Concentration of 17 trace elements in serum and whole blood of plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) by ICP-MS, their reference ranges, and their relation to cataract

The reference ranges of the trace elements Al, As, Be, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Li, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in sera of a group of free-ranging plains viscachas of the pampa grasslands of Argentina. The values were compared with those of a small group of captive plains viscachas of the Zurich Zoo with diabetes and bilateral cataracts. In addition, a method for digestion of whole-blood samples is described for the trace element determination. Significant differences in the concentration of trace elements in the two groups of animals are discussed. No correlation was found between the levels of selenium and of other trace elements compared to the formation of cataracts.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Floral elaiophore structure in four representatives of the Ornithocephalus clade (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)

Background and Aims A significant number of species assigned to the Neotropical orchid sub-tribe Oncidiinae reward insect pollinators with oil produced in floral glands termed elaiophores. The latter may be glabrous (epithelial elaiophores) or hirsute (trichomal elaiophores). Although the detailed anatomy and ultrastructure of epithelial elaiophores have been studied for a number of genera, such as Oncidium Sw., Gomesa R. Br. and Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl., hitherto, trichomal elaiophores have been investigated only for a single species of Oncidiinae, Ornithocephalus ciliatus Lindl. Furthermore, this is the only representative of the Ornithocephalus clade to be investigated to date. Here, an examination is made of the elaiophore anatomy and ultrastructure of a further four species currently assigned to this clade (Ornithocephalus gladiatus Hook., Phymatidium falcifolium Lindl., Zygostates grandiflora (Lindl.) Mansf. and Zygostates lunata Lindl.) and the results compared with those obtained for other Oncidiinae. Methods Elaiophore structure was examined for all species at three stages of flower development: closed bud, first day of anthesis and final stage of anthesis, using light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. Key Results Elaiophores of O. gladiatus occur upon the lateral lobes of the labellum and display characters intermediate between those of typical epithelial and trichomal elaiophores, in that they are largely glabrous, consisting mainly of cuboidal epidermal cells, but bear short, unicellular hairs proximally. By contrast, the elaiophores of all the other species investigated occur on the callus and are of the trichomal type. In P. falcifolium, these unicellular hairs are capitate. In all species, oil secretion commenced at the closed floral bud stage. Ultrastructurally, the mainly trichomal elaiophores of the four representatives of the Ornithocephalus clade closely resembled the epithelial elaiophores of other Oncidiinae, in that their cells displayed an organelle complement typical of lipid-secreting cells. However, in some taxa, a number of noteworthy characters were present. For example, the elaiophore cuticle of O. gladiatus and P. falcifolium was bi-layered, the outer layer being lamellate, the inner reticulate. The cuticle of Z. grandiflora and Z. lunata was also lamellate, but here, a reticulate layer was absent. Accumulation of secreted oil resulted in the localized distension of the cuticle. Cuticular cracks and pores, however, were absent from all species. The walls of the secretory cells of Z. grandiflora were also atypical in that they had short protuberances or ingrowths, and contained cavities which are thought to be involved in the secretory process. Conclusions Of the species investigated, most displayed similar anatomical organization, their trichomal elaiophores occurring on the labellar callus. They, thus, differ from many other members of the Oncidiinae, where epithelial elaiophores are found either on the callus, or on the lateral lobes of the labellum. However, ultrastructurally, all elaiophores, whether those of representatives of the Ornithocephalus clade, or those of other oil-secreting Oncidiinae, possessed a similar complement of organelles, regardless of whether the elaiophores were trichomal or epithelial. In view of the latter, and the similar chemical composition of oils derived from all Oncidiinae investigated to date, it is probable that position and type of elaiophore, and possibly the structure of the overlying cuticle, play an important role in pollinator selection in these oil-secreting orchids.     

Comparative morphology and evolutionary pathways of the mouthparts in spore-feeding Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera)

This study surveys the external morphology of the mouthparts in the guild of spore‐feeders among the coleopterous superfamily Staphylinoidea, evaluating the influence of different phylogenetic and ecological starting points on the formation of their mouthparts. Our emphasis is on a scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) of the involved trophic structures in spore‐feeding larvae and adults of the Ptiliidae, Leiodidae and Staphylinidae, describing the fine structure of their main functional elements. Functionally, mouthpart structures resemble brushes, brooms, combs, rakes, rasps, excavators, knives, thorns, cram‐brushes, bristle troughs, blocks and differently structured grinding surfaces. Their different involvement in the various aspects of the feeding process (i.e. food gathering, transporting, channelling and grinding) is deduced from our SEM analyses plus direct video observations. We infer five different patterns of food transport and processing, discriminating adults of ptiliids, leiodids plus staphylinids (excluding some aleocharines), several aleocharine staphylinids, and the larvae of leiodids and staphylinids. The structural diversity of the mouthparts increases in the order from (1) Ptiliidae, (2) Leiodidae towards (3) Staphylinidae, reflecting the increasing systematic and ecological diversity of these groups. Comparisons with non‐spore‐feeders show that among major lineages of staphylinoids, shifts from general microphagy to sporophagy are not necessarily constrained by, nor strongly reflected in, mouthpart morphology. Nevertheless, in several of these lineages the organs of food intake and grinding have experienced particular fine‐structural modifications, which have undergone convergent evolution, probably in response to specialized mycophagy such as spore‐feeding. These modifications involve advanced galeal rakes, galeal or lacinial ‘spore brushes’ with arrays of stout bristles, reinforced obliquely ventrad orientated prosthecal lobes and the differentiations of the molar grinding surfaces into stout teeth or tubercles. In addition, several staphylinids of the tachyporine and oxyteline groups with reduced mandibular molae have evolved secondary trituration surfaces, which in some aleocharines are paralleled by considerable re‐constructions of the labium–hypopharynx.     

Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in New Zealand and selected Australian Gnaphalieae (Compositae) inferred from morphological and anatomical data

Most of the estimated 70–80 species of New Zealand Gnaphalieae are endemic. Those of Anaphalioides , Ewartia , Helichrysum , Leucogenes , Rachelia and Raoulia belong to a putatively monophyletic group which is supported by analysis of nuclear ITS DNA sequences and is virtually confined to New Zealand. All species of Craspedia , Euchiton , Ozothamnus and Pseudognaphalium are excluded from this group. A phylogenetic analysis of 42 species of Gnaphalieae, using 57 morphological, anatomical and palynological characters, was conducted to test the monophyly of this group and to seek evidence of generic relationships. The analysis does not resolve basal relationships among the Gnaphalieae studied here. The putative monophyletic New Zealand group is not retrieved. Monophyly is supported for each of Euchiton , Leucogenes , the whipcord species of Helichrysum , the pulvinate species of Raoulia , and Raoulia subg. Raoulia (excluding the aberrant R. cinerea ), but not for Anaphalioides or Raoulia s.l. There are these two distinct groups in Raoulia s.l. but also a substantial number of isolated species. The sole New Zealand species of Ewartia is not a sister species to Australian Ewartia . The Australian species Ewartia planchonii is the sister species to Euchiton rather than to the other Australian species of Ewartia .  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 183–203.     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别担子菌菌种的研究

担子菌菌种多是菌丝型的培养物,在长期保藏中如发生错误也较难辨别。本文报道了以培养特征和生理特性作为保藏的担子菌菌种的特征集要,并根据集要制定出鉴别他们的检索表。通过对48属、71种、142株菌种的实验结果,利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别保藏的担子菌菌种是可行的。     

The effect of aging on the mineral status of female mice

To clarify the effect of aging on the mineral status of female mice, mineral concentrations in their tissues were determined. Five 2-mo-old, five 6-mo-old, and five 10-mo-old female B10BR mice were fed a commercial diet. Iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium concentrations in the blood, liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, and spleen of the mice were determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Iron concentrations in the liver, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen increased with age. Significant differences were detected between mice 2 and 6 mo of age and between mice 2 and 10 mo of age. Zinc concentrations in the heart and lung decreased significantly with age. Zinc concentrations in the heart and lung of 10-mo-old mice were significantly lower than those of 2-mo-old mice. It is noteworthy that the copper concentration in the brain of 10-mo-old mice was markedly higher compared with that of younger mice. Calcium accumulation was apparent in the kidney of mice at 10 mo.     

Embryology of the Theaceae - anther and ovule development of Camellia, Franklinia, and Schima

The anther and ovule development of Camellia, Franklinia, and Schima (Theaceae, Camellioideae) were observed. The three genera share the following embryological traits: anther wall formation of basic type, tapetum of glandular type, walls of endothecial cells with secondary thickening, and production of pseudopollen grains in connective, which are dispersed into pollen sacs at anthesis, ovule bitegmic-tenuinucellate, micropyle formed by inner integument alone, hypostase present, and both integuments generally five-to-seven cell layered. One autapomorphy of the Camellioideae found in the present study is the production of pseudopollen. The three genera surveyed differ with respect to the number of middle layers in the anther, the presence or absence of stomata on connective epidermis, morphology of pseudopollen, type of embryo sac formation, form of ovule, ovular vasculature, and the proliferation of ovular epidermis, etc. Among the three genera, Franklinia and Schima are presumed to be closer embryologically, and Schima possesses more numerous specialized features.     

The Chemotaxonomy of Chinese Species of the Genus Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae)

On the basis of biosynthsis, distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids as well as morphological evolution of Chinese species L. (Ranunculaceae), chemotaxonomy of the genus Aconitum is discussed: 1, Subgen. Lycoctonum, containing lycoctonine-type alkaloids and Subgen. Aconitum containing aconitine-type alkaloids, were probably differetiated at the early stage of evolution of the genus Aconitum and evolved respectively in their own ways. 2, In Subgen. Aconitum: (1) Ser. Bullatifolia, containing mainly atisine-, veatchine-type alkaloids, and amino, alcohol and ester base of aconitine-type, and distributed in Hengduan Mountain and Jingsha River valley, where is the centre of modern differentiation of species of Aconitum, is probably a series from which Chinese species of the genus Aconitum were derived; (2) Ser. Inflata, containing mainly aconitine, mesaconitine and bypaconitine, is an advanced group; (3) Ser. Grsndituberosa, containing mainly aconitine and songorine, is related to Ser. Bulatifolia; (4) Ser. stylosa and Ser. volubilia, containing mainly yunaconitine and other anisyl ester alkaloids form another advanced branch. 3, Ser. Tangutica and A. naviculare of Ser. Rotaundifolia, containing atisine and lactone-type alkaloids may be a specialized group in high mountains and have occurred at early stage of evolution of the genus Aconitum. 4, Subgen. Gymnaconitum, containing atisine-type alkaloids and amino alcohol of aconitine type, may als be a specialized group in high mountains. 5, A. franchetii Finet. et Gagnep. mainly containing ester bases of aconitine-typeand closed to A. chasmanthum Stapf, is best placed into Ser. Ambigua.     

Genetics and genetic engineering ofZymomonas mobilis

Present knowledge on the genetics of the ethanologenic anaerobeZymomonas mobilis includes background information on: size, restriction, and to some extent hybridization, analysis of indigenous plasmids; mutagenesis and isolation of a wide variety of auxotrophic, drug resistant and conditional mutants; construction of shuttle cloning vectors able to replicate and express inZ. mobilis; development of gene transfer systems based on conjugal mobilization of plasmids fromEscherichia coli donors toZ. mobilis; expression of heterologous genes inZ. mobilis; cloning and analysis of genes encoding enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Moreover, preliminary data on recombinational repair mechanisms and plasmid stability, which are now available, makeZ. mobilis an attractive model system for molecular genetic research and, furthermore, they contribute towards expansion of the substrate and product range of this industrial microorganism.G.A. Sprenger is with the Institut für Biotechnologie I, Forschungszentrum, KFA Julich, Postfach 1913, D-5170 Julich, Germany. M.A. Typas is with the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular & Cellular Biology and Genetics. University of Athens, Kouponia 105 71 Athens, Greece. C. Drainas is with the Sector of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of loannina, 451 10 loannina, Greece.     

中国古蚤属分类研究(蚤目,栉眼蚤科)

通过对我国现有古蚤属标本和有关资料进行全面整理和系统分类研究,认为目前我国已知古蚤属共有27种,它们隶属于4个种团,分别为钝刺古蚤种团obtuspina group(1种)、鼩鼱古蚤种团soricis group(2种)、偏远古蚤种团remota group(16种)和短额古蚤种团brevifrontata group(8种),其数量已近该属世界已知种的一半.文中分别对我国已知各种古蚤的鉴别特征、生物学和地理分布状况作了介绍,并编制了各种团、种及亚种检索表.根据它们的分布特征认为我国西南部横断山区可能是古蚤属的分布中心.文中对偏远古蚤种团目前存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Sugars in crop plants

We review current knowledge of the most abundant sugars, sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose, in the world's major crop plants. The sucrose‐accumulating crops, sugar beet and sugar cane, are included, but the main focus of the review is potato and the major cereal crops. The production of sucrose in photosynthesis and the inter‐relationships of sucrose, glucose, fructose and other metabolites in primary carbon metabolism are described, as well as the synthesis of starch, fructan and cell wall polysaccharides and the breakdown of starch to produce maltose. The importance of sugars as hormone‐like signalling molecules is discussed, including the role of another sugar, trehalose, and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. The Maillard reaction, which occurs between reducing sugars and amino acids during thermal processing, is described because of its importance for colour and flavour in cooked foods. This reaction also leads to the formation of potentially harmful compounds, such as acrylamide, and is attracting increasing attention as food producers and regulators seek to reduce the levels of acrylamide in cooked food. Genetic and environmental factors affecting sugar concentrations are described.     

Epididymal compounds and their influence on the metabolism and survival of spermatozoa

Epididymal fluid, which is derived from testicular fluid, contains several unusual compounds. Little information is available on the composition of the testicular fluid of primates, but the fluid of the ram, bull, boar, and rat contains high concentrations of inositol and certain amino acids. Analyses have been made of epididymal fluid collected from the cauda epididymis of the Rhesus monkey and several nonprimate species (e.g., ram, bull, dog, stallion, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and hamster), but similar information on the human is lacking. Cauda epididymal fluid appears to be similar in composition from one mammalian species to another. However, the epididymal plasma differs considerably from blood, lymph, and other extracellular fluids. The environment of spermatozoa in the epididymis is, therefore, highly specialized, and presumably in some way contributes to the prolonged survival of spermatozoa in this organ, and provides substrates for the metabolism of the spermatozoa. The chief characteristics of the cauda epididymal plasma are the low concentration of inorganic ions and the high levels of several unusual organic constituents namely, glycerylphosphorylcholine, carnitine, sialic acid, amino acids, glycosidases, and phosphatases. At least one antifertility compound, namely, orally administered α-chlorohydrin, appears to be concentrated in the epididymis. Studies on laboratory animals, domestic species, and man, suggest that it inhibits enzymes of the glycyolytic pathway in spermatozoa, and this may be the basis for its antifertility activity.     

Hormone measures in finger-prick blood spot samples: New field methods for reproductive endocrinology

Comparative endocrine studies have notably advanced understanding of ecological factors that contribute to variation in human reproductive function. Such research has relied on methodological advances that permit hormone determinations in samples that are easily and safely collected, stored, and transported, most recently on measurement of steroids in saliva. This report seeks to further expand the scope of endocrine research by demonstrating the value of blood spot samples collected by finger prick. As a sampling strategy, finger-prick blood spot collection offers the advantages of short collection time, low invasiveness, repeatability, absence of postcollection processing, low biohazard risk, and ease of sample storage and transport. We document good sample stability and present sensitive assay methods for a range of steroids and proteins (FSH, LH, PRL, T, E2, DHEAS, androstenedione, cortisol, SHGB) in blood spots that require sample volumes of 3–12 μl and display good reliability, specificity, precision, accuracy, and convertibility of results to plasma/serum equivalent concentrations. Laboratory evaluation was augmented by a feasibility study at a remote site in Papua New Guinea that confirmed validity and stability of blood spot collections under field conditions. Research applications of blood spot sampling are illustrated with a series of studies, including cross-sectional surveys for developmental and life span endocrinology, a longitudinal, population-based developmental epidemiologic study of puberty, and serial sampling in a dynamic study of neuroendocrine response to suckling. We conclude that the sampling features and wide range of measurable biomolecules of blood spots do constitute a methodological advance for endocrine research. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:1–21, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Serum calcium-decreasing factor, caldecrin, inhibits receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated Ca2+ signaling and actin ring formation in mature osteoclasts via suppression of Src signaling pathway

Osteoclasts are essential for bone dynamics and calcium homeostasis. Recently, we reported that serum calcium-decreasing factor, caldecrin, which is a secretory-type serine protease isolated from the pancreas, inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppression of NFATc1 activity regardless of its own protease activity (Hasegawa, H., Kido, S., Tomomura, M., Fujimoto, K., Ohi, M., Kiyomura, M., Kanegae, H., Inaba, A., Sakagami, H., and Tomomura, A. (2010) Serum calcium-decreasing factor, caldecrin, inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppression of NFATc1 activity. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 25448-25457). Here, we investigated the effects of caldecrin on the function of mature osteoclasts by treatment with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Caldecrin inhibited the RANKL-stimulated bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. Furthermore, caldecrin inhibited RANKL-mediated sealing actin ring formation, which is associated with RANKL-evoked Ca(2+) entry through transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 4. The inhibitors of phospholipase Cγ, Syk, and c-Src suppressed RANKL-evoked Ca(2+) entry and actin ring formation of mature osteoclasts. Interestingly, caldecrin significantly inhibited RANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of c-Src, Syk, phospholipase Cγ1 and Cγ2, SLP-76, and Pyk2 but not that of ERK, JNK, or Akt. Caldecrin inhibited RANKL-stimulated c-Src kinase activity and c-Src·Syk association. These results suggest that caldecrin inhibits RANKL-stimulated calcium signaling activation and cytoskeletal organization by suppression of the c-Src·Syk pathway, which may in turn reduce the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. Thus, caldecrin is capable of acting as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function of bone resorption.     

γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 毛叶茶品质成分分析

以毛叶茶为研究对象,通过真空厌氧处理将其制作成γ 氨基丁酸(GABA)毛叶茶,探求毛叶茶经厌氧处理后的品质成分变化。结果表明：(1)厌氧处理后的毛叶茶,其GABA含量显著提高,达到GABA茶标准。游离氨基酸、黄酮和生物碱含量也显著升高,但茶多酚和水浸出物含量降低。同时,真空处理还能促进儿茶素的转化。简单儿茶素含量呈降低趋势,ECG和CG含量显著提高,EGCG、GCG含量及酯型儿茶素总量却先增加后降低,最终总量与对照样无明显差异。(2) 毛叶茶中除含有一般的蛋白质氨基酸外,还含有普通茶树品种所特有的特征氨基酸Thea,以及微量的GABA。游离氨基酸中含量较高的有Thea、Glu、Asp,较低的是Met、Cit、α ABA、Tau、Gly。Cysthi和EOHNH2是GABA毛叶茶中特有氨基酸。在真空厌氧条件下,GABA毛叶茶的游离氨基酸由于蛋白质发生降解而总量增加。其中P Ser、Thr、Ser、Asn、Pro、Gly、Cit、α ABA、Val、Cysthi、Ile、Leu、Tyr、Phe、GABA、Trp、Lys、His含量上升,Asp、Glu和α AAA含量均降低,而Ala 和Arg含量却呈现先增后降的趋势,Thea、Cys、Met等游离氨基酸含量在真空处理后无明显变化。     

Calycine colleters of seven species of Apocynaceae (Apocynoideae) from Brazil

The structure and organization of calycine colleters belonging to four genera of Apocynaceae are described. Calycine colleters were found in all species. All colleters had the same histological composition, but morphological differences were observed in four species. Most colleters were of the standard type, and possible deviations resulted in three morphological types: bifurcated, laminar, and sessile. Mechanisms of cell separation, proliferation, and elongation may explain the origin of the new types. As a consequence of morphological changes, the secretory surface was expanded in the bifurcated, laminar, and sessile glands. Most colleters were in a post-secretory phase, but a hydrophilic secretion was observed in Mandevilla pycnantha and Mesechites mansoana . A larger secretory surface, together with the extension of the secretory phase in adult flowers, were major shifts in the calycine colleters of Apocynaceae, and are possibly correlated with the functional and ecological aspects of these organs. Three patterns of distribution of calycine colleters were observed: alternate, opposite, or indefinitely distributed. The alternate pattern was not homogeneous, and three subtypes were recognized: four-, five-, and ten-grouped colleters. The number of calycine colleters was variable between taxa and even within the same species.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 152 , 387–398.