水分胁迫下花生叶片AhNCED1蛋白表达与气孔开度的变化

研究了水分胁迫下不同花生抗旱品种叶片气孔开度和相对含水量变化,分析TAhNCEDI基因和AhNCED1蛋白进行表达情况,发现水分胁迫下,叶片相对含水量下降,叶片气孔开度降低,叶片AhNCED1基因和AhNCED1蛋白表达增强。抗旱品种较之敏旱品种在响应水分胁迫初期时（1h）AhNCED1基因和AhNCED1蛋白表达较强,叶片气孔开度下降较快,引发气孔关闭,其叶片相对含水量较高,保水能力较强。ABA合成抑制剂naproxen处理后,叶片AhNCED1基因和AhNCED1蛋白的表达减弱,气孔开度快速增加,水分胁迫下花生叶片AhNCED1蛋白表达可能影响气孔开闭。     

大豆光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的响应

土壤水分胁迫使两个供试大豆品种(系)光合速率和气孔导度降低,“鲁豆四号”降低的幅度大于小粒大豆品系“7605”。在相同的叶水势下,“7605”的光合速率和气孔导度均高于“鲁豆四号”,但“7605”气孔随水势下降而关闭的速率大于“鲁豆四号”。水分胁迫使叶片温度升高,“7605”比“鲁豆四号”升温较快,但在同一水分处理中,“鲁豆四号”的叶温高于“7605”。水分胁迫降低了大豆的水分利用效率,且“鲁豆四号”降低的速率大于“7605”。结果表明,“7605”对水分胁迫具有较好的适应能力。     

玉米叶片气孔及花环和维管束结构对水分胁迫的响应

采用盆栽种植,以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,设置对照（CK）、轻度（LS）、中度（MS）和重度（SS）水分胁迫 (土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的75%～85%、65%～75%、55%～65%、45%～55%)4个水分梯度,从气孔开度的调控、花环结构的变化、叶片维管束水分运输等方面研究了玉米对土壤水分胁迫的应激反应.结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的不断加剧,气孔保卫和副卫细胞中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的积累量逐渐增多,应用荧光染色定位也发现H₂O₂荧光强度逐渐增强,而气孔开度和气孔导度均逐渐减小.同时,花环的正常结构被破坏,花环细胞排列凌乱且体积逐渐变小,维管束鞘细胞变得不规则;大维管束断面面积、木质部面积以及韧皮部细胞数均减少,总的叶片和上、下表皮的厚度逐渐变薄.此外,花环细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体数目减少,且在中度胁迫下花环细胞中叶绿体的分布发生了变化,由紧贴细胞质膜内侧环靠细胞壁分布向偏细胞中心扩散.发现玉米气孔关闭可能是由保卫细胞和副卫细胞中的H₂O₂共同调节,副卫细胞中的H₂O₂对保卫细胞主导的气孔关闭具有协同作用.总之,在水分胁迫下,玉米通过改变叶片花环结构和厚度、叶绿体的分布,减小木质部和韧皮部面积等降低叶片表面水势,促进气孔关闭,减少体内水分散失,以减轻干旱胁迫对其伤害.     

小麦和大豆叶片的报孔不均匀关闭现象

用＾１４ＣＯ２放射自显影方法的研究了是小玫和大豆叶天水分胁迫下的气孔关闭状况。正常浇水的小麦和大豆叶呈现了对＾１４ＣＯ２的均匀吸收。在上麦与大豆叶片不对－１．７５和－１．３２ＭＰａ的土壤干旱条件下，两种作物叶片翥敢孔不均匀关闭。离休吾片在空气中乐易引起气孔不均匀关闭。正常供水小麦叶片在晴天中竿明显的光合竿休时，无ＣＯ２的不均匀吸收。某些明天中竿，在大豆光合行休低谷时段以较明显的气孔不均匀关闭。用气     

高大乔木原位与离体叶片气体交换特征的比较——以三种环境下的青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)为例

乔木由于个体高大,采用便携式仪器(如Li-6400)进行气体交换测定时的采样存在很多困难.研究了岩溶区、非岩溶区和盆栽等3种生境条件下的青冈栎植物叶片离体后的气体交换参数衰变特性并与活体状态进行比较,以确定叶片离体后仍能代表原位状态的最佳测定时间.叶片离开母体后,气孔短时内略微变大,然后逐渐关闭.不同条件下气孔的这种变化差异较大;蒸腾作用与气孔导度极显著线性相关,蒸腾作用受到气孔关闭的影响明显.离体叶片的蒸腾作用的大小与叶片的温度高低相一致.光合效率与气孔导度也呈显著相关,但相关程度较前者弱.不同温度条件下离体叶片的气体交换特征是不一样的,岩溶区高温加速了叶片的蒸腾速率,减少叶片组织自由含水量,导致水分胁迫的提前到来.温度越低离体叶片光合作用的衰减过程越慢.离体叶片的气体交换参数的在一定时间范围内的可靠性取决于叶片温度.在温度较低的时候(如20℃),离体叶片的可靠性20min以上,温度比较高(非岩溶区,温度约为32℃))的情况下,只有10min左右,而温度很高(岩溶区,叶温≥32℃)的情况下,这种可靠时间只有3～6min.     

小麦和大豆叶片的气孔不均匀关闭现象

用14CO2放射自显影的方法研究了田间小麦和大豆叶片在水分胁迫下的气孔关闭状况。正常浇水的小麦和大豆叶片呈现出对14CO2的均匀吸收。在小麦与大豆"片水势分别降至-1．75和-1．32MPa的土壤干旱条件下,两种作物叶片都发生气孔不均匀关闭。离休叶片在空气中快速脱水易引起气孔不均匀关闭。正常供水小麦叶片在晴天中午明显的光合午休时,无CO2的不均匀吸收。某些晴天中午,在大豆光合午休低谷时段观察到较明显的气孔不均匀关闭,用气体交换资料计算出的细胞间隙CO2浓度并不随气孔年度的降低而下降,反而略有回升。     

羊草叶片气体交换参数对温度和土壤水分的响应

 采用生长箱控制的方法研究了羊草(Leymus chinensis)幼苗叶片光合参数对5个温度和5个水分梯度的响应和适应。结果表明：轻度、中度土壤干旱并没有限制羊草叶片的生长,对气体交换参数亦无显著影响,反映了羊草幼苗对土壤水分胁迫的较高耐性。叶片生物量以26 ℃时最大,其它依次为23 ℃、20 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃。温度升高使气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加, 却使光合速率和水分利用效率降低。水分和温度对叶片生物量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率存在显著的交互作用,表明高温加强了干旱对叶片生长和气体交换的影响, 降低了羊草对土壤干旱的适应能力。高温和干旱的交互作用将显著减少我国半干旱地区草原的羊草生产力。     

干旱-复水对桂西北喀斯特地区青冈栎叶片光合能力、叶绿素荧光和显微结构的影响

为了探讨喀斯特地区适生种青冈栎幼苗对“干旱－复水”环境的适应机制,以当年生青冈栎实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水试验,研究了4 种土壤干旱胁迫强度[对照（–0.1 MPa）、轻度干旱（–0.5 MPa））、中度干旱（–0.9 MPa）和重度干旱（–1.5 MPa）]及复水处理对叶片的水分状况、光合、叶绿素荧光和解剖结构参数的影响。结果表明：（1）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片相对含水率、水势、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）均显著降低,而气孔限制值（Ls）显著增加;轻度胁迫下各光合参数以及轻中度胁迫下瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）均不受显著影响。复水后,各干旱处理叶片水分参数、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、WUE均比复水前提高,Ls比复水前降低;轻度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均优于对照,中度胁迫仅Ls未恢复到对照,重度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均未恢复。（2）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片初始荧光（Fo）显著增加,而最大荧光（Fm）、最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）和潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）均显著下降,且在轻度胁迫下均与对照显著差异。复水后,各干旱胁迫Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo比复水前提高,而Fo均略低于复水前,轻度胁迫复水后各叶绿素荧光参数均恢复到或优于对照,中度和重度胁迫复水后Fo未恢复到对照,且重度胁迫复水后Fv /Fm仅为0.75。（3）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、气孔密度、主脉导管直径均显著增加,叶片气孔器长度、宽度、开口面积、海绵组织厚度均显著降低,而栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度均表现为中度＞轻度＞对照＞重度。复水后,仅各干旱胁迫处理的气孔开口面积和主脉厚度比复水前显著提高;轻度胁迫复水后叶片结构参数也均恢复到或优于对照,中度胁迫复水后气孔开口面积仍显著低于对照,重度胁迫复水后气孔开口未能恢复打开,主脉厚度也低于对照。因此,青冈栎幼苗有耐旱性和旱后恢复能力,适合作为喀斯特地区的生态恢复树种,但在青冈栎幼苗抚育阶段应免受中度以上干旱胁迫（–0.9 MPa）,以利于其旱后恢复生长。     

转铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因甘薯的耐旱性

水分胁迫使转铜／锌超氧化物歧化酶基因（Cu／Zn SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（APX）甘薯及未转基因甘薯中超氧阴离子（O2^-）、过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜相对透性增加,在相同条件下以上指标均为转基因甘薯低于未转基因甘薯;而叶片含水量、净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）均下降,SOD和APX酶活性随胁迫程度的加重先增大后减小,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）则先减小后增大,在相同条件下转基因甘薯中以上指标均高于未转基因甘薯。这些结果表明：转入Cu／Zn SOD和APX基因使转基因甘薯清除活性氧的能力增强,在水分胁迫下能保持较高的叶片含水量和Pn,耐旱性得到提高。     

臭柏异形叶解剖结构及其抗旱性的比较

以成熟臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)为试验材料,使用徒手切片法观测臭柏鳞叶和刺叶的解剖结构,分析叶片解剖结构与其抗旱适应的关系,以揭示臭柏异形叶机制的生态意义,为臭柏在干旱半干旱地区植被恢复与重建中的推广应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)鳞叶角质层厚度极显著大于刺叶,而近轴面和远轴面的表皮系统厚度均极显著小于刺叶,说明鳞叶主要通过较厚的角质层防止水分散失,而刺叶主要通过较厚的整个表皮系统来保持水分。(2)鳞叶的气孔开张比、气孔开张度、气孔长度和宽度均极显著大于刺叶,而气孔密度极显著小于刺叶,说明鳞叶较耐旱,刺叶依赖较大的气孔密度和灵敏的气孔关闭来应对干旱胁迫。(3)鳞叶和刺叶的叶片厚度和主脉厚度无显著差异,但鳞叶的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅/海、叶片组织紧密度和树脂道面积均显著或极显著大于刺叶,木质部厚度、木/维和叶片组织疏松度均极显著小于刺叶,说明鳞叶可通过较大的栅/海、紧密的叶片结构来适应干旱,而刺叶通过增强输导组织来应对干旱。研究认为,鳞叶忍耐干早能力较强,而相对鳞叶来说,刺叶主要通过逃避的方式来应对干旱。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan