中国食蚧瓢虫名录

食蚧瓢虫在蚧虫生物防治中具有很重要的作用.根据食性可分为专性食蚧瓢虫和兼性食蚧瓢虫.本文记录了我国食蚧瓢虫8亚科26属65种,其中澳洲瓢虫和孟氏隐唇瓢虫为国外引进种.     

中国小毛瓢虫属三新种记述：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

本文描述了小毛瓢虫属３新种：采自云南的冠端小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ ｃｒｉｓｔｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎ．,以及采自的匙叶小瓢虫Ｓ．（Ｐ．）ｓｃａｌｐｒａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎ．和凹叶小瓢虫Ｓ．（Ｐ．）ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎ．。模式标本存华南农业大学昆虫标本室,广州。     

广东小毛瓢虫三新种记述：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

广东车八岭国家级自然保护区位于粤北,是南亚热带向中亚热带过渡地带,瓢虫资源相当丰富,目前已知82种。本文描述的是其中的3个新种,模式标本保存于华南农业大学昆虫标本室。     

小崎齿瓢虫属一新种：（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）

小崎齿瓢虫属Afidentula Kapur因上颚不具侧齿和锯齿状小齿而被Kapur(1955)认为有别于Afidenta Dieke。至目前为止,该属共有13种,其中印度马来区系有7种,其余6种见于新几内亚。最近,作者在云南永德县采到该属一新种,现记述如下,模式标本保存于西南林学院森保研究室。     

马铃薯瓢虫和茄二十八星瓢虫体表细微结构的比较研究

本研究利用扫描电镜对马铃薯瓢虫Henosepilachnavigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky)和茄二十八星瓢虫H .vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius)体表的细微结构进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,马铃薯瓢虫和茄二十八星瓢虫在细微结构上存在明显差异。第一 ,2种瓢虫鞘翅表面凹陷内 ,毛的着生位置不同 ,马铃薯瓢虫的毛着生于凹陷中心 ,茄二十八星瓢虫的毛着生于凹陷边缘 ;第二 ,鞘翅表面凹陷的深浅不同 ,马铃薯瓢虫的凹陷较深于茄二十八星瓢虫。这为 2种瓢虫的形态学研究提供了细微结构方面的依据     

浙江小毛瓢虫属三新种记述（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）

本文采自浙江省瓢虫科小毛瓢虫属３新种：长爪小毛瓢虫,临安小瓢虫,倒齿小瓢虫。     

湖南小毛瓢虫属三新记述：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

本文记述小毛瓢虫属ＳｃｙｍｎｕｓＫｕｇｅｌａｎｎ小瓢虫亚属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）Ｍｕｌｓａｎｔ三新种：枝角小瓢虫Ｓｓｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｃｌａｄｏｃｅｒｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,鞭丝小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｍａｓｔｉｇｏｉｄｅｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,肾斑小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｎｅｐｈｒｏｓｐｉｕｌｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

云南长崎齿瓢虫一新种：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

长崎齿瓢虫属Afissula Kapur自1955年建属以来,经各国学者不断发现及重新组合,迄今已报导13种。云南省以往没有这个属的记载,曹诚一等(1984)在整理云南省森林病虫普查标本时,发现沧源县有环管崎齿瓢虫Afissula kambaitana(Bielawski)的新分布,在瑞丽县发现了匙管畸齿瓢虫A.spatulata Cao et Xiao。1988年作者之一王红在云南永德县采到长崎齿瓢虫属昆虫6头,经鉴定为1新种,现记述如下。模式标本保存于西南林学院森保研究室。     

中国小毛瓢虫二新种记述(鞘翅目：瓢虫科)

中国小毛瓢虫二新种记述（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）任顺祥,庞雄飞（华南农业大学昆虫生态室广州５１０６４２）本文描述采自贵州和四川的小毛瓢虫属ＳｃｙｍｎｕｓＫｕｇｅｌａｎｎ小毛瓢虫亚属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ）Ｋｕｇｅｌａｎｎ二新种。模式标本保存于华南农业...     

越冬代七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫的飞翔能力

在室内用飞行磨吊飞技术测定了七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫越冬代自然种群的飞翔能力。个体间飞翔特性差异极大。36.5%的七星瓢虫和23.7%的异色瓢虫每次飞翔都不到30分钟, 而这两种瓢虫中都有累计飞翔20小时以上的个体。最长持续飞翔时间达8小时以上和12小时以上的个体在七星瓢虫中分别为9.4%和1.2%, 在异色瓢虫中分别为21.1%和13.2%。大于30分钟的飞翔累计时间为6小时以上和12小时以上的个体在七星瓢虫中分别为20.0%和7.1%, 异色瓢虫则达47.4%和28.9%。雌性个体在卵发育期间表现出很强的飞翔能力。吊飞124小时, 飞翔能力的最高纪录是, 七星瓢虫累计飞翔22小时27分, 飞翔距离94.464km;异色瓢虫为24小时, 92.550km;飞翔速度都达到2m/秒。     

草地群落物种多样性维持机制的研究Ⅱ物种实现的生态位

尽管为解释种类丰富的植物群落物种共存和多样性维持机制,生态学家位做了大量的努力并提出了许多假说和模型。但这一问题仍处在争议之中,需要更多的证据支持他们的观点或提出新的看法,使这一生物多样性难题不断地向前推进。以松赖平原物种丰富度较高的羊草－杂类草群落为对象,在土壤C、N、P、K和H2O等5个资源轴上,探讨了物种多样性与实现生态位的关系。结果表明：尽管物种生态位存在一定程度的分化,但多数物种的生态位是高度重叠的,物种生态位的分化在草地群落物种共存和多样性维持中,不是唯一的途径,认为应更加重视的物种在长期协同进化中所形成的生物学特性。     

盘菌属一新种及一新记录种(英)

本文报道我国盘菌属中两个具有绣球样子囊果的种。一个是新种贵州盘菌（PezizaguizhouensisM．H．Liu);另一个是国内新记录种希氏盘菌［Pezizshearii（Gilkey）Korf］。文中对新种作了拉丁描述并附图,描述了新记录种并附图。还为该属中具绣球样子实体的已知种提供了检索表。新种模式标本的主模式保藏在HMAS,等模式保藏于贵州省安顺地区卫生防疫站标本室（GZAS）。     

A revision of the genus Harpochytrium

Within recent years the opportunity has occurred to make a detailed study of the species of Harpochytrium , with the exception of H. apiculatum , and this has led to a revision of the genus, in which two new species are proposed, three accepted species reduced to forms of other species, and the so-called green species excluded.     

A neutral model of edge effects

In this paper a spatially implicit neutral model for explaining the edge effects between habitats is proposed. To analyze this model we use two different approaches: a discrete approach that is based on the Master equation for a one step jump process and a continuous approach based on the approximation of the discrete jump process with the Kolmogorov-Fokker-Planck forward and backward equations. The discrete and continuous approaches are applied to analyze the species abundance distributions and the time to species extinction. Moreover, with the aid of the continuous approach a realistic classification of the behavior of species in local communities is developed. The species abundance dynamics at the edge between two distinct habitats is compared with those located in the homogeneous interior habitats using species abundance distributions and the first time to species extinction. We show that the structure of the links between local community and the metacommunity plays an important role on species persistence. Specifically, species at the edge between two distinct metacommunities have higher extinction rate than those in the interior habitats connected only to one metacommunity. Moreover, the same species might be persistent in the homogeneous interior habitat, but its probability of extinction from the edge local community could be very high.     

隔指孢属分类评述及其一新种

本文报道了隔指孢属(Dactylella Grove)一新种—云南隔指孢(D. yunnanensis);并对隔指孢属的分类进行了评述;重新修订了隔指孢属的特征。列出了捕食和非捕食种类共计34种。其中包括了6个新组合,并制作了检索表。     

A neutral model of transcriptome evolution

Microarray technologies allow the identification of large numbers of expression differences within and between species. Although environmental and physiological stimuli are clearly responsible for changes in the expression levels of many genes, it is not known whether the majority of changes of gene expression fixed during evolution between species and between various tissues within a species are caused by Darwinian selection or by stochastic processes. We find the following: (1) expression differences between species accumulate approximately linearly with time; (2) gene expression variation among individuals within a species correlates positively with expression divergence between species; (3) rates of expression divergence between species do not differ significantly between intact genes and expressed pseudogenes; (4) expression differences between brain regions within a species have accumulated approximately linearly with time since these regions emerged during evolution. These results suggest that the majority of expression differences observed between species are selectively neutral or nearly neutral and likely to be of little or no functional significance. Therefore, the identification of gene expression differences between species fixed by selection should be based on null hypotheses assuming functional neutrality. Furthermore, it may be possible to apply a molecular clock based on expression differences to infer the evolutionary history of tissues.     

毛星盾壳属名录

文章列出了毛星盾壳属11种,包括产自中国的3个种。中国的种是山指甲毛星盾壳(Trichasterinadesmotis),哥纳香生毛星盾壳(Trichasterina goniothalamicola)和银叶树毛星盾壳(Trichasterina heritierae)。     

EQUIVALENCE OF COMPETITORS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: A NULL HYPOTHESIS AND A FIELD EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

One of the underlying assumptions of both theoretical and empirical community ecology is that the processes determining community composition and abundance of species are interactions specific to particular pairs of species. However, we argue that, in sessile plants at least, competitive interactions are not usually species-specific and that there exists a large degree of equivalence of the effect of species of similar growth form on the ability of any particular species to establish within a community. This null hypothesis of equivalence of competitive effects is based on three characteristics of plants: homogeneity of resource requirements among autotrophs; low encounter probabilities between individuals of any particular species pair; and the predominance of size asymmetries between competing individuals (e.g., seedling-adult interactions.) We present an experimental design to quantify competitive interactions among plant species under field conditions and therefore enable statistical comparisons of competitive abilities among species. The competitive effect of one “neighbor” species on one “target” species is measured as the slope of a regression of performance of target individuals on biomass (or other measure of amount) of its immediate neighbors. Use of the design to test for equivalence of competitive effects and other advantages are described.     

A comparative analysis of vigilance in birds

Individual variation in vigilance is known to vary with factors such as group size but the ecological determinants of vigilance among species have not been examined thus far in a systematic fashion. Earlier analyses suggested that vigilance should be lower in larger species and in species living in larger groups. These analyses were based on a small number of species and failed to take into account phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, I examined ecological determinants of vigilance in a large sample of bird species using a phylogenetic framework. I focused on vigilance in foraging groups of birds in the non-breeding season. Among species, vigilance by solitary foragers was not influenced by body mass. However, among species, asymptotic vigilance, the plateau reached by vigilance in larger groups, decreased with increasing group size in vegetarian clades but not in carnivorous clades. Asymptotic vigilance also increased with increasing body mass in vegetarian clades but not in carnivorous clades. Increasing group size may allow species to reduce vigilance in response to decreased predation risk. Increasing body mass may allow species to increase vigilance because more non-foraging time is available in larger species. Diet may modulate the effect of body mass and group size through factors such as within-group vigilance or foraging techniques.     

A COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE-INDUCED POLYPHENISM IN AFRICAN BICYCLUS BUTTERFLIES FROM A SEASONAL SAVANNAH-RAINFOREST ECOTONE

Temperature-induced variation and norms of reaction have been analyzed for wing pattern elements of six species belonging to the African butterfly genus Bicyclus (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Five of these species are sympatric in Malawi and exhibit seasonal polyphenism in the savannah-rainforest ecotone. The sixth species originated from Cameroonian equatorial rainforest. The organisms were laboratory reared under four different temperature conditions ranging from 17–28°C. The variation in response to temperature is described by principal component analysis (PCA). Discrimination on the basis of plastic wing pattern characters was performed by discriminant function analysis (DFA) and unweighed pair-group method algorithm (UPGMA) clustering. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on adaptive plastic wing characters was compared with a cladogram built on “nonadaptive” characters. Results demonstrate that: (1) Phenotypic plasticity of wing pattern characters in response to temperature in laboratory-reared organisms is reminiscent of variation induced by seasonal change in the field. (2) Different wing pattern characters are under different control: “exposed” characters of butterflies at rest position are highly sensitive to temperature variation, whereas “hidden” characters, only visible during active behavior, are dominated by species differences. In general the sensitivity of the former can be attributed to their proposed function in deflecting predators. (3) The sexes differ especially in the size of those eyespots that are displayed during active behavior. (4) Species from seasonal and aseasonal environments react in a broadly similar manner to temperature variation. However, savannah species and species of aseasonal rainforest exhibit relatively shallow reaction norms, whereas reaction norms are steeper in species from the savannah-rainforest ecotone. Such a strong response was also apparent in so-called correlation networks between principal components for these species. (5) Phylogenetic distances are to some extent reflected in ordination in both PCA-space and DFA-space: closely related species of the safitza group remain close in both ordinations. The more distantly related species differ in ordination from a pattern as suggested by a phylogenetic reconstruction. It is argued that the wing pattern variation of these species reflects both adaptive processes and historical relationships.