基于生态位和模糊数学的冬小麦适宜性评价

为定量评价气象、土壤等要素对作物生长的影响,利用江苏省及周边40个气象站1980—2010年日气象资料,选取影响冬小麦品种生长发育的主要气象(如气温、降水、日照时数等)和土壤(如土壤厚度、有机质和p H值等)生态因子,基于生态位理论和模糊数学的方法,依据冬小麦生长对生态各因子的响应关系建立各生态因子适宜度模型,借助GIS空间插值和空间分析,计算江苏省冬小麦品种的种植适宜度并进行等级划分。结果表明:从单要素看,研究区气温适宜度和日照时数适宜度都由北往南逐渐降低,降水适宜度由南往北逐渐降低;大部分地区土壤厚度和土壤有机质适宜,但大部分地区的p H值适宜度较低;从气候适宜度看,江苏省气候适宜度的范围为0.68—0.81,中北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.73,全省的气候适宜度均适合种植冬小麦,大体上呈现由北往南逐渐减小的变化;从土壤适宜度看,全省中部、南部与西北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.70,适合种植冬小麦。从综合适宜度看,全省大部分地区适宜度为0.50—0.86,适宜于冬小麦生长。综合考虑农业气候资源和土壤资源对江苏省冬小麦品种种植的综合适宜性进行评价,评价结果为充分利用江苏省农业生态资源、指导及科学制定冬小麦品种区域种植规划提供科学依据;按作物品种分生育期多角度的精细化研究方法和建立的各因子的适宜度模型可为今后作物区域适宜性评价提供一种新的思路,对同类研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

林下人参生理特性和生长与林内生态因子的关系

结合模拟试验,对林下人参的生理活动及生长过程与林内生态因子的关系进行 了观测研究．结果表明,林内光照、水分、温度等因子与林下人参生长的关系极为密切．一 般林内光照在中等条件下,即相对光照在１０～３５％左右．林分郁闭度约０．６～０．８,土壤含 水量在 ３５～４０％时人参生长最好;林下人参的物候进程及生长与温度的关系密切．林内 温度在５℃左右人参芽胞开始萌动,１５℃左右地上茎高生长进入速生期,６月上旬生长停 止．因此,人为调节各种生态因子在适宜的范围内有利于林下人参的生长．     

东北阔叶红松林分布区生态气候适宜性及全球气候变化影响评价

以在植被分布中起重要作用的温度指标(生长度·日,GDD)和水分指标(可能蒸散率,PER)为基础提出温度·水分影响函数f(GDD,PER),评价丁东北阔叶红松林分布区生态气候环境质量即生态气候适宜性．将f(PER,GDD)≥0．70划为阔叶红松林核心分布区;0．35≤f(PER,GDD)＜0．70划为适宜分布区;f(PER,GDD)<0．35划为边缘分布区．东北阔叶红松林分布区面积为39．99km^2,其中核心分布区面积7．13×10^4kg^2,适宜分布区12．27km^2,边缘分布区20．59km^2。同时结合大气环流模式(GISS、OSU)的气候变化情景评价了全球气候变化对东北阔叶红松林分布区生态气候适宜性的影响．结果表明,于暖化气候条件下东北地区阔叶红松林分布区明显减小,生态适应性显著下降。     

一种作物种植的气候适应性模糊综合评价方法的探讨

提出了一种作物种植的气候适应性的模糊综合评价方法．作物种植的气候适应性可定义为一定地理环境下,其自然气候条件能满足作物生长所需适宜气候条件的能力．在相同的地理环境下,作物种植的气候适应性因作物种类不同而表现不一,并可表示为该地理环境提供的自然气候条件对不同作物生长所需适宜气候条件的满足程度．作物种植的气候适应性的模糊综合评价包括以下主要步骤：确定影响作物种植的主要气候因子,确定各因子的权重,建立评价因子集并确定气候因子评价标准、建立评价矩阵和计算作物生长气候适应性等.采用该方法对武夷山北坡不同海拔高度柑桔和茶树种植的气候适应性进行了综合评价．     

中国濒危植物华南五针松的地理分布与气候的关系

通过实地考察和资料查询,广泛收集华南五针松的地理分布资料,同时对分布区范围内113个地面气象站的气象数据进行插值分析,提取华南五针松分布点的气象数据。利用17项与植被相关的气候指标,分析华南五针松地理分布与气候特征的关系,结果表明,华南五针松在不同地区的高温条件的变化范围比较小,低温条件变化范围较大,但从物种量上来说,无论是高温条件还是低温条件都偏低,生长季降水量很丰富,变化范围较小,所以华南五针松喜好温凉湿润的生境条件。将华南五针松分布区分为三部分,即:南岭山地、南岭以南地区、海南地区,通过对三个地区相关气候指标的分析,进一步讨论了华南五针松分布区的气候特征,结果表明,相对于降水,温度是限制其分布的更重要的因子。利用主成分分析方法,对单一的气候指标进行了数理统计分析,结果表明,影响华南五针松地理分布的主要限制因子,按影响的大小依次为:温度因子>降水因子>湿度因子。还讨论了在气候变化的情况下,华南五针松分布区的变化趋势,提出了对华南五针松迁地保护地点选择的建议。     

人参药材中人参皂苷与生态因子的相关性及人参生态区划

为了扩大人参(Panax ginseng)栽培面积, 解决人参资源日益短缺的问题, 研究了人参皂苷与生态因子之间的相关性。利用超高效液相(UPLC)色谱法, 测定了辽宁、吉林和黑龙江三省不同产区人参样品中3种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re和Rb1)的含量, 并基于“中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统”(TCMGIS)平台, 获得采样区域10个生态因子(包括活动积温、年平均气温、海拔、相对湿度、年日照时数、年降水量、7月最高气温、7月平均气温、1月最低气温和1月平均气温等)数据; 利用因子分析法对16个人参基地进行因子得分评价, 得分最高的是吉林和辽宁的人参基地, 故将吉林和辽宁的人参基地作为人参生态适宜性分析的最佳区域; 通过偏最小二乘回归法建立3种人参皂苷成分与上述10个生态因子间的回归方程并获取其相应的权重, 结果发现多个温度因子与人参皂苷含量呈强负相关关系, 说明热量因子对人参皂苷活性成分的累积起主要作用, 而水分因子、地理因子和光照因子与人参皂苷含量呈弱相关关系; 以因子得分最高的吉林和辽宁人参基地为基点区域, 分别对3种人参皂苷进行单成分生态适宜性区划以及综合区划, 得知3种人参皂苷成分积累的最佳区域主要集中在长白山脉, 而燕山山脉和太行山脉只有少量分布区域。     

葫芦岛玉米生育期气候资源及限制因子

明确农作物生长发育的主要气候限制因子及限制程度,可为农业应对气候变化和高效利用气候资源提供科学依据。基于辽宁省葫芦岛市玉米主栽区绥中县和建昌县1980—2018年逐日气象观测数据和农业气象观测数据,采用生态气候适宜度方法,分析了玉米出苗-拔节、拔节-抽雄、抽雄-成熟3个阶段的主要限制因子及限制程度。结果表明:效能模型可以用于明晰玉米不同生育阶段的环境限制因子并定量评估限制程度;研究区气候平均限制程度达30%以上,拔节-抽雄期气候限制程度最大,出苗-拔节期气候限制程度随年份逐渐下降;降水因子对葫芦岛市气候资源有效性限制程度最大,为27%～61%,其次是日照因子,温度因子限制程度最小;气候限制程度与玉米产量有密切关系,气候的剧烈波动是导致雨养玉米产量不稳的重要环境因素,因此提高气候资源利用率是保障玉米高产稳产的重要举措。     

人参潜在地理分布以及气候变化对其影响预测

本文以人参为研究对象,基于人参分布点位数据和22个气候环境因子数据,运用BioMod2平台10个物种分布模型对当前我国东北地区人参潜在生境分布进行预测.以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)为权重集成10个模型的模拟结果,构建组合模型,并基于该模型预测了IPCC 第五次评估报告中RCP 8.5、RCP 6.0、RCP 4.5和RCP 2.6等4种排放情景下21世纪50和70年代人参潜在分布范围.结果表明: 在基准气候条件下,人参适宜生境面积占研究区总面积的10.4%,此类地区主要分布于研究区东北部长白山地区以及小兴安岭东南部区域的森林地带.在未来不同的排放情景下研究区人参的适宜生境变化显著,总体上分布范围将有一定程度的缩小.同时参与建模的10种模型在统计学精度、预测结果以及变量权重上都有差异.模型精度计算结果表明,MAXENT模拟效果最好,GAM、RF和ANN次之,SRE模拟精度最低.本文构建的组合模型在一定程度上提高了现有物种分布模型的预测精度,从而使模拟效果更优.     

人参气候生态及适宜栽培地选择的研究

本文通过多点人参物候及气象要素观测资料,探讨了适宜人参生长发育的气候生态环境及各种地形的小气候效应,提出了辽东山地适宜人参栽培的地形条件。在土壤条件适宜的情况下,选择沿江一级支流围谷低山坡地、水库边缘低山坡地、小马蹄形(U形)围谷坡地和V形谷坡地,利用北坡或东坡的中上坡位,海拔高度为500米左右的高地环境,栽培人参有利于获得高产。     

我国“镰刀弯”地区春玉米种植的气候适宜性与调整建议

“镰刀弯”地区是典型的旱作农业区和畜牧业发展优势区,生态环境脆弱,涉及我国北方及西南13个省(区).本文根据1981—2010年“镰刀弯”地区650个气象台站的逐日资料和精细化格点数据(1 km×1 km),采用公认的农业气象指标以及目前国际上比较流行的估算作物气候生产潜力的农业生态区划(AEZ)模型,结合卫星遥感监测的土地利用分类信息,对1981—2010年期间该区春玉米种植的气候适宜程度和气候生产潜力进行了定量评估,并结合玉米生物特性及农业气候资源特点,提出合理调整次适宜、不适宜区农业生产结构的科学对策.结果表明: 1981—2010年期间,“镰刀弯”北部春玉米种植区气候生产潜力从东向西总体呈现“大-中-较小-小”的分布格局,而南部种植区春玉米气候生产潜力分布无明显规律,总体处于“较小-中”之间;1981—2010年期间,“镰刀弯”北部玉米种植区从东南向西北总体呈现“最适宜-适宜-次适宜-不适宜”的分布格局;而南部种植区从东南向西北总体呈现“不适宜-次适宜-适宜-最适宜”的分布格局.春玉米种植最适宜区分布面积最大(47%),其次为次适宜区(23%)和不适宜区(17%),适宜区最小(13%).其中,玉米次适宜、不适宜种植面积占该地区现有总耕地面积的40%.春玉米最适宜、适宜种植区主要位于东北大部、华北、西北地区东南部,次适宜或不适宜区主要位于内蒙古、新疆北部、甘肃西部和广西等地.根据气候条件分析,建议重点调减西北风沙干旱区、东北冷凉区、北方农牧交错区和西南石漠化区内的气候次适宜区、不适宜区的玉米种植, 并且该区域也属于作物气候生产潜力较低的种植区.     

The new record of the highest distribution altitude of cyprinid fishes in the world

Three specimens of Herzensteinia microcephalus (Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) were collected from the Chalaiburkun Chu, a headwater of Dri Chu of the southern tributaries of the Yangtze River. The sampling site is located at an altitude of 5,350 m above sea level in the North Slope of the Tanggula Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This is a new highest distribution record of cyprinids, perhaps of all fishes in the world. This new altitude record increases approximate 150 m in vertical height than that in previous studies, which would largely expand the distribution area of H. microcephalus and its habitats. The distribution uplift of H. microcephalus might be an ecological response to recent glacial retreats on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The data provide empirical evidence that climate change very likely has caused significant shifts in alpine fish distributions.     

中国的猴头杜鹃矮林

猴头杜鹃矮林大多分布于中国亚热带东部地区的平缓山脊和山顶。其面积虽小,但分布广泛,猴头杜鹃毛矮林是地形顶极和半地带性的植被类型,它反映着我国亚热带地区海拔１００－２０００ｍ地段的大气状况,但也反映山顶局部气候因素的影响。本文阐述了该林型的一般群落学特点及生态,经济效益。     

Response of a rocky intertidal ecosystem engineer and community dominant to climate change

To evaluate how climate change might impact a competitively dominant ecological engineer, we analysed the growth response of the mussel Mytilus californianus to climate patterns [El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)]. Mussels grew faster during warmer climatic events. Growth was initially faster on a more productive cape compared to a less productive cape. Growth rates at the two capes merged in 2002, coincidentally with a several year-long shift from warm to cool PDO conditions. To determine the mechanism underlying this response, we examined growth responses to intertidal sea and air temperatures, phytoplankton, sea level and tide height. Together, water temperature (32%) and food (12.5%) explained 44.5% of the variance in mussel growth; contributions of other factors were not significant. In turn, water temperature and food respond to climate-driven variation in upwelling and other, unknown factors. Understanding responses of ecosystem engineers to climate change will require knowing direct thermal effects and indirect effects of factors altered by temperature change.     

Flavonoids of Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre in relation to their ecological role

The results of research into the flavonoid content and structure of Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre from their natural habitats in Siberia are discussed. The plants grow under conditions of enhanced insolation at a height of 1500 m above sea level and higher; they accumulate a significant amount of flavonoids; and even superfluous humidity, low air, and soil temperature in a high-mountain tundra zone does not counteract their biosynthesis. In plants located in shaded areas, there is lower flavonoid content. It is quite probable that these pigments play the role of filters, protecting the tissues of the plants from the unwholesome influence of ultraviolet rays, and the height of their locality above sea level is one of the leading ecological factors. The adaptation of plants to UV radiation occurs at the expense of shielding compounds of the epidermal cells. Flavonol aglycones were investigated for the first time by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in plants collected from the territory of Altai. Three aglycons have been discovered: myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The main aglycone of B. vivipara is quercetin (up to 5.8% in flowers and 6.8% in leaves).     

青海湖湖盆南部的植被与海拔梯度

研究地区主要植被类型有三类,即温性草原、高寒灌丛和高寒草甸。温性草原主要分布于研究地区东段湖滨平原上;高寒灌丛分布于山地一定海拔范围内（３４００－３８００ｍ）：高寒草甸主要分布于海拔３８００－４２００ｍ之间,群落中优势种的重要值沿海拔梯度呈“钟型”或近似“钟形”变化趋势,即优势 沿海拔梯度分布上有一最适区,但不同种群其最适区彼此分离;而优势种在其分布区边缘则常常相叠,表明群落之间并无明显界限,这与     

Local climates and growth climates of the sognefjord region

In an agricultural appraisal of a particular region a climatic survey is of great importance. This especially applies to countries like Norway, where climate is marginal for several of the more valuable crops, and where rugged topography induces great contrasts in local climate over short distances. Sognefjord runs nearly due west to east from the Norwegian Sea to the central parts of southern Norway. The regional climate changes from a strongly oceanic type in the western parts to a marked continental type in the innermost parts, some 100 km from the open sea. Over this distance the average length of the growing season, t_d6°C, decreases from about 205 to about 165 days. A three-year survey of the region by means of a network of some 120 climatic stations revealed considerable changes over short distances in irridiation, temperature, precipitation and other climatic elements. The characteristics of the local growth climates are mainly determined by topography (aspect, exposure and height above sea level) and distance from the open sea and fjord. Local variations in warmth-growth climate, here expressed by the length of the growing season and the respiration equivalent, and variations in the water supply, expressed by potential precipitation deficit, are discussed. Practical applications in agricultural planning are considered.Presented at the Eighth International Congress of Biometeorology, 9–14 September 1979, Shefayim, Israel.     

Phylogeographic breaks and the mechanisms of their formation in the Sino-Japanese floristic region

Due to combinations of diverse geography and climate, and complex geo-climate histories and sea level fluctuations, the Sino-Japanese floristic region has extremely high species diversity. Phylogeography is an effective method to identify the factors triggering the formation and differentiation of species diversity. Previous studies showed that phylogeographic breaks, the genetic discontinuity between different gene genealogies, were ubiquitously present. From the west to the east, seven general phylogeographic breaks occur, including the Mekong- Salween Divide, the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line, the Sichuan Basin, ca. 105° E, the boundary between the Second and Third ladders, the North China, and the East China Sea and Korea Strait. These phylogeographic breaks are mainly attributable to both historical and ecological factors, which are generally due to a combined effect of the isolation by distance (IBD) and the isolation by environment (IBE). Geological events and climate changes are the historical factors, mainly including the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the formation and intensification of the Asian monsoon and the Asian interior aridification, the redevelopment of the arid belt, and the Quaternary climate oscillations and sea level fluctuations. Adaptive divergence, namely the divergence induced by different selective pressures under different environments, is responsible for the ecological factors. Adaptive divergence could obstacle gene flow among populations, resulting in the formation of phylogeographic break. However, an identical phylogeographic break is not shared by all the plants because of their various intrinsic biological characteristics, among which the difference in dispersal ability is most important. Finally, we envisaged the future development of phylogeographic break studies based on accurate divergence time estimation, relative contribution of IBD and IBE, and also the utilization of comparative phylogeography.     

Offshore Observations of Eastern Red Bats (Lasiurus borealis) in the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Multiple Survey Methods

Little is known about the migration and movements of migratory tree-roosting bat species in North America, though anecdotal observations of migrating bats over the Atlantic Ocean have been reported since at least the 1890s. Aerial surveys and boat-based surveys of wildlife off the Atlantic Seaboard detected a possible diurnal migration event of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in September 2012. One bat was sighted approximately 44 km east of Rehoboth Beach, Delaware during a boat-based survey. Eleven additional bats were observed between 16.9 and 41.8 km east of New Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia in high definition video footage collected during digital aerial surveys. Observations were collected incidentally as part of a large baseline study of seabird, marine mammal, and sea turtle distributions and movements in the offshore environment. Digital survey methods also allowed for altitude estimation for several of these bats at >100 m above sea level. These observations provide new evidence of bat movements offshore, and offer insight into their flight heights above sea level and the times of day at which such migrations may occur.     

Population systematics of Russell's viper: a multivariate study

A multivariate analysis of the population systematics of Russell's viper, based on scalation and colour pattern characters, reveals that the populations of this viper constitute two well-defined taxa: a western form, comprising all populations from the Indian subcontinent, and an eastern form, comprising all populations from east of the Bay of Bengal. The two forms could be considered either as subspecies of one species, or as two separate species, depending on the species concept used. Within the western form, there is no clear pattern of geographic variation. Within the eastern form, the populations from the Lesser Sunda Islands are clearly divergent from the populations of mainland Asia and Java. The conventionally recognized subspecies of Vipera russelli fail to portray this pattern of geographic variation. There is no clear relationship between the pattern of geographic variation in morphology and the pattern of geographic variation in the clinical effects of the venom in human bite victims: some populations with considerable differences in venom effects are equally distinct morphologically, whereas other populations with equally strong venom differences are morphologically very similar. The distribution of Russell's viper can be attributed to Pleistocene changes in climate and sea level, coupled with the viper's ecological requirements, which appear to include a seasonally dry climate.