不同非生物胁迫对麻疯树幼苗光合速率等生理指标的影响

对麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)幼苗在不同非生物胁迫下的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)等生理指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在缺磷处理中,麻疯树叶片Pn保持在对照的90%左右,气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在处理2 d后显著增加,Gs上升20%～40%,Ci升高4%～16%,Tr变化不大;处理17 d时,麻疯树的P含量下降55%～85%,而干重只下降3%。缺氮处理9 d时麻疯树叶片的Pn下降到最低,之后维持在对照的64%左右,Gs在处理2～7 d显著高出对照15%～57%,处理9～16 d恢复到对照水平,Ci从第2天开始上升,高出对照4%～24%,Tr变化不大;处理17 d时组织中N含量显著下降47%～78%,植株干重下降23%。盐胁迫处理5 d后,麻疯树叶片Pn降低到对照的54%,之后维持在对照的48%左右,Gs、Ci和Tr与Pn的变化一致,均呈下降趋势;处理17 d,叶柄和茎中P含量增加37%～54%,组织中K+/Na+下降87%～96%,植株干重下降18%。干旱胁迫处理6 d,叶片Pn快速下降至29%,Gs、Ci和Tr与Pn整体变化趋势一致;处理第7天,叶片细胞膜透性增加67%,停止浇水17 d后植株干重下降55%,同时叶片卷曲下垂,老叶脱落。麻疯树植株Pn在缺磷胁迫过程中最早达到相对稳定状态,其次为盐胁迫和缺氮胁迫。这说明麻疯树植株对缺磷环境具有良好的适应性,而对缺氮环境适应性相对较差;耐盐类型可能属于逃避盐害中的聚盐植物,适应干旱环境的机制属于御旱性类型。     

Earlier snow melt and reduced summer precipitation alter floral traits important to pollination

Climate change can cause changes in expression of organismal traits that influence fitness. In flowering plants, floral traits can respond to drought, and that phenotypic plasticity has the potential to affect pollination and plant reproductive success. Global climate change is leading to earlier snow melt in snow-dominated ecosystems as well as affecting precipitation during the growing season, but the effects of snow melt timing on floral morphology and rewards remain unknown. We conducted crossed manipulations of spring snow melt timing (early vs. control) and summer monsoon precipitation (addition, control, and reduction) that mimicked recent natural variation, and examined plastic responses in floral traits of Ipomopsis aggregata over 3 years in the Rocky Mountains. We tested whether increased summer precipitation compensated for earlier snow melt, and if plasticity was associated with changes in soil moisture and/or leaf gas exchange. Lower summer precipitation decreased corolla length, style length, corolla width, sepal width, and nectar production, and increased nectar concentration. Earlier snow melt (taking into account natural and experimental variation) had the same effects on those traits and decreased inflorescence height. The effect of reduced summer precipitation was stronger in earlier snow melt years for corolla length and sepal width. Trait reductions were explained by drier soil during the flowering period, but this effect was only partially explained by how drier soils affected plant water stress, as measured by leaf gas exchange. We predicted the effects of plastic trait changes on pollinator visitation rates, pollination success, and seed production using prior studies on I. aggregata. The largest predicted effect of drier soil on relative fitness components via plasticity was a decrease in male fitness caused by reduced pollinator rewards (nectar production). Early snow melt and reduced precipitation are strong drivers of phenotypic plasticity, and both should be considered when predicting effects of climate change on plant traits in snow-dominated ecosystems.     

Differences in the responses of stem diameter and pod thickness to drought stress during the grain filling stage in soybean plants

This study investigated the factor of the physiological characteristics causing the reduction of yield of soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by drought stress, by monitoring changes in stem diameter and pod thickness, and photosynthetic activity, partitioning of ¹³C-labeled photosynthate. Drought stress reduced the whole plant dry weight due to the decrease in leaf and pod dry matter accumulation; however, this stress did not have a significant effect on stem growth. Leaf photosynthesis was also severely decreased by drought stress in the early stage of stress treatment as leaf water potential decreased. Imposition of stress decreased pod thickness, but stem diameter increased. The adverse effect of drought stress on pod thickness was more evident at night than during the day. The stem diameter also shrank during the day and expanded at night, but the nocturnal increase in stem diameter during drought stress treatment was greater for stressed plants compared with well-watered controls. Drought stress significantly promoted ¹³C partitioning from the fed leaf to other parts of the plant; the stem was the largest beneficiary. Soluble carbohydrates accumulated in various plant parts under the influence of the stress, but starch concentration declined in all organs except the stem. These results indicated that stem growth was promoted by drought stress compared to pod growth at the early grain-filling stage.     

干旱胁迫下蒭雷草的生理响应

为探讨蒭雷草(Thuarea involuta)在热带珊瑚岛干旱环境下的适应能力,对干旱胁迫下蒭雷草叶片抗逆生理指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫初期,叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量随胁迫程度增加的差异不显著;随胁迫时间的延长,除重度胁迫下先迅速增加后急速下降外,其余处理的变化较小。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随干旱胁迫程度增加而升高;随时间延长,SOD活性不断上升,POD活性基本稳定,CAT活性则先下降后上升。除轻度胁迫下可溶性蛋白(SP)含量低于对照外,其余处理均随干旱胁迫程度增加而增加;干旱胁迫下的脯氨酸(Pro)含量随时间延长呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,但在处理第18天时不同胁迫程度间均差异不显著。因此,蒭雷草具有较强的抗旱能力,可用于南海诸岛的人工植物群落构建和植被恢复以营造良好生态环境。     

Growth characteristics of Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii) planted on the northern Japanese hillsides exposed to strong winds

Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii), a native species typically found in northern Japan, has been used in reforestation on hillsides exposed to strong winds. In the reforestation areas, there are south-facing (S-slope) and northwest-facing slopes (NW-slope). Climatic conditions are contrasting between the two slopes, with shallower snow cover on the S-slopes. We compared growth responses of the spruce to micro-environment between the S- and NW-slopes through soil nutrients, needle longevity, water status, photosynthesis, and nutrients in the needles. These parameters were measured in needles exposed above the snow in winter and in lower needles protected by snow cover. High-position needles suffered from drought stress, especially in winter, and needles were shed early in the year on both slopes. Low-position needles did not suffer from drought stress, and maintained a high photosynthetic rate on both slopes. However, needle longevity was reduced on the S-slope, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the needles decreased with needle age. Soil nutrient concentrations were low on the S-slope, which suggests that the needles on the S-slope may remobilize nutrients from aged needles to younger needles prior to shedding. This characteristic is probably an adaptation in Sakhalin spruce to poor soil conditions.     

Gas exchange of Agropyron desertorum: diurnal patterns and responses to water vapor gradient and temperature

Summary The response of leaf gas exchange to environmental variables were measured at different levels of drought stress for Agropyron desertorum, a naturalized perennial bunchgrass of the semiarid shrub steppes of western North America. Leaf conductance (stomatal plus boundary layer) was more sensitive to changes in water vapor gradient than to changes in leaf temperature. Assimilation was sensitive to both temperature and vapor gradient, and also appeared to be affected by conductance and high transpiration rates. The magnitudes of both assimilation and conductance decreased with increased drought conditions. Diurnal patterns of gas exchange were measured during 3 growing seasons. For a typical spring day with moderate leaf temperature and vapor gradient, diurnal patterns were similar for plants at different levels of soil water availability. Assimilation was relatively constant during most of the day, but conductance decreased during the afternoon. Total daily carbon gain was decreased to a lesser extent than daily water loss as soil water was depleted. Consequently, the ratio of daily carbon gain to daily water loss, i.e. daily water use efficiency, increased with decreased soil water content for diurnals under spring conditions. Diurnal patterns of assimilation for a typical summer day with high leaf temperature and vapor gradient differend from those for a spring day. An afternoon decrease in assimilation was typical during a summer day. Daily carbon gain, water use, and water use efficiency for summer diurnals decreased only under severe drought conditions. Almost complete recovery of assimilation and conductance occurred if leaf microclimate was ameliorated during the afternoon of either spring or summer diurnals. Thus, conditions responsible for a midday depression in assimilation during a single day did not have persistent effects on leaf gas exchange. Daily carbon gain of a typical summer day was restricted by leaf microclimate during the afternoon, but daily water use efficiency was not relatively increased by the amelioration of leaf microclimate.     

Water‐soluble carbohydrates in Patzkea paniculata (L.): a plant strategy to tolerate snowpack reduction and spring drought in subalpine grasslands

• In subalpine grasslands of the central French Alps, cessation of traditional mowing promotes dominance of Patzkea paniculata (L.) G.H.Loos (Poaceae) tussocks, with high biomass but low fodder quality. Mowing limits P. paniculata abundance through the depletion of its water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves, which sustain early spring growth initiation. However, the effectiveness of mowing effects is modulated by grassland functional composition, fertilization and climate change, as WSC compounds, and notably fructans, support plant physiological responses to climate stresses such as drought or frost.
• To characterize the mechanisms underpinning the control of P. paniculata under global change, we tested the effects of climate manipulation (combined snow removal and drought) and management (cutting and fertilization) alone or in combination on P. paniculata WSC storage in assembled grassland communities of varying functional composition.
• Management and climate treatments individually decreased seasonal fructan storage, with neither additive nor synergic effects between them, primarily due to the dominance of management over climate effects. Fructan amounts were higher in individuals growing in unmanaged exploitative communities compared to unmanaged conservative communities, regardless of climate treatments, but management overrode these differences.
• Our findings suggest that reduction by combined snow removal and drought of P. paniculata carbon allocation to WSC storage may similarly limit its dominance to that in current mowing practices.

     

荒漠藓类植物齿肋赤藓对4年积雪深度变化的生理生化响应

冬季降雪作为古尔班通古特沙漠最主要的降水形式,在荒漠生物土壤结皮的稳定和发育发挥重要作用。全球的持续变暖和极端气候事件的频繁发生导致荒漠冬季的积雪格局发生重大变化。荒漠藓类植物作为荒漠重要地被类型生物土壤结皮的重要组成成分,在生理生化层面将如何响应长期的积雪深度变化还不清楚。因此,通过野外设置去除积雪(-S)、自然积雪(S)、2倍积雪(2S)和3倍积雪(3S) 4个积雪梯度,探讨经历4年积雪深度变化下齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)的生理生化特征。结果表明,积雪深度变化显著影响了齿肋赤藓的植株含水量、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Y(II))、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性。与去除积雪处理相比,随着积雪深度的增加,齿肋赤藓的植株含水量、F_v/F_m和Y(II)呈现增加趋势,而植株内的游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现降低趋势。相关性分析显示,齿肋赤藓的F_...     

Adaptation of stomatal response ofCamellia rusticana to a heavy snowfall environment: Winter drought and net photosynthesis

The adaptation ofCamellia rusticana, an evergreen broad-leaved shrub found in areas of heavy snowfall in Japan, to heavy snowfall environments, and the mechanisms by which it is damaged in winter above the snow, were investigated. The stomatal response and photosynthetic characteristics ofC. rusticana were compared to those ofCamellia japonica found in areas of light snowfall. In field conditions, the mean net photosynthesis ofC. rusticana at photon flux density (PFD) over 200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ (Pn(_>200). was 50% larger than that ofC. japonica, but in both light saturated and CO₂ saturated conditions, the O₂ evolution rate (Pc) ofC. rusticana was not different from that ofC. japonica. Mean leaf conductance at PFD over 200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ (gl(_>200)) was about 100% larger than that ofC. japonica in the field. The Pn(_>200)) was 50% ratio ofC. rusticana was 37% higher than that ofC. japonica which suggests thatC. rusticana's larger Pn(_>200) can be explained by its larger gl(_>200). WhenC. rusticana trees wintering underneath the snow were projected above it, the leaves of these plants showed serious drought within five days in non-freezing conditions. Their Pc and the maximum stomatal conductance decreased by half and did not recover. The leaves ofC. rusticana showed larger gl(_>200) and a less sensitive stomatal response to the decrease of leaf water potential than that ofC. japonica. The stomata characteristics ofC. rusticana caused larger net photosynthesis than that ofC. japonica during the no snow period, and caused the need for snow cover in winter as protector from winter drought.     

西藏3种野生牧草苗期对干旱胁迫的响应

通过气候培养箱盆栽试验,探究了干旱胁迫对西藏3种野生牧草(赖草(Leymus secalinus)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和老芒麦(Elymus sibircus))苗期生长特性和生理指标的影响,并对其抗旱能力进行综合评价,旨在为选育抗旱性强的优良牧草种质资源和人工草地建植提供科学理论依据。研究发现,随着干旱胁迫时间的增加,土壤相对含水量呈现先快速下降后缓慢下降的变化趋势,种植不同牧草的土壤含水量变化值也不相同。3种野生牧草幼苗的株高变化量、植株含水量和叶绿素(Chl)含量均随干旱胁迫时间的增加而呈现下降趋势;植物体内游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均表现为随着干旱胁迫时间增加而增大;可溶性糖含量均表现为随干旱胁迫时间的增加呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势:干旱胁迫第5天的可溶性糖含量最低,但老芒麦干旱胁迫第20天时的可溶性糖含量仍低于对照;垂穗披碱草可溶性蛋白含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长而增加,老芒麦和赖草体内可溶性蛋白含量呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,老芒麦在干旱胁迫第10天时可溶性蛋白含量最低,而干旱胁迫第5天时赖草体内可溶性蛋白含量最低。用隶属函数法对干旱胁迫下3种野生牧草苗期8个指标进行综合评价,其抗旱性强弱顺序依次为:赖草垂穗披碱草老芒麦。结果表明3种牧草中赖草的抗旱能力最强,适合在西藏干旱地区种植;但由于赖草有性繁殖能力较低,而垂穗披碱草有性繁殖能力较强,可以作为西藏干旱、半干旱地区生态恢复的首选草种。     

Contribution of trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress tolerance of Capparis ovata Desf

Trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway are important contributors and regulators of stress responses in plants. Among recent findings for trehalose and its metabolism, the role of signalling in the regulation of growth and development and its potential for use as a storage energy source can be listed. The xerophytic plant Capparis ovata (caper) is well adapted to drought and high temperature stress in arid and semi‐arid regions of the Mediterranean. The contribution of trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress responses and tolerance in C. ovata are not known. We investigated the effects of PEG‐mediated drought stress in caper plants and analysed physiological parameters and trehalose biosynthetic pathway components, trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS), trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatase (TPP), trehalase activity, trehalose and proline content in drought stress‐treated and untreated plants. Our results indicated that trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway contributed to drought stress tolerance of C. ovata. Overall growth and leaf water status were not dramatically affected by drought, as both high relative growth rate and relative water content were recorded even after 14 days of drought stress. Trehalose accumulation increased in parallel to induced TPS and TPP activities and decreased trehalase activity in caper plants on day 14. Constitutive trehalose levels were 28.75 to 74.75 μg·g·FW^?1, and drought stress significantly induced trehalose accumulation (385.25 μg·g·FW^?1 on day 14) in leaves of caper. On day 14 of drought, proline levels were lower than on day 7. Under drought stress the discrepancy between trehalose and proline accumulation trends might result from the mode of action of these osmoprotectant molecules in C. ovata.     

Physiological changes in them in post-stress emerging <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenanthe setosa</Emphasis> plants under drought conditions

The capability of Ctenanthe setosa (Rosc.) Eichler (Marantaceae), pre-exposed to severe drought stress, of adaptation to a new drought conditions was investigated. C. setosa unstressed plants were exposed to drought period of 70 days. These plants were named as primary-stress plants (PS). They were trimmed, and new plants were produced from their rhizomes. New growing plants were named as post-stress emerging (PSE) plants. It was observed that leaf area and petiole length of PSE plants were reduced, as compared to unstressed plants. When PSE plants were exposed to a second drought-stress cycle, it was determined that the degree of their leaf rolling was higher but their relative water content (RWC) was less than these parameters of PS plants during drought period. However, at the 81% rolling degree, RWC in PSE plants was higher than in PS plants. Consequently, it can be said that the PSE plant were more resistant to a new drought stress than unstressed and PS plants. In the leaves of PSE plants, which were exposed to a second drought-stress period, the content of soluble protein decreased in the early period of drought, but increased in the later periods. Also, the content of reducing sugar in PSE plants gradually decreased during the stress period. Proline content increased markedly during drought period, whereas peroxidase activity increased up to the 60th day and then decreased. This text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Growth and Solute Composition in Two Wheat Species Experiencing Combined Influence of Stress Conditions1

The effects of environmental stress combinations on the soluble metabolites were investigated in several cultivars of Triticum aestivum and T. durum. The seedlings grown at optimum (24/16°C), low (5/–5°C) (LT), and high (40/30°C) (HT) day/night temperature conditions were exposed to waterlogging, drought, and salinity (0.7% NaCl, w/w) stresses for six days. Root and shoot fresh weight significantly decreased under waterlogging, drought and salt stresses. Fresh weight was most reduced at severe drought + HT combinations. The lowest relative water content was found under drought stress + HT combination. Soluble carbohydrate (SC) contents increased under LT conditions, but decreased under HT conditions. Under HT + salt combinations, T. aestivum genotypes showed higher SC content thanT. durum genotypes. Proline content significantly increased in the case of water deficit and salt stress. Under drought and salt stresses, T. aestivum genotypes had lower proline contents than T. durum genotypes. These results indicate that biochemical responses to drought, waterlogging, and salt stresses were significantly changed in wheat seedlings under LT and HT conditions.     

Wood borer performance and wood characteristics of drought‐stressed Scots pine seedlings

Four‐year‐old Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)] seedlings were exposed to medium and severe drought stress for two consecutive years. The anatomical properties of drought‐stressed Scots pine wood and their impact on the performance of destructive wood boring early instars of Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were studied. Drought stress significantly decreased diameter of earlywood tracheids in both growing years and diameter of latewood tracheids after the second growing season only. Cell lumen area was significantly decreased by both medium and severe drought stress compared to well‐watered controls. In addition, area of cell lumen was significantly smaller in severe drought than in medium drought treatment. The drought stress marginally increased the number of resin canals in the wood, but did not affect the size of resin canals either in wood or bark. The relative growth rate of xylophagous H. bajulus neonatal larvae was not significantly affected by drought stress during the 106‐day feeding period on Scots pine wood blocks. The results show that although water availability was an important factor affecting the development and anatomy of wood cells, observed changes in wood characteristics did not affect the performance of early instars feeding on wood processed from drought‐stressed young Scots pine seedlings.     

不同水分胁迫对绵毛水苏幼苗形态和生理特性的影响

以绵毛水苏幼苗为试材,以正常供水为对照,研究不同水分胁迫(淹水、渍水、中度干旱、重度干旱)对绵毛水苏形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)绵毛水苏植株在淹水处理3d后外围叶片坏死,根系死亡,但茎基部有不定根萌生;渍水处理植株地上部始终无明显变化,但部分根系根尖变褐色;干旱处理7d时叶片萎蔫,且重度干旱处理叶片萎蔫程度大于中度干旱。胁迫解除后,除淹水处理在第13天恢复生长外,其余处理均在第2天恢复正常生长。(2)绵毛水苏叶片含水量和根系活力在淹水处理下显著降低,在渍水处理下无明显变化;在干旱胁迫下,叶片含水量迅速下降,而根系活力升高。(3)在各水分胁迫条件下,绵毛水苏植株叶、根的相对电导率和MDA含量均较对照显著升高,且根部受损程度均重于叶片,其中淹水胁迫受损最严重。(4)淹水处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸持续积累;渍水和干旱处理叶和根的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸均升高。研究认为,绵毛水苏具有较强的渗透调节能力,在渍水和干旱胁迫解除后迅速缓解膜质过氧化伤害,恢复正常生长;绵毛水苏虽不能在长时间淹水条件下生长,但可在渍水条件下正常生长,且能忍受干旱胁迫,可应用于滨水消落带等水分变化较大的区域。     

Abscisic acid concentrations and fluxes in droughted conifer saplings

We present the first study of abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations and fluxes in the xylem sap of conifers during a drought cycle. In both Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis the concentration of ABA in the sap rose 11-fold as the drought progressed. There were clear diurnal trends in this concentration, which reached its maximum (6–8.ininol ABA m^?3) near the middle of the day. The fluxes of ABA were calculated by multiplying the xylem ABA concentration by the sap flow rate. The ABA fluxes in the droughted plants in the middle of the day were usually no higher than those of the controls, as a result of the very low sap flow in the droughted plants at that time. However, the ABA flux in the droughted plants was higher than in the controls in the morning, and we postulate that the stomata are responding to these ‘morning doses’ Stomatal conductance, g_s, could not be related statistically to leaf turgor or to the ABA flux. However, £s did display a negative exponential relationship with ABA concentration in the xylem. Pinus displayed more acclimation to drought than Picea, Its ABA concentration rose and its stomatal conductance fell at day 6 of the drought, as opposed to day 17 for Picea, and its osmotic potential fell during the drought treatment.     

Drought response of two bedding plants

Bedding plants are an important part of the urban public space and private gardens. However, they are not always properly watered and suffer from drought stress, especially when grown in containers. In this trial a response to water stress of two commonly used species, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook) and geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L. H. Bailey) were compared. The former is highly herbaceous and prone to wilting whereas the latter has hairy leaves and is better adapted to drought. Plants were grown at three levels of soil water content (SWC): 80% (control), 60% (mild stress) and 30% (severe stress). Drought was maintained during three 10 day cycles, separated by 10 day periods of normal watering. In both species roots were significantly longer in plants grown at 30% SWC as compared to 80% SWC while plant height and flower number were reduced by drought only in impatiens. The initial relative water content (RWC) was lower in geranium and decreased less in response to drought than in impatiens. Ammonium content in leaves of both species increased significantly under stress but the ranges of increase were different in both species. There was a significant increase in the free amino acids content in leaves of impatiens as compared to geranium but this rise was more time than drought dependent. The reduction in the a + b chlorophyll concentration in leaves of impatiens was significantly time and stress dependent while no reaction in geranium was observed. The above results show that changes in leaf RWC merit further attention as a possible indicator of plant response to drought stress in ornamental plants but additional studies are needed before this or other parameters can be used to evaluate new bedding plants for introduction into urban growing conditions, or as selection criteria in breeding for adaptation to demanding growing conditions.     

不同种源乌桕幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以不同种源1年生乌桕幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验研究了持续干旱条件下其外部形态及主要生理指标的变化,探讨各种源乌桕的抗旱性特性与差异。结果显示:(1)随着干旱持续时间的延长,各种源乌桕幼苗生长均受到不同程度抑制,外形表现出明显的缺水特征;其叶片相对含水量逐渐减小,复水后明显回升。(2)在极度干旱条件下(停水后第12天),幼苗叶片净光合作用速率仍维持一定的强度,而且细胞膜透性的变化不显著;在干旱胁迫条件下,幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质质量分数增加,丙二醛含量上升,脯氨酸积累,复水后呈现相反的变化趋势。(3)极度干旱条件下,不同种源乌桕幼苗间除丙二醛和相对电导率外,其它生理指标的变化差异显著或极显著,即不同种源具备比较稳定的抗旱性差异。(4)采用隶属函数法对不同种源幼苗的抗旱性分析发现,安徽黄山、河南商城两种源综合评价指数最大,为抗旱性较强的种源。研究表明,各种源乌桕幼苗能够通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解干旱胁迫的伤害,从而表现出较强的抗旱性和适应性,但种源间存在稳定的差异,并以安徽黄山和河南商城种源抗旱性较强,可应用推广于季节性干旱区造林。     

Production and hydrochemical characteristics of ice,under-ice water and sediments in the Razdolnaya River estuary (Amursky Bay,Sea of Japan) during the ice cover period

Production and hydrochemical characteristics of ice, under-ice water, and sediments in the Razdol’naya River estuary (Sea of Japan) were studied during the ice cover periods of the years 2007 and 2008. In 2007, snow cover was absent until mid-February and PAR levels under ice were sufficient for the development of phytoplankton. The chlorophyll a content in ice, under-ice water, and surface sediments was high, while nutrient levels were decreased. After a snowfall, the chlorophyll content in ice and under-ice water decreased sharply. In winter 2008, snow cover was formed immediately after freeze-up; therefore, PAR levels in the ice and under-ice water were significantly reduced. The chlorophyll content was lower, but nutrient levels were higher than in 2007. In both winter seasons, the greatest portion of chlorophyll (up to 85%) was contained in surface sediments. Diatoms were dominant in ice and under-ice water. In the absence of snow, primary production at the end of ice cover period may reach 1 g cal/(m² day). With snow cover present, this index was markedly reduced.