纤维素粘合废弃物载体植生建坪环境生态工程应用应用研究

纤维素为粘合剂,并以无纺布草坪植生带建植原理、通过简化生产工艺,选用几种生活废弃为植生载体,对各类废弃物载体与草坪的植生组合进行了建坪生产应用研究及效益分析。结果表明,不同草种的植生组合,其成坪效果差异明显,这与草种本身特性密切相关;同草种各植生组合成坪效果与建坪当年。尤其建坪早期差异较大,至第２年,则成坪效果差异缩小。证明在纤维素粘各条件下,研究所采用废弃物载体与草种进行植生建坪,除具有生产与观赏性能良好的特别处,还具经济效益高的特点,将为废弃物植生建坪环境生态工程实际应用及拓宽环保产产业提供科学依据。     

生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫多样性特征

通过城市生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫,研究了线虫数量、科属分类、营养类群等线虫多样性变化.结果表明,接种草坪土壤线虫 4 个月后,垃圾堆肥基质中共鉴定出线虫4科7属,包括植物寄生性线虫、食真菌线虫和食细菌线虫3个营养类群;垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中线虫总数明显少于土壤基质.在接种草坪线虫的土壤基质草坪建植体系中,植物寄生线虫为优势营养类群,盘旋线虫属仍为优势属,相对多度达到83.3%,显著高于本底土壤45.1%.在接种草坪土壤线虫的垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中,土壤本底中处于优势属的植物寄生类线虫如盘旋线虫属和螺旋线虫属基本消失了,表明垃圾堆肥基质对植物寄生类群的生长与繁殖表现出明显的抑制作用,优势属也发生了很大变化,食细菌类群的头叶属和丽突属成为优势属,相对多度分别为67.0%和14.0%.因此,从草坪土壤线虫危害角度来说,以垃圾堆肥作为草坪基质将会为草坪植物生长创造良好的基质环境.     

纤维素粘合废弃物载体植生建坪环境生态工程应用研究

纤维素为粘合剂,并以无纺布草坪植生带建植原理,通过简化生产工艺,选用几种生活废弃物为植生载体,对各类废弃物载体与草种的植生组合进行了建坪生产应用研究及效益分析。结果表明,不同草种的植生组合,其成坪效果差异明显,这与草种本身特性密切相关;同草种各植生组合成坪效果在建坪当年,尤其建坪早期差异较大,至第2年,则成坪效果差异缩小。证明在纤维素粘合条件下,研究所采用废弃物载体与草种进行植生建坪,除具有生产与观赏性能良好的特点外,还具有经济效益高的特点。将为废弃物植生建坪环境生态工程实际应用及拓宽环保新产业提供科学依据。     

草坪植生带在上海地区的应用

植生带是一种新兴的草坪建植技术 ,它是在专用设备上按照特定的生产工艺 ,把草坪种子和其他成分 ,按照一定的密度和排列方式压植在可以降解的无纺布基带上形成的工业化产品。目前较常用于植生带生产的冷地型草种有∶草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、匍匐翦股颖等 ;暖地型草种有∶结缕草、狗牙根、白三叶等。草坪植生带具有许多特点 ,如体积小 ,重量轻 ,便于运输、贮藏和铺设 (如强制绿化 )。特别在坡地种植 ,能防止雨水冲刷 ,保持水土。虽然植生带有如此多的优点 ,但目前主要在我国北方地区应用较多 ,在上海地区尚未大面积推广此技术。本…     

废旧橡胶颗粒填充草坪根带基质及草坪植物生态响应

选择4种不同粒径大小的废旧橡胶颗粒分别与壤土、粘土、沙土组配草坪基质,通过组配基质构建草坪建植体系,研究了草坪植物的生态响应。通过对各生态指标综合效应分析,结果表明：壤土组配基质中,胶粒粒径为0.5~1 mm与4~6 mm组配基质要好于1~2 mm和2~4 mm组配基质;粘土组配基质中,1~2 mm胶粒组配基质为最好;对于沙土组配基质,1~2 mm和2~4 mm粒径的胶粒组配基质要优于0.5~1 mm与4~6 mm的组配基质。比较发现,从草坪植物生长角度来看,以沙土填充废胶粒为介质组配运动场草坪基质具有较好的应用前景。     

运动场草坪的药剂修剪

运动场草坪的药剂修剪黄天芳为了维持运动场草坪的品质,使草坪草保持整齐一致的高度,提高草坪的致密性和增加其覆盖度,在培育管理中往往需要对草坪经常进行刈剪。运动场草坪除了通常使用剪草机进行修剪外,也可使用植物生长抑制剂进行药剂修剪。例如,对用高羊茅建植的...     

草坪在城市生态环境中的作用

近年来草坪绿地在各种大中小城市异军突起 ,在改善人类生活质量和环境保护方面起到很大的作用。笔者根据多年来从事绿化工作心得体会 ,浅谈一下草坪在城市生态环境中的一些作用。1　草坪能绿化、美化城市草坪如绿色地毯 ,建植速度快、成本低 ,能迅速地绿化城市。草坪茎、叶、蘖枝茂密 ,相互交织在一起 ,根系发达 ,形成了一个多孔体系 ,起到生物过滤网的作用 ,可抑制地表水的流动 ,降低了径流速度 ,不但可以大大地减少沉淀污染物进入地表河流、湖泊的数量 ,而且有效地减少了土壤水蚀及风蚀的能力。草坪修剪整齐后 ,具有很强的美感 ,使环境优…     

白三叶(Trifolium repens)入侵对城市草坪生态系统土壤动物的影响

土壤动物是土壤生态系统中十分活跃的生物类群之一,也是城市草坪生态系统的重要组成部分。由于外来植物白三叶入侵,草坪土壤动物可能受到直接或间接的影响,进而改变城市草坪生态系统功能及过程。研究白三叶入侵对城市草坪生态系统土壤动物的影响,可为进一步了解外来植物入侵机制及城市草坪的建植养护提供理论依据。采用野外调查的试验方法对4种不同入侵程度下城市草坪的土壤动物群落特征和土壤理化性质进行了研究。结果如下：4种不同入侵程度的草坪样地共捕获土壤动物30099只,隶属于19目43科,其中小杆科、线蚓科和跳虫科为优势类群;土壤动物个体数量和类群数量整体表现为中度入侵 > 轻度入侵 > 对照 > 重度入侵,符合中度干扰假说;土壤动物个体数量和类群数量的季节动态主要表现为夏秋较高,冬春较低。CCA分析显示,土壤理化因子中铵态N对土壤动物影响相对较小,可能与白三叶改善了草坪土壤的供N水平并使其不成为土壤动物分布的限制因子有关;同时,土壤理化因子对土壤动物优势类群影响较小,而主要影响常见和稀有类群。总体而言,一定程度的白三叶入侵增加了土壤动物群落的多样性,但当达到重度入侵时,白三叶形成单优群落,减少了植物多样性,进而使土壤动物可获得的生活资源减少,土壤动物群落多样性呈下降趋势;白三叶入侵后通过改变土壤理化性质,影响到土壤动物常见和稀有类群,并最终改变草坪土壤动物的群落结构。     

生活垃圾生产地毯式草皮环境生态工程基质选配研究

以生活垃圾为基质,选用几种可行性强的材料为配材,进行了生活垃圾生产地毯式草皮基质的选配,通过几种草坪草在各选配基质上的生长效应,及对选配基质的ｐＨ值及水分胁迫性能进行了研究。结果表明,不同选配基质对草坪草的生长效应差异较大,锯木屑可通过增强基质的保水性能而提高草坪草的抗干旱胁迫能力,并能促进草坪草的生长,草木灰显较强的碱性,当其占基质２５％时,则ｐＨ值可达９以上,细河沙可改善基质的通透性,但配施量     

垃圾堆肥基质对不同草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响

通过田间实验,研究了城市生活垃圾堆肥基质对高羊茅和黑麦草不同品种草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响。结果表明:堆肥能明显促进草坪植物生长,提高地上和地下生物量。与一茬草相比,垃圾堆肥对二茬草的促进作用更为明显,说明了垃圾堆肥营养具有缓释效应。另外,垃圾堆肥能加快草坪植物返青,对越年草坪植物盖度、株高以及生物量具有明显促进作用。不同品种草坪植物对垃圾堆肥的生长响应存在明显差异,在生长速度和生物量指标上,3种高羊茅品种表现较好。采用美国国家草坪评比体系NTEP(9分法)作为评比标准,对各草坪综合质量进行评定。结果垃圾堆肥建植的草坪综合质量均明显好于对照;不同草坪植物之间比较,以爱神综合质量为最佳,尤其表现在密度、颜色和质地方面。     

Soil Organism and Plant Introductions in Restoration of Species-Rich Grassland Communities

Soil organisms can strongly affect competitive interactions and successional replacements of grassland plant species. However, introduction of whole soil communities as management strategy in grassland restoration has received little experimental testing. In a 5-year field experiment at a topsoil-removed ex-arable site ( receptor site ), we tested effects of (1) spreading hay and soil, independently or combined, and (2) transplanting intact turfs on plant and soil nematode community development. Material for the treatments was obtained from later successional, species-rich grassland ( donor site ). Spreading hay affected plant community composition, whereas spreading soil did not have additional effects. Plant species composition of transplanted turfs became less similar to that in the donor site. Moreover, most plants did not expand into the receiving plots. Soil spreading and turf transplantation did not affect soil nematode community composition. Unfavorable soil conditions (e.g., low organic matter content and seasonal fluctuations in water level) at the receptor site may have limited plant and nematode survival in the turfs and may have precluded successful establishment outside the turfs. We conclude that introduction of later successional soil organisms into a topsoil-removed soil did not facilitate the establishment of later successional plants, probably because of the "mismatch" in abiotic soil conditions between the donor and the receptor site. Further research should focus on the required conditions for establishment of soil organisms at restoration sites in order to make use of their contribution to grassland restoration. We propose that introduction of organisms from "intermediate" stages will be more effective as management strategy than introduction of organisms from "target" stages.     

草坪型扁穗牛鞭草种质资源的坪用价值初步评价

采用景观-性能-应用适合度的综合评价体系,以暖季型狗牙根和冷季型高羊茅为对照,分春季、夏季、秋冬季对西南地区扁穗牛鞭草坪用性状和使用性能进行评价,结果表明：春季草坪景观质量H050、H049的坪用性状好于对照;夏季H036、H049、H011坪用性状好于对照;秋冬季H036、H049表现好于对照;综合一年的表现进行指标权重分析,H036、H049得分分别为17．60和18．08,可作为过渡性气候区建植观赏草坪、游憩草坪、运动草坪、保土草坪的优质材料进行开发利用。     

Effect of Gap Width and Turf Type on the Establishment of the Australian Forb Bulbine bulbosa

This study investigates the influence of gap width and turf type on the growth of planted seedlings of the Australian forb Bulbine bulbosa (bulbine lily) and subsequent recruitment of this species from self-sown seed. In a low-productivity turf of Danthonia setacea (bristly wallaby grass), planted Bulbine seedlings established satisfactorily in all gaps 50 mm wide or larger. In highly productive turfs of Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) successful, establishment and growth of planted seedlings required a competition-free gap more than 200 mm wide. Successful recruitment of self-sown Bulbine seedlings was observed in all gap widths in Danthonia turfs. In Festuca, however, seedling recruitment was low, irrespective of gap width. The results are related to establishing Bulbine bulbosa in habitat reconstruction programs in southeastern Australia.     

Soil nitrate monitoring for turfgrass sod farms and other turf areas

Studies with established turf and golf courses have indicated minimal risk of nitrate pollution of groundwater resulting from turfgrass management, but soil nitrate flux in turfgrass sod production farms and golf courses has received less attention. Information about nitrate-N flux at a particular location can be helpful to the sod producer or the golf course manager when efficiently applying N fertilizers and minimizing risk of nitrate pollution. We used an ion exchange resin capsule system to continuously monitor soil nitrate-N fluxes at 12 sites in southern Rhode Island, including turfgrass sod production farms and a low-maintenance environment. Four capsules were placed in the soil at each site and retrieved at intervals coinciding with management and meteorological events to determine nitrate ion accumulation. We found that the golf course green exhibited significantly higher nitrate-N fluxes than the sod farms and the low-maintenance turf. There was significant interaction between sampling date and study site, indicating that seasonal variation in soil nitrate-N fluxes was affected by turfgrass management. The cultural practice of late fall fertilization to stimulate early spring growth in the following year appeared to present some risk of nitrate loss during the winter from the golf course greens in our region. We conclude that site-specific and time-relevant monitoring is needed to produce and manage turfgrasses in an environmentally sound manner.     

Development of a human adipocyte synthetic polymer scaffold.

Because of the need for methods for successful transplantation of autologous fat, the differentiation of human preadipocytes on surgical mesh coated with various extracellular matrix components was investigated. Biopsy specimens of human adipose tissue were collected from seven different patients and were subjected to collagenase digestion and selective filtration, resulting in primary cultures of human preadipocytes. Fluortex monofilament-expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (52-/xm pore size) was as a template for coating with either human collagen, albumin, or fibronectin, followed by sodding with established cultures of human preadipocytes. Sodding efficiency on the different matrices was determined by trypsinization of attached cells at different time periods. Preadipocytes did not attach to uncoated polytetrafluoroethylene, but did attach to protein-coated mesh, and in a variable manner. Fibronectin-coating resulted in the highest efficiency of sodding, with differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes as assessed by scanning electron -microscopy and conventional Oil Red O staining. Similar results were achieved by using rat (n = 6) perirenal adipose tissue. This new method of adipocyte scaffolding may be used for improving soft-tissue augmentation and serving as a delivery system for growth factors important in wound healing.     

Ecological Consequences of Sediment on High-Energy Coral Reefs

Sediments are widely accepted as a threat to coral reefs but our understanding of their ecological impacts is limited. Evidence has suggested that benthic sediments bound within the epilithic algal matrix (EAM) suppress reef fish herbivory, a key ecological process maintaining reef resilience. An experimental combination of caging and sediment addition treatments were used to investigate the effects of sediment pulses on herbivory and EAMs and to determine whether sediment addition could trigger a positive-feedback loop, leading to deep, sediment-rich turfs. A 1-week pulsed sediment addition resulted in rapid increases in algal turf length with effects comparable to those seen in herbivore exclusion cages. Contrary to the hypothesised positive-feedback mechanism, benthic sediment loads returned to natural levels within 3 weeks, however, the EAM turfs remained almost 60% longer for at least 3 months. While reduced herbivore density is widely understood to be a major threat to reefs, we show that acute disturbances to reef sediments elicit similar ecological responses in the EAM. With reefs increasingly threatened by both reductions in herbivore biomass and altered sediment fluxes, the development of longer turfs may become more common on coral reefs.     

粉煤灰基质-草坪砖栽培环境对坪草生长的影响

为了解决停车场、甬路、渠坝与草坪争地的矛盾,增加城市绿地面积,在已研究粉煤灰草坪基质最佳混合比例的基础上,进一步探讨草坪砖作为草坪栽培环境(砖孔内填人粉煤灰混合基质,简称砖孔环境)的肥力效应与生物效应。为了对比分析,特此设置了土孔环境(在土壤中挖取与草坪砖形状和容积相同的孔并填入粉煤灰混合基质)与土灰环境(在粉煤灰混合基质中按照草坪砖孔模式划出同样大小的圈)种植黑麦草作为对照。研究结果表明：坪草N、K、Na、Cu、Zn等含量以砖孔环境最高,土灰环境和土孔环境较低,差异显著,说明砖孔环境能为植物生长提供较多的养分元素;砖孔环境中的坪草含有的Fe、Cu、Zn浓度远高于坪草最佳需求量,今后不再需要补充铁肥、铜肥和锌肥。试验还表明砖孔环境的蒸散率最小,基质含水量最大,基质势最高,持续供水能力强,抗旱效果十分明显。砖孔环境与土孔环境中的草坪草屑累积量差异不显著,但均比土灰环境中的高,且差异显著。夏季高温期砖孔环境中的草坪质量显著高于土孔环境和土灰环境中的草坪质量。     

Spatial variation in the effects of grazing on epilithic algal turfs on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Of all benthic components on tropical reefs, algal turfs are the most widespread and the main source of primary productivity. We compared the importance of grazing by herbivores on algal turfs on two zones with marked differences in terms of benthic composition, herbivore biomass and grazing pressure, the inner flat and crest, of an inshore reef on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A combination of herbivore exclusion cages and transplants of coral rubble covered by algal turfs between reef zones was used to examine changes in algal turfs over a 4-day experimental period. In situ crest turfs had lower algal height, sediment loads and particulate content than reef flat turfs. Caged samples on the crest exhibited an increase in all three variables. In contrast, in situ and caged treatments on the flat presented algal turfs with similar values for the three analysed variables, with high algal height and heavy particulate and sediment loads. In the absence of cages, reef flat turfs transplanted to the crest had decreased algal height, total particulate material and particulate inorganic content, while the opposite was found in crest turf samples transplanted to the flat. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of algal turfs and the clear differences in the relative importance of herbivory in shaping turf length and sediment load between the reef crest and inner flat.     

Inoculative release of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Oswego) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (NY04) mixture can enhance biological control of soil-dwelling pests in turfgrass production systems

In this study, the utility of inoculative releases of local strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae isolated from northern New York (NY) State for managing soil-dwelling pests in sod (turfgrass production systems) was evaluated. The objectives of the project were to (a) quantify changes in biocontrol potential during the sod production process and (b) evaluate the potential for the nematodes to suppress populations of soil-dwelling turf pests following harvest and installation at a new site. A field study was conducted on four sod fields in central NY State on soils with varying texture and organic matter content, and a post-harvest sod installation study was performed in the greenhouse on a sandy loam soil. Nematode-induced mortality of Galleria mellonella was increased significantly one month following inoculation but differed between fields with different soil types, likely due to variation in soil organic matter content. In the following year, nematode persistence in sod fields was low, likely driven by moderate to severe drought conditions. In contrast, upon harvest and installation, significant nematode-induced mortality was observed in soil receiving an installation of muck-produced sod. Enhanced nematode-induced mortality was detected in both the greater wax moth and third instar Japanese beetle larvae. This study indicates that inoculation of sod with entomopathogenic nematodes can improve biocontrol potential during sod production and after harvest, however, the utility of this practice is sensitive to soil conditions, and likely most efficacious on coarse-textured soils with high organic matter.