蓝绿色斑,极具观赏性。作者从2005年2006年在上海交通大学校园内对该青风蝶人工饲养和繁殖进行了研究。     

从COⅠ和COⅡ基因部分序列研究中国翠凤蝶亚属(鳞翅目:凤蝶科)的分子系统关系

为了探讨中国尾凤蝶翠凤蝶亚属(Princeps)的系统发生关系,本文对中国产10种翠凤蝶亚属蝴蝶的细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ) 基因(约627 bp)、细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(COⅡ)基因部分序列(约690 bp)进行了分析.在获得的1 317个位点中,有184个变异位点,144个简约信息位点;表现出明显的A T含量(74.2%)偏倚.采用MP、ML法构建了分子系统树,结果显示:达摩翠凤蝶(P.demoleus)、巴黎翠凤蝶(P.paris)可能是中国最早起源的翠凤蝶亚属的蝴蝶,与其它翠凤蝶亚属蝴蝶的亲缘关系较远;碧翠凤蝶(P.bianor)、波绿翠凤蝶(P.polyctor)、穹翠凤蝶(P.dialis)和短尾翠凤蝶(P.doddsi)的亲缘关系较近;窄斑翠凤蝶(P.arcturus)、克里翠凤蝶(P.krishna)、绿带翠凤蝶(P.maackii)和西番翠凤蝶(P.syfanius)的亲缘关系较近.结果同时表明:短尾翠凤蝶和穹翠凤蝶没有序列差异,碧翠凤蝶和波绿翠凤蝶序列差异为0.15%,因此短尾翠凤蝶是穹翠凤蝶的同物异名,波绿翠凤蝶是碧翠凤蝶的同物异名[动物学报 53(2):257-263,2007].     

陕西发现世界珍稀蝴蝶——周氏虎凤蝶的两种形态

陕西蝴蝶学专家寿建新和蝴蝶收藏者雷生辉首次发现了周氏虎凤蝶的2种形态,这是世界上尚未发现的关于同一种虎凤蝶具有2种形态的报道。虎凤蝶因翅膀虎皮颜色而得名,在国内被列为二级保护动物。成虫每年4月前后活动,分布在中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜、韩国和日本。2006年寿建新和西北农业科技大学博士袁向群共同发现了虎凤蝶的一个新种和新亚种,并将其定名为周氏虎凤蝶,从而使我国虎凤蝶的记载上升到了4种,即虎凤蝶Luehdorfia puziloiErschoff、中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensisLeech、太白虎凤蝶(长尾虎凤蝶)LuehdorfiataibaiChou、周氏虎凤蝶Lueh…     

丝带凤蝶线粒体基因组全序列及其系统学意义(英文)

锯凤蝶类与凤蝶科其他类群的系统发生关系及其分类学地位一直存在争议。本研究采用PCR和long PCR技术测定了属于锯凤蝶类的丝带凤蝶Sericinus montelus线粒体基因组全序列; 结合已有的其他凤蝶科物种的相应序列数据, 基于13个蛋白质编码基因重建了凤蝶科主要类群的系统发生树, 探讨了它们之间的系统发生关系。基因组分析结果表明： 丝带凤蝶线粒体基因组全长15 242 bp, 包括13个编码蛋白基因(ATP6, ATP8, COⅠ-Ⅲ, ND1-6, ND4L和Cytb)、 22个tRNA基因、 16S和12S rRNA基因以及非编码的控制区; 基因组A, T, G和C含量分别为40.1%, 40.8%, 7.4%和11.7%, 表现出明显的AT偏倚。所有的蛋白质编码基因都使用标准的起始密码子(ATN); 除ND4 和 ND4L基因使用单个的T作为终止密码子外, 其余蛋白编码基因都使用了标准的终止密码子(TAA)。除丝氨酸 tRNA的二氢尿苷突环缺失外, 所有tRNA基因都形成典型的三叶草型结构。基因组中共存在12个大小介于2~65 bp之间的基因间隔区以及15个大小介于1~8 bp之间的基因重叠区, 其中, 存在于COⅡ和tRNA^Lys之间的24 bp的间隔区在其他鳞翅目昆虫中未曾见到。以邻接法和最大简约法并基于13个蛋白质编码基因序列对凤蝶科进行了系统发生分析。结果显示, 丝带凤蝶和中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensis先构成一个支系, 再和冰清绢蝶Parnassius bremeri构成姊妹群; 表明锯凤蝶类应作为族级分类单元归于凤蝶科下的绢蝶亚科。     

金裳翼凤蝶

１金光闪烁的蝴蝶金裳翼凤蝶ＴｒｏｉｄｅｓａｅａｃｕｓＦｅｌｄｅｒ体大,雌蝶翅展１６０ｍｍ,黛色,具黑天鹅绒光泽,显得庄重、稳健、高贵;雌雄蝶后翅金黄有黑斑,阳光一照,金光闪烁,更显得富丽堂皇;颈、胸侧面有红毛;腹部黄黑相间,展示它典雅气质,故有“金童”、“黛女”、“金风筝”之美称。金裳翼凤蝶系凤蝶科翼凤蝶属,是国际野生动物二级保护对象,也是我国体型最大的一种凤蝶。原分布仅局限于川、陕、台三省。近年,湘、粤、桂、滇、黔、苏、浙、闽、赣等长江、珠江流域诸山区均有其踪迹。在江西的九连山、三清山、三百山…     

Isolation and characterization of four forms of trehalase from rabbit kidney cortex

Four forms of renal trehalase were isolated and purified to homogeneity. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography separated two forms; A-form and B-form. Both forms were subdivided further on Con A-Sepharose and were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, indicating that they are glycoproteins. The four forms of renal trehalase showed no significant difference in Km values for trehalose and K1 values for various inhibitors. The optimum pH of the four forms was pH 6.0 in phosphate buffer. Apparent molecular weights on gel filtration of the four forms were the same, 175,000. Furthermore, the four forms showed the same antigenicity on double immunodiffusion. However, isoelectric point (pI), susceptibility to HgCl2, stability at -80 degrees C and Na+ activation behavior were different. Glycoprotein forms were more susceptible to HgCl2 and showed lower Na+ activation than nonglycoprotein forms. The pI of less hydrophobic forms (A1, A2) was more acidic than that of more hydrophobic forms (B1, B2). On the basis of these results, it is likely that four forms of renal trehalase are "isozymes."     

Theory of Phyllotaxis. 2. Crystallographic Interpretation of the Interrelation between Lower and Superior Phyllotaxis Forms

Cross-opposite phyllotaxis forms are defined as superior with respect to the alternate ones and verticillate phyllotaxis forms as superior with respect to the opposite ones. Different phyllotaxis forms can be interpreted as a result of stretching of crystal-like structures of the embryo formed by dense packing of rudiments. Based on hypothetical concepts of the properties of plant rudiments and embryos, possible mechanisms of the formation of superior phyllotaxis forms from the lower ones have been analyzed. It was shown that the superior phyllotaxis forms can be considered as the results of additive summation of the lower forms. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the examples of polymorphic phyllotaxis in conspecific plants and by the facts of accidental splitting of superior phyllotaxis forms into the corresponding lower forms in nature and in experiment. The hexagonal-tetragonal type of phyllotaxis was theoretically predicted and found in nature. The mechanism underlying the formation of multiple forms of the helical phyllotaxis was considered.     

Structural theory of phyllotaxis. II. Relationship between lower and higher forms of phyllotaxis

Opposite phyllotaxis forms are defined as superior ones in relation to alternate phyllotaxis forms, and verticillate phyllotaxis forms are defined as superior ones in relation to opposite phyllotaxis forms. On the basis of hypothetical notions about the properties of plant bumps and embryos, the probable mechanisms of creation of superior phyllotaxis forms from the lower ones are analyzed. It is shown that superior phyllotaxis forms can be considered to result from the combination of lower ones and that the superior forms can be split into the corresponding lower ones under artificial or natural influences.     

Induction of L Forms of Haemophilus influenzae in Culture and Their Demonstration in Human Bronchial Secretions

Transitional forms and round bodies of Haemophilus influenzae were identified in sputa from patients with chronic bronchitis who were receiving penicillin therapy for H. influenzae infections. In vitro growth of L forms of this organism was induced by penicillin and glycine and was studied for comparison with development in vivo. Variant forms demonstrated in sputum were similar to variant forms observed in penicillin-induced L colonies. Recurrence of infection after cessation of therapy was related to reversion of persisting L forms to bacillary forms. That these forms were derived from H. influenzae was established by direct staining with fluoresceinlabeled specific antibody. This demonstration that transitional forms and round bodies of H. influenzae occurred in vivo suggests that L forms of bacteria may be significant in chronic or recurrent infections.     

Immunity to exoerythrocytic forms of malaria. I. Course of infection of Plasmodium fallax in turkeys

Turkeys inoculated intravenously with Plasmodium fallax parasitized erythrocytes developed an initial parasitemia. After the parasitemia crisis, the number of exoerythrocytic forms increased and caused the death of the bird about a week later. When the size of the erythrocytic-form inoculum was decreased tenfold, the day of maximum parasitemia and the day of death due to a high level of exoerythrocytic-form parasitism was delayed approximately 1 day.Turkeys inoculated intravenously with exoerythrocytic forms obtained from erythrocyte-free tissue cultures of parasitized turkey embryo brain cells developed an initial exoerythrocytic-form infection. The growth of exoerythrocytic forms in the poults was not affected by daily drug treatment with chloroquine; the number of exoerythrocytic forms/1000 cerebral cell nuclei was not significantly different in chloroquinetreated or untreated poults. Following the exoerythrocytic-form crisis, the parasitemia increased for several days in nondrug-treated birds. In chloroquine-treated birds, the erythrocytic forms were only detected during the period when exoerythrocytic forms were prevalent. Erythrocytic-form schizonts were not observed in chloroquinentreated birds. The poults stopped gaining body weight when either the exoerythrocytic forms or the erythocytic forms were prevalent. A tenfold decrease in the exoerythrocytic-form inoculum size delayed the exoerythrocytic-form infection 1 day. The development of exoerythrocytic forms was not synchronous in turkeys inoculated with exoerythrocytic forms and examined prior to the exoerythrocytic-form crisis.     

Quaternary structure of the Mr 46,000 mannose 6-phosphate specific receptor: effect of ligand, pH, and receptor concentration on the equilibrium between dimeric and tetrameric receptor forms

The Mr 46,000 mannose 6-phosphate specific receptor exists in solution as a mixture of noncovalently associated dimeric and tetrameric forms. The two quaternary forms were separated by sucrose density centrifugation, and their composition was assessed by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The dependence of equilibrium between the dimeric and tetrameric forms on pH, receptor concentration, and presence of mannose 6-phosphate was studied. The formation of tetrameric forms is favored by pH values around 7, high receptor concentration, and presence of mannose 6-phosphate ligand. Tetrameric forms bind stronger at pH 7 to phosphomannan-Sepharose 4B than dimeric forms. Both quaternary forms dissociate at the same pH from a mannose 6-phosphate affinity matrix. When starting with dimeric or tetrameric forms, the equilibrium between dimeric and tetrameric forms is reached at pH 7.5 and 4 degrees C after 6-8 days. The presence of 5 mM mannose 6-phosphate shifts the equilibrium toward tetrameric forms. At pH 4.5 and 4 degrees C, the association of dimeric to tetrameric forms is negligible, while tetrameric forms dissociate to dimeric forms within 12 h. The results demonstrate that oligomerization is an intrinsic property of MPR-46 that is affected by ligand binding, pH, and receptor concentration.     

The Method of Local Restriction: in search of potential great ape culture-dependent forms

Humans possess a perhaps unique type of culture among primates called cumulative culture. In this type of culture, behavioural forms cumulate changes over time, which increases their complexity and/or efficiency, eventually making these forms culture-dependent. As changes cumulate, culture-dependent forms become causally opaque, preventing the overall behavioural form from being acquired by individuals on their own; in other words, culture-dependent forms must be copied between individuals and across generations. Despite the importance of cumulative culture for understanding the evolutionary history of our species, how and when cumulative culture evolved is still debated. One of the challenges faced when addressing these questions is how to identify culture-dependent forms that result from cumulative cultural evolution. Here we propose a novel method to identify the most likely cases of culture-dependent forms. The ‘Method of Local Restriction’ is based on the premise that as culture-dependent forms are repeatedly transmitted via copying, these forms will unavoidably cumulate population-specific changes (due to copying error) and therefore must be expected to become locally restricted over time. When we applied this method to our closest living relatives, the great apes, we found that most known ape behavioural forms are not locally restricted (across domains and species) and thus are unlikely to be acquired via copying. Nevertheless, we found 25 locally restricted forms across species and domains, three of which appear to be locally unique (having been observed in a single population of a single species). Locally unique forms represent the best current candidates for culture-dependent forms in non-human great apes. Besides these rare exceptions, our results show that overall, ape cultures do not rely heavily on copying, as most ape behaviours appear across sites and/or species, rendering them unlikely to be culture-dependent forms resulting from cumulative cultural evolution. Yet, the locally restricted forms (and especially the three locally unique forms) identified by our method should be tested further for their potential reliance on copying social learning mechanisms (and in turn, for their potential culture-dependence). Future studies could use the Method of Local Restriction to investigate the existence of culture-dependent forms in other animal species and in the hominin archaeological record to estimate how widespread copying is in the animal kingdom and to postulate a timeline for the emergence of copying in our lineage.     

The theory of phyllotaxis. II. Crystallographic interpretation of the interrelation between lower and superior phyllotaxis forms

Cross-opposite phyllotaxis forms are defined as superior with respect to the alternate ones and verticillate phyllotaxis forms as superior with respect to the opposite ones. Different phyllotaxis forms can be interpreted as a result of stretching of crystal-like structures of the embryo formed by dense packing of rudiments. Based on hypothetical concepts of the properties of plant rudiments and embryos, possible mechanisms of the formation of superior phyllotaxis forms from the lower ones have been analyzed. It was shown that the superior phyllotaxis forms can be considered as the results of additive summation of the lower forms. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the examples of polymorphic phyllotaxis in conspecific plants and by the facts of accidental splitting of superior phyllotaxis forms into the corresponding lower forms in nature and in experiment. The mechanisms underlying the formation of multiple forms of helical phyllotaxis have been proposed. The concept of a new type of mixed hexagonal-tetragonal phyllotaxis has been formulated and the mechanism of its formation has been considered. The forms of corn grain packaging in the corncob and leaf arrangement on the strawberry tomato stem are given as examples of true hexagonal-tetragonal phyllotaxis in nature.     

Characteristics of pathogenic non-fluorescent (smooth) and non-pathogenic fluorescent (rough) forms of Pseudomonas tolaasii and Pseudomonas gingeri

Pseudomonas tolaasii and Ps. gingeri cultures isolated from naturally diseased mushrooms and cultures obtained from other workers were all observed to contain both smooth and rough colony forms. The smooth forms produced mucoid, non-fluorescent, glistening opaque colonies with entire margins. The rough forms produced non-mucoid, fluorescent, dull, translucent greenish-yellow colonies with irregular margins. Smooth forms were observed to produce a toxin and were pathogenic to mushrooms, whereas rough forms did not produce toxin and were non-pathogenic. Isolates of Ps. tolaasii were distinguishable from Ps. gingeri by various biochemical tests. In general, however, biochemical differences between the rough and smooth forms of each species could not be detected. Rough forms of Ps. tolaasii and Ps. gingeri remained stable in culture but smooth forms were unstable, tending to convert to rough forms at a very high rate.     

Isolation and characterization of the affinity chromatography forms of human Glu- and Lys-plasminogens and plasmins.

Affinity chromatography forms, 1 and 2, were each isolated from human Glu- and Lys-plasminogens by gradient elution from a L-lysine-substituted Sepharose column with a linear gradient of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Although each of the two zymogen forms contains two affinity chromatography forms, the relative concentrattions of these forms in each of the zymogen preparations depended upon the plasma sample or enriched plasma fraction used for the preparation of the zymogen. Specific analytical acrylamide gel electrophoretic systems were used for the characterization of the zymogen and enzyme forms, and their component affinity chromatography forms, 1 and 2. The four zymogen affinity chromatography forms, Glu-1-plasminogen, Glu-2-plasminogen, Lys-1-plasminogen, and Lys-2-plasmingoen, show distinct stepwise differences in their molecular size and charge. The Glu-1-form is the largest in molecular size and the most acidic, and the Lys-2-form is the smallest in molecular size and the most basic. The proteolytically altered Lys-1- and Lys-2- forms appear to be specifically df the zymogen affinity chromatography forms showed a different distribution of isoelectric forms. The major isoelectric forms isolated from Glu-plasminogen with pI values of 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, and 6.6, and the major isoelectric forms isolated from Lys-plasminogen with pI values of 6.7, 7.2, 7.5, 7.8, and 8.1, (Summaria, L., Arzadon, L., Bernabe, P., Robbins, K. C., and Barlow, G. H. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2984-2991) were shown to be mixtures of the Glu-1- and Glu-2- forms, or the Lys-1- and Lys-2- forms, respectively. Although the sialic acid contents of the Glu- and Lys- forms appear to be similar, the isolated affinity chromatography forms show distinct differences. The sialic acid contents of the Glu-1- and Lys-1- forms are identical, and are substantially higher than the sialic acid contents of the Glu-2- and Lys-2- forms which are also identical to each other. It is possible that the charge difference between the zymogen-1- and -2- forms may be related to the differences in their sialic acid content. Each of the four zymogen affinity chromatography forms, when activated by urokinase in the presence of the plasmin inhibitor, Trasylol, was converted to an apparently unique and different enzyme form. The four enzyme forms show distinct stepwise differences in molecular size; Glu-1-plasmin is the largest in size whereas Lys-2-plasmin is the smallest in size. Each plasmin-derived carboxymethyl heavy(A) chain was found to be different in molecular size, but the two carboxymethyl light(B) chains found in each of the four enzyme forms appeared to be identical and of the same molecular sizes. The four heavy(A) chains show a stepwise difference in molecular size; the Glu-1-heavy(A) chain is the largest in size whereas the Lys-2-heavy(A) chain is the smallest in size...