Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic municipal wastewater treatment process residuals as feedstocks for the recovery of simple sugars

This study examined the hydrolysis of lignocellulose extracted from municipal wastewater treatment process residuals for the purpose of investigating low-cost feedstocks for ethanol production, while providing an alternative solid waste management strategy. Primary and thickened waste activated sludges and anaerobically digested biosolids underwent various pre-treatments to enhance subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Half of the pre-treated samples were dried and grinded, while the other half were used as is (wet). The wet primary sludge yielded the highest reducing sugar conversions. When wet primary sludge without pre-treatment was hydrolyzed at 40 °C and an enzyme loading of 800 U/g substrate, 31.1 ± 2.7% was converted to reducing sugars in 24 h. This increased to 54.2 ± 4.0% when HCl and KOH pre-treatments were applied. FTIR analyses were used to examine differences in the sludge compositions. These indicated that the cellulose content in the primary sludge was higher than that of the thickened waste activated sludge and biosolids, which was consistent with the higher reducing sugar yields observed in the primary sludge.     

Stability and reactivity of acid phosphatase immobilized on composite beads of chitosan and ZrO2 powders

Equal weights of chitosan and ZrO2 powders were mixed in acetic acid solution to prepare the composite beads. They were then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and stored with and without freeze-drying before use. The physicochemical properties of acid phosphatase immobilized on four types of the supports (wet/dried pure chitosan beads, wet/dried chitosan-ZrO2 composite beads) were compared. Various parameters including glutaraldehyde concentration, cross-linking time, enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH on enzyme activity were studied. It was shown that the activity yield of enzyme immobilized on the dried chitosan-ZrO2 beads was the highest, and the relative activity remained above 83.2% within pH 2.9-5.8. Regardless of wet or dried beads, the Michaelis constant KM and maximum rate of reaction Vmax of acid phosphatase immobilized on chitosan-ZrO2 composite beads were 1.8 times larger than those on pure chitosan beads. Of the four immobilized enzymes, the use of wet chitosan-ZrO2 bead as the support showed the lowest thermal deactivation energy (78 kJ mol(-1)).     

湿垃圾来源的蚯蚓粪肥对连作障碍土壤质量和黄瓜产量的影响

随着城市化的发展,湿垃圾产量与日俱增,湿垃圾资源化利用迫在眉睫。利用蚯蚓处理湿垃圾制作蚯蚓粪肥用于农田土壤改良,是一项有效的湿垃圾资源化利用途径以及有利于缓解蔬菜连作障碍方面问题。该文以常规有机肥为参照,选取以湿垃圾及其厌氧沼渣为原料制作的蚯蚓粪肥为研究对象,研究连续3年施加蚯蚓粪肥对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)土壤综合质量和作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过3年的改良后,施加60.0 t/hm²蚯蚓粪肥的黄瓜产量提高了5.60%,土壤有机质含量提高了50.0%,且蚯蚓粪肥的效果要高于常规有机肥;土壤全氮含量达到最高,高于背景值33.0%;土壤的养分含量(硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾)也得到了提高,其中速效钾含量升高了94.0%。经过3年的改良,土壤中的细菌数量在施加了有机肥后明显增加,其中以添加30.0t/hm²蚯蚓粪肥的细菌数量最多;土壤细菌/真菌的比值有所提高,土壤生物性状得到改善。土壤的呼吸强度随着有机肥的施入而升高,以施加60.0t/hm²蚯蚓粪肥的最大;土壤pH略有降低,盐度无明显变化。因此,湿垃圾来源的蚯蚓...     

不同有机物料对渭北旱塬耕地土壤短期培肥效应的综合评价

通过田间试验和室内分析,研究了施用不同有机物料对渭北旱塬耕地土壤化学性质和酶活性的影响,选取有机质等10个能够反映土壤肥力质量特性的定量因子作为评价指标,采用因子分析对土壤肥力质量进行综合评分,然后用欧氏距离最短距离法对其进行聚类,最后利用作物产量结果进行验证.结果表明：通过土壤有机培肥,土壤肥力质量和作物产量均有显著提高,与单施化肥相比,施加秸秆堆肥和厩肥处理的小麦产量分别提高了20.43%和22.38%;对土壤肥力综合进行评价,秸秆堆肥配施化肥的土壤肥力质量最高,综合得分达56.53,厩肥配施化肥较高,高量秸秆配施化肥次之.可见,通过秸秆堆肥或厩肥配施化肥进行培肥土壤,能显著提高土壤肥力水平,从而提高作物产量;利用有机质等10项土壤肥力特性因子,采用因子分析对土壤肥力质量进行综合评价,能够准确反映土壤肥力水平,预测土壤生产力状况.     

施用生物有机肥对黄瓜连作土壤有机碳库和酶活性的持续影响

采用田间定位试验和室内培养试验相结合的方法,研究了一次性施用生物有机肥对黄瓜连作土壤有机碳组分、有机碳矿化和酶活性的持续效应.结果表明: 连续种植4季黄瓜过程中,与对照处理(CK)相比,施用生物有机肥可明显增加黄瓜连作土壤总有机碳、活性碳库、缓效碳库和惰性碳库的有机碳含量,且随着黄瓜连作季数的增加,土壤惰性碳库比例逐渐增加;连续种植4季黄瓜后,施用生物有机肥处理中土壤有机碳累计矿化量和日均矿化量与CK相比分别增加了17.3%～31.0%和7.8%～43.0%,且在同一季黄瓜成熟期,施用生物有机肥还能提高黄瓜连作的土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶(中性)的活性,增幅分别为10.5%～62.1%、4.8%～25.5%、3.9%～21.4%和4.6%～66.4%.相关分析和通径分析结果表明,黄瓜连作过程中4种酶的活性与土壤有机碳各组分动态变化均呈显著相关,且黄瓜连作过程中土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性是影响有机碳矿化的主要生物酶.施用生物有机肥可提高黄瓜连作过程中土壤有机碳各组分含量和酶活性,增加土壤惰性碳库比例、有机碳累计矿化量和矿化速率,从而增强土壤固碳能力.     

不同有机废弃物改良新复垦耕地的综合效果评价

由废弃地整理复垦形成的耕地存在土壤有机质和有效养分低、土壤板结、微生物活性弱和土壤耕作性状不良等问题,快速、有效地提高土壤肥力质量是全面提升该类耕地质量和生产性能的重要组成部分.本文通过田间小区试验研究了城郊有机废弃物对新复垦耕地土壤培肥的综合效果,并比较了不同类型城郊有机废弃物在培育耕地质量方面的差异.试验设置了施用等量猪粪、鸡粪、水稻秸秆、蔬菜收获残留物、城市污泥、沼渣、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、生活垃圾堆肥和对照（不施有机肥）9个处理（年用量30 t·hm^-2）,连续进行3年的定点试验.结果表明： 施用任何有机物对改善土壤肥力均有明显的作用.其中,提升土壤碳库管理指数以施用猪粪、鸡粪、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、水稻秸秆和沼渣的效果最为显著;增加土壤水稳定性团聚体和降低土壤容重以施用猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和沼渣的效果最佳;施用污泥、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和生活垃圾堆肥可增强土壤保蓄能力;施用猪粪、鸡粪和猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥对增加土壤有效态养分的效果最为明显;各类有机物均显著提高了土壤微生物数量和酶活性.长期施用污泥、生活垃圾堆肥及畜禽粪存在着土壤重金属污染的风险,但短期施用对土壤环境质量影响不明显.总体上,对土壤肥力的改善效果由大至小依次为：猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>鸡粪>猪粪>沼渣>生活垃圾堆肥>水稻秸秆>城市污泥>蔬菜收获残留物;对土壤的相对污染程度由大至小为：城市污泥>生活垃圾堆肥>猪粪>鸡粪>沼渣>猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>蔬菜收获残留物>水稻秸秆.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响

在甘肃河西走廊棉区进行连续3年的定位施肥试验,研究了化肥减量20%～40%并配施不同有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,化肥减量配施有机肥能显著提高土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低土壤真菌数量,化肥减量配施普通有机肥加生物有机肥(COBF₂)处理土壤细菌最多,较单施化肥(CF)在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了84.6%、57.1%和43.5%,化肥减量配施生物有机肥(CBF₂)处理放线菌数量最多,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了28.2%、32.7%和32.2%,CBF₂土壤真菌数量最低,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别降低了35.8%、29.3%和13.4%。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了土壤细菌/真菌、放线菌/真菌和脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,其中COBF₂对酶活性的提升最有效。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了棉花单株铃数,对棉花长势、地上干物质积累有一定的促进作用,COBF₂棉花产量最高,籽棉和皮棉产量分别较CF提高了14.2%和10.9%,增产显著。综合分析土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量,COBF₂处理,即化肥减量40%配施1800 kg·hm^-2普通有机肥和600 kg·hm^-2生物有机肥效果最佳。     

有机肥和化肥配施对不同熟期大白菜土壤生物特性及产量品质的影响

以早熟和晚熟品种大白菜为试材,根据化肥氮(尿素)、有机肥氮(生物有机肥)配施比例设置4个施肥处理,测定不同施肥处理下不同熟期大白菜土壤酶活性、可培养微生物数量及产量、品质的变化特征.结果 表明:早熟品种'德高16'大白菜莲座期和结球紧实期均以配施1/2生物有机肥(T2)处理的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性较强...     

Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions

The potential impact of different types of organic (sewage sludge) or inorganic (mineral fertilizer) amendments to a basic soil was investigated under dry conditions. A soil incubation experiment was carried out over 64 days; there were two fertility treatments: sewage sludge (SS) (140 t ha(-1)), mineral fertilizer (M) and an unamended control (C). Two levels of irrigation were imposed: (1) well-watered, kept at 60% of its water holding capacity, and (2) water-deficit at 6%. Available N-NO3-, N-NH4+ and P, and electrical conductivity (EC) increased in SS and M-treated soils. Under well-watered conditions activities of some enzymes (protease-BAA, phosphatase and beta-glucosidase), and microbiological properties (microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity) were stimulated in SS-treated soils. Under water-deficit conditions, protease-BAA, phosphatase and beta-glucosidase activities, and basal respiration were more reduced in SS than in C and M. Results showed that under severe dry conditions, soil microbial activity always remained higher in organic amended soils than when mineral fertilizer was added.     

长期不同施肥措施对双季稻田土壤活性有机碳组分和水解酶活性的影响

施肥是改善土壤质量、提高土壤肥力和影响土壤微生物多样性的关键措施.为了探明南方双季稻区长期不同施肥处理下稻田土壤活性有机碳组分和水解酶活性的变化特征,本研究以34年大田定位试验为平台,设置化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30％有机肥+70％化肥(OM)3个处理,并以无肥处理为对照(CK),分析了长期不同施肥处理下...     

城市污泥土地利用研究

通过培养试验、盆栽试验和田间试验系统地研究了污泥的组分特征、性质及其农地和城市园林绿化地利用对作物或绿化灌木、土壤肥力及其环境的影响,结果表明,污泥富含有机质和氮磷养分,且养分当季有效性介于化肥农家肥之间。施用污泥将明显提高土壤肥力,表现改善土壤物理性质;增加土壤肥机质和氮磷水平,并增加土壤生物活性,因此施用污泥的处理作物产量较高,并有利于后茬作物的稳健生长。但污泥施用也存在重金属、病原物等污染     

稻麦轮作体系下有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质影响的整合分析

为明确稻麦轮作系统有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质的影响,本研究搜集已公开发表的文献数据,利用meta分析法定量分析了有机肥类型(普通有机肥、生物质炭、秸秆)、施用策略(单施有机肥、有机肥配施部分化肥、有机肥配施全量化肥)、施用年限(短期、中期、长期)对稻麦产量和土壤性质的影响及其对不同土壤条件(酸性、中性、碱性)的响应。结果表明: 与单施化肥相比,有机肥施用对水稻和小麦的增产效应相近,分别为3.1%和3.0%。有机肥施用对土壤性质的提升效果更明显,显著降低了土壤容重(5.7%),显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,以及微生物生物量碳、氮,增幅在11.7%～38.4%。不同类型有机肥中,生物质炭和普通有机肥对土壤性质的改良效果优于秸秆;与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施化肥的作物增产效果更好,而土壤性质改良效果较差;随着有机肥施用年限增加,作物增产和土壤肥力提升效应逐渐增强;在酸性土壤条件下有机肥施用对作物的增产效果最显著。土壤容重与稻麦周年产量呈显著负相关,而土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和微生物生物量氮与稻麦周年产量呈显著正相关关系。     

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by activated sludge treating a paper mill wastewater

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in activated sludge treating wastewater represents an economical and environmental promising alternative to pure culture fermentations. A process for production of PHA from a paper mill wastewater was examined at laboratory scale. The three stage process examined consisted of acidogenic fermentation to convert wastewater organic matter to volatile fatty acids (VFAs), an activated sludge system operating under feast/famine conditions to enrich for PHA producing organisms and accumulation of PHA in batch experiments. After fermentation of the wastewater, 74% of the soluble COD was present as VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate) and the resulting PHA after batch accumulation consisted of 31-47 mol% hydroxybutyrate and 53-69 mol% hydroxyvalerate. The maximum PHA content achieved was 48% of the sludge dry weight and the three stage process exhibited a potential to produce 0.11 kg of PHA per kg of influent COD treated.     

生物肥对有机黄瓜生长及土壤生物学特性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了3种不同生物肥(“中和牌”、“NST型”和“爸爱我”)配合有机肥施用对有机黄瓜生长及土壤微生物和几种土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明：3种生物肥配施处理均可显著增加有机黄瓜产量,促进黄瓜根系生长和提高叶片叶绿素含量;与单施有机肥相比,“中和牌”生物肥与有机肥配施增产10.4%,“NST型”和“爸爱我”分别增产12.4%和29.2%.黄瓜幼苗期、初花期及采收期,生物肥与有机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均显著高于单施有机肥处理;同时,生物肥与有机肥配合施用还增强了土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性.     

微生物有机肥及杀菌剂对切花菊连作障碍的影响

由切花菊‘优香’长期连作导致的枯萎病不仅严重降低了切花菊的品质及产量,而且致使土壤酶活性降低,土壤微生物种群失调.本文采用大田试验,比较研究了切花菊‘优香’连作土壤中分别施用杀菌剂多菌灵(MBC)、添加有拮抗微生物的有机肥(BOF)及二者的联合施用(MBC+BOF)对切花菊‘优香’品质及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 单独施用微生物有机肥(BOF)或多菌灵(MBC)均能有效防控切花菊连作枯萎病的发生;微生物有机肥(BOF)在增强切花菊‘优香’的根系活力、提高切花菊的主要品质(株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、舌状花数、植株鲜质量)及切花菊土壤酶活性方面效果显著高于多菌灵(MBC);多菌灵对土壤酶活性有一定抑制作用;二者联合处理(MBC+BOF) 对提高切花菊主要品质及土壤酶活性的综合效果最佳.     

突变工程菌pCBH4高产PHAs分子机制的初步研究(英文)

聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)是一类以胞内颗粒形式存在的能被完全生物降解的贮能物质.本研究利用生物信息学的方法初步分析了离子束诱变选育出的突变工程菌pCBH4高产PHAs分子机制.为了分析高产PHAs特性,实验首先提取pCBH4突变菌株含有合成PHAs基因的质粒并转化受体菌DH5α,然后根据原始序列设计引物,从突变株pCBH4中扩增出phaA,phaB和phaC基因并对其进行了序列分析.结果表明:转化菌表现出高产PHAs特性;phaA基因在序列末端有7处碱基发生改变,这一变化导致5个氨基酸发生了改变;phaC基因也发生了类似的变化.从这些结果可以推断pCBH4突变株高产PHAs不是由于工程菌基因组遗传变异所致,可能是phaA和phaC基因突变的结果.     

Application of polyhydroxyalkanoates for denitrification in water and wastewater treatment

Application of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and related biodegradable polymers has gained momentum in various areas of biotechnology. A promising application that started appearing in the past decade is the use of PHAs as the solid substrate for denitrification of water and wastewater. This type of denitrification, termed here "solid-phase denitrification", has several advantages over the conventional system supplemented with liquid organic substrate. PHAs serve not only as constant sources of reducing power for denitrification but also as solid matrices favorable for development of microbial films. In addition, in contrast to conventional processes, the use of PHAs has no potential risk of release of dissolved organic carbon with the resultant deterioration of effluent water quality. If the production cost of PHAs can be brought down, its application to the denitrification process will become economically more promising. A number of PHA-degrading denitrifying bacteria have been isolated and characterized from activated sludge and continuous flow-bed reactors for denitrification with PHAs. Most of these isolates have been assigned phylogenetically to members of beta-Proteobacteria, especially those of the family Comamonadaceae. The metabolic and regulatory relationships between PHA degradation and denitrification, and the interactive relationship between PHA-degrading cells and the solid surface structure are important subjects awaiting future studies, which would provide a new insight into our comprehensive understanding of the solid-phase denitrification process.     

矿区不同复垦措施对土壤碳矿化和酶活性的影响

矿区废弃地生态退化形势严峻,生态修复已成为矿区可持续发展的主要措施,目前关于矿区复垦后土壤碳矿化和酶活性变化的研究较少。以山西省孝义市露天矿区复垦区为研究对象,植被恢复类型包括了百脉根、苜蓿、油松和柳树-圆柏混交林,并对其分别进行不施肥(对照)、无机肥、复合肥和有机肥处理,从而研究植被类型与施肥方式对矿区土壤碳矿化和酶活性的影响。结果表明,乔本比草本恢复类型的土壤有机碳矿化潜势大,不同施肥条件的土壤有机碳矿化潜势和累积量趋势基本为:对照无机肥复合肥有机肥;4种土壤酶活性因植被恢复类型和施肥处理的不同而差异显著,不同土壤酶与降解特性不同的有机碳间相关性有所不同。土壤碳矿化累积量和酶活性均受植被恢复类型、施肥处理及两者交互作用的显著影响,因此对复垦措施敏感的土壤有机碳矿化和酶活性可作为评价复垦措施的指标。     

The response of maize (Zea mays L.) plant assisted with bacterial consortium and fertilizer under oily sludge

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of PGPR consortium and fertilizer alone and in combination on the physiology of maize grown under oily sludge stress environment as well on the soil nutrient status. Consortium was prepared from Bacillus cereus (Acc KR232400), Bacillus altitudinis (Acc KF859970), Comamonas (Delftia) belonging to family Comamonadacea (Acc KF859971) and Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia (Acc KF859973). The experiment was conducted in pots with complete randomized design with four replicates and kept in field. Oily sludge was mixed in ml and Ammonium nitrate and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) were added at 70 ug/g and 7ug/g at sowing. The plant was harvested at 21 d for estimation of protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). To study the degradation, total petroleum hydrocarbon was extracted by soxhelt extraction and extract was analyzed by GC-FID at different period after incubation. Combined application of consortium and fertilizer enhanced the germination %, protein and, proline content by 90,130 and 99% higher than untreated maize plants. Bioavailability of macro and micro nutrient was also enhanced with consortium and fertilizer in oily sludge. The consortium and fertilizer in combined treatment decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase dismutase (POD) of the maize leaves grown in oily sludge. Degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs) was 59% higher in combined application of consortium and fertilizer than untreated maize at 3 d. The bacterial consortium can enhanced the maize tolerance to oily sludge and enhanced degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs). The maize can be considered as tolerant plant species to remediate oily sludge contaminated soils.     

秸秆管理和施肥方式对绿洲棉田土壤有机碳库的影响

通过监测绿洲滴灌棉田不同秸秆管理和施肥方式下土壤有机碳库及碳库组分的变化,可揭示农田管理措施对棉田土壤有机碳库的调节机制,为干旱区提高农田土壤生产力以及农业固碳减排措施的制定提供科学依据.试验采用裂区设计,以秸秆还田(S)和秸秆不还田(NS)2种秸秆管理方式为主区,4种施肥处理为副区:包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(OM)和氮磷钾化肥与有机肥混施(NPK+OM).结果表明: 施肥和秸秆还田均显著增加了土壤有机碳库,提高了有机碳(C_T)、易氧化有机碳(C_L)、微生物生物量碳(C_MB)、水溶性有机碳(C_WS)、热水溶性有机碳(C_HWS)的含量和有机碳累计矿化量(C_TM)及碳库管理指数(CMI).秸秆还田较秸秆不还田土壤有机碳库提高了20.6%;处理NPK、OM、NPK+OM分别较CK提高了7.8%、29.5%、37.7%.不同施肥处理下C_T、C_L、C_MB、C_WS、C_HWS均表现为NPK+OM>OM>NPK>CK.秸秆还田较秸秆不还田C_TM提高了5.9%;NPK、OM、NPK+OM处理较CK分别提高了32.7%、59.5%、97.3%.对CMI与SOC及其组分间的相关性分析表明,CMI与C_T、C_MB、C_L、C_WS、C_HWS、C_TM、C库、固碳潜力均呈极显著相关关系,因此, CMI是评价绿洲棉田管理措施对土壤质量影响的重要指标.在干旱区建设高标准绿洲农田,发展棉花生产,采用秸秆还田和有机无机肥配施等农业技术措施,不仅能增加土壤有机碳及活性组分的含量,培肥地力,而且能促进土壤固碳,有利于农业资源高效利用和可持续发展.