花烛突变体叶色嵌合性状的分化特征与保持方法

以花烛品种‘Sonate’(Anthurium andraeanum‘Sonate’)的叶色嵌合型无菌苗为材料,对顶芽失去嵌合性状的16个单株分别进行单芽培养,观察侧芽及茎基部再生过程中叶色嵌合性状的分化特征;并据此归纳花烛突变体叶色嵌合性状的保持方法。结果表明:处于增殖和生根阶段的花烛突变单株侧芽再生植株的嵌合率分别为25.0%～75.0%和25.0%～66.7%,总的嵌合率分别为48.4%和47.8%,具有嵌合性状的侧芽再生植株均萌发于嵌合叶片的叶腋处;处于生根阶段的突变单株的茎基部也能再生出嵌合植株,嵌合率为33.3%～80.0%,总的嵌合率达到64.7%。研究结果显示:通过单芽离体培养的方法可以解决花烛突变体顶芽叶色嵌合性状消失的问题,且应用侧芽再生(增殖与生根阶段)或基部再生(生根阶段)的方法可以保持突变植株的嵌合性状。     

花烛离体培养叶色变异株系的相关性状

以花烛（Anthurium andraeanum）间接器官发生途径中再生出的一株花叶变异植株为原始材料,进行增殖并对得到的3个叶色变异株系的叶色相关性状进行了初步研究。结果表明：通过愈伤组织器官发生途径和腋芽增殖途径对这一花叶苗进行增殖,均分离到3种变异株系,即花叶苗、黄化苗和天鹅绒绿色叶片苗;天鹅绒绿色苗叶片中的叶绿素含量比正常离体苗的含量低;叶片解剖结构表明,叶绿体在叶肉细胞中的分布与其叶片表现型相同,天鹅绒绿色叶片与正常叶片在解剖结构上无明显差异。花烛原套只具有1层细胞,无明显的L2层分生结构,因此叶肉的薄壁细胞完全由向各个方向分裂的原体细胞发育而来,这种组织结构导致花叶叶片中含有叶绿体的细胞和不含有叶绿体的薄壁细胞呈不规则分布。这种花叶株系可以作为育种材料或直接作为盆栽花烛进行推广。     

花烛离体培养叶色变异株系的相关性状

以花烛(Anthurium andraeanum)间接器官发生途径中再生出的一株花叶变异植株为原始材料, 进行增殖并对得到的3个叶色变异株系的叶色相关性状进行了初步研究。结果表明: 通过愈伤组织器官发生途径和腋芽增殖途径对这一花叶苗进行增殖, 均分离到3种变异株系, 即花叶苗、黄化苗和天鹅绒绿色叶片苗; 天鹅绒绿色苗叶片中的叶绿素含量比正常离体苗的含量低; 叶片解剖结构表明, 叶绿体在叶肉细胞中的分布与其叶片表现型相同, 天鹅绒绿色叶片与正常叶片在解剖结构上无明显差异。花烛原套只具有1层细胞, 无明显的L2层分生结构, 因此叶肉的薄壁细胞完全由向各个方向分裂的原体细胞发育而来, 这种组织结构导致花叶叶片中含有叶绿体的细胞和不含有叶绿体的薄壁细胞呈不规则分布。这种花叶株系可以作为育种材料或直接作为盆栽花烛进行推广。     

白桦黄叶突变株叶色变化规律及苗高生长特性分析

植物叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用机制、叶绿素生物合成分解途径的理想材料。为了研究白桦T-DNA突变株（yl）叶色与叶绿素含量的关系及yl苗高生长特性,实验以yl突变株为材料,测定其叶绿素与叶色的时序变化规律,分析生长特性。实验结果显示,白桦在生长季的不同发育时期,yl突变株的叶色一直呈现深黄绿色,色度计测定发现其叶片黄色程度及亮度均高于对照株系,叶色参数b*值分布于CIELab系统色拼图的黄色区域;从早春到9月中旬,yl突变株的叶绿素SPAD值一直显著低于对照株系（P<0.05）,该值与a*值呈显著的负相关。yl突变株苗高显著低于对照株系,苗高年生长仅是对照株系均值的35.15%,其速生期内苗高日生长量均值（GD）也显著低于对照株系,是对照株系均值的58.50%,认为苗高生长量的降低是由于T-DNA插入突变影响了叶绿素生物合成的结果。     

茶树种质叶片色素含量与叶色参数的关系

为了探究茶树种质资源叶片色素含量与叶色参数之间的关系,以143份黄、白化和紫化叶色特异茶树种质为材料,比较分析各种质叶片叶色参数L*、ɑ*、b*值和花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量差异,并通过主成分分析、聚类分析、相关性分析、多元逐步回归分析和通径分析探讨叶片色素含量和叶色参数关系,为叶色特异茶树种质叶片呈色机理及品种选育提供依据。结果表明:(1)紫化茶树种质花青素含量和ɑ*值较高,叶片呈现紫红色;黄化种质类胡萝卜素含量/叶绿素含量比值和b*值较高,叶片呈黄色,白化种质L*值较高,叶片呈白色。在叶色表型性状方面,叶色特异茶树种质大体聚为两大类群,白色系和黄色系聚为一大类,紫色系聚为另一大类。(2)叶色特异茶树种质叶片叶色参数ɑ*值与花青素含量呈极显著正相关,L*值、b*值与花青素和叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关,且b*值与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关;花青素、叶绿素对叶片CIEL*ɑ*b*值直接作用较大。总之,ɑ*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片紫红色性状的代表性参数,b*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片黄色性状的代表性参数。     

转基因金叶银中杨叶色及生长变异分析

转PaGLK基因银中杨抑制表达株系叶绿素含量显著降低,叶片呈现黄色（命名为金叶银中杨）,以转PaGLK基因的银中杨为材料,测定其叶色参数和叶绿素含量的时序变化规律、分析生长特性。结果显示,转PaGLK基因的银中杨使叶片颜色发生改变,抑制表达株系整个生长期叶绿素含量显著低于WT（P<0.05）,叶色亮度显著高于WT（P<0.05）,并且在生长发育期叶片一直呈现深黄绿色。抑制表达株系中的Y2速生期内苗高日生长量（GD）高于对照株系,苗期株高不受影响。而过表达转基因银中杨的当年高生长都显著低于对照株系 （P<0.05）,其速生期内苗高日生长量均值（GD）也低于对照株系,其均值为对照株系的22.19%。PaGLK抑制表达株系在城市园林绿化具有潜在的应用价值。     

诸葛菜叶色变异株系的初步观察

诸葛菜被认为是具有较高开发价值的新型园林经济植物,具有广泛的变异性,有关其自然变异的报道较少。2012年我们在野外观察中发现了4个诸葛菜的叶色变异株系,通过变异植株与同生境植株的观察比较,发现叶色变异株系的变异性状主要表现在分枝或是全株,叶片表现为白化或黄化,花色表现为白色或紫色,其中3个株系能结实,变异性状是否具有遗传特性有待于子代观察分析。本文为进一步阐明其变异机理提供了参考。     

不同种源黄连木秋季色素含量与叶色参数的关系

该研究以陕西汉中、河南林州、河北涉县和北京中国科学院植物研究所4个种源黄连木(Pistacia chinensis Bunge)的苗木为对象,用分光光度计和色差仪对其叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷含量及叶色参数(L*、a*、b*)进行了测定分析,探讨不同种源苗木秋季叶色变化规律及差异,揭示黄连木叶色呈现与叶片色素含量之间的内在关联,为筛选适合城市绿化的优良黄连木种源提供依据。结果表明:(1)在秋季叶片转色期,随着时间的推移,4个种源黄连木叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花色素苷含量的比例呈现不同的变化趋势,其中:河北种源的花色素苷含量较高,叶片呈现红色;陕西种源叶绿素含量较高,叶片呈现绿色的时间较长;河南、北京种源处于两者之间。(2)各个种源黄连木的叶色参数a*值(红/绿)均与花色素苷含量呈正相关关系,与叶绿素含量呈负相关关系,且相关系数均达到显著水平(P0.05),各个种源叶色参数L*值(光泽明亮度)也与叶绿素含量间表现出显著或极显著的正相关性。研究发现,河北种源黄连木秋季的叶色最红,陕西种源黄连木叶片呈现绿色的时间最长;色差仪的应用实现了叶色和各色素含量间量化的关系。     

水稻叶色氮素反应的基因型间差异

在大田不施氮素及高氮两个处理下,以叶片的SPAD值作为评价水稻氮素利用能力的参数,对146个不同基因型水稻进行了叶色深浅及对氮素敏感性不同的种质资源鉴定。通过测定抽穗前不同生育时期不同基因型水稻叶片的SPAD值,筛选出对氮素反应迟钝且叶色较浅的基因型19个、对氮素反应迟钝且叶色较深的基因型20个和对氮素敏感且叶色较浅的基因型20个、对氮素敏感且叶色较深的基因型11个。     

对氮素反应敏感性不同的水稻叶色基因型鉴定

氮素是水稻生长必需的大量营养元素,提高氮素的吸收利用效率是水稻育种和栽培的重要目标之一。水稻叶色与氮素水平密切相关,叶色值可作为叶片氮含量的诊断指标之一。本试验在大田不施氮素及常规施氮两个处理下,以叶片的SPAD值作为氮素能力评价参数,对146个不同基因型水稻进行了叶色深浅及对氮素敏感性不同的种质资源鉴定。通过测定抽穗前不同生育时期不同基因型水稻叶片的SPAD值,鉴定出对氮素不敏感且叶色较浅基因型7个（9103、临粳8选系、两优培粳、信粳06j1、丰糯、阳光香稻、红米稻）、对氮素不敏感且叶色较深基因型9个（9668、9002-1-1、年香粳、淮稻6号、黑稻、3优32、9910-2、矮香、方欣4号）和对氮素敏感基因型3个（白香粳、牟香粳、日本早稻）。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术对滇龙胆组织培养的研究

野生药用植物资源的不断减少,使得寻找其原植物的合适替代品显得尤为重要。利用组培材料代替野生药用植物作为药源已取得重大进展,但利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)技术筛选合适的组培材料作为野生药用植物替代资源方面的应用鲜有报道。本研究采用FTIR结合偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)对滇龙胆组织培养形成的愈伤组织(肉质部、茎、叶)、增殖苗(肉质部、茎、叶)、生根苗(根、茎、叶)进行比较。结果显示:(1)从原始FTIR光谱图上看,滇龙胆肉质部和根部峰形相似,茎和叶峰形相似;(2)二阶导数光谱图扩大了样品间的差异。在龙胆苦苷的主要吸收峰1612 cm-1附近,吸收峰强度依次为:生根苗叶增殖苗叶和生根苗茎增殖苗茎愈伤组织叶,愈伤组织茎及肉质部、增殖苗肉质部和生根苗根部在该处无吸收峰;(3)PLS-DA得分图表明,同一组培阶段相同组织部位样品聚集在一起,而愈伤组织、增殖苗、生根苗及其各组织部位能够较好的分开。其中:肉质部、根部与茎叶之间距离较远,表明其化学成分和含量可能差异较大;肉质部和根部样品间距离较近,茎和叶样品间距离也较近。二阶导数光谱图显示,组培材料有望代替其原植物满足药用需求;若以龙胆苦苷含量为评价对象,生根苗叶则可能具有更大的开发潜能,有望代替野生滇龙胆以缓解其资源稀缺局面。本研究结果表明,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法可以简便有效地对药用植物不同组培阶段不同组织部位的替代潜力及开发利用进行初步评估。     

Stem Apex Culture and Quality Improvement of Tubercles of Pinellia ternata

Formation of Plantlets was achieved when stem apex of Pinellia ternata Brier. Cultured in vitro on MS medium with KT 0. 5 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L (MSI). With petioles of the plantlet as explants callus could be induced after cultured for a week on MS medium with 2, 4-D 2.0 mg/L + KT 0.5 mg/L (MSII). Calli were subcultured once in every month. After 3--4 months a kind of friable calli could be selected, from which the tubercles could be differentiate and the plantlets formed when transfered onto MSI. But before callus differentiation, a lot of roots were formed on callus. The plantlets could be produced directly from the petiole segment. It was found that the stem growing tip was always covered by the leaf primordium and the former leaf primordium was covered by the latter leaf primordium during the differentiation of the apical bud of tubercle. The frenquency of plantlet differentiation from callus and petioles was over 70%. The rate of regeneration of plantlet on liquid static culture was twice as much as that on solid culture. All plantlets grew well after being transfered into the plot. The fresh weight of tuber-plant was 103 % higher than that of control (cultivated plant come from tubers). The alkaloid content of tubers come from tuberplant was 0. 344%, that of control was 0. 203% and 0. 264% for the wild tuber.     

Physiological changes and growth of micropropagated chile ancho pepper plantlets during acclimatization and post-acclimatization

Little is known about physiological changes that occur with micropropagated chile ancho pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. San Luis) plantlets during acclimatization. Plantlets were transferred to ex vitro conditions to study selected physiological changes and growth performance during acclimatization and post-acclimatization. The physiology of the plantlets was characterized by measuring leaf gas exchange and water status. Plant growth was determined by assessing plant height, leaf number, total leaf area, relative growth rate (RGR), and leaf, root, and stem dry matter (DM). Chile pepper plantlets became acclimatized within 6 days after transplantation. During this period, physiological adjustments occurred, which were critical for plantlet survival. After initial ex vitro transplanting, plantlets experienced water deficit [leaf wilting and reduced relative water content (RWC)], which corresponded with reduced stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration (E), and an increase in stomatal resistance (r _s). Thus, leaf stomata that developed in vitro were functional ex vitro. Because of this stomatal control, plantlets minimized transplant shock, recovered and survived. Prior to transplanting, plantlets were photomixotrophic, as indicated by low photosynthetic rates (A). During acclimatization, RWC, g _s, E, and A were significantly lower two days after transplanting. However, within 6 days after transplanting, plantlets recovered and became photoautotrophic – attaining high A, g _s, and E. Water use efficiency was initially low during the first days after transplanting, but increased dramatically at the end of the acclimatization period in part due to increased A. The stabilization and improvement of plantlet water status and gas exchange during acclimatization and post-acclimatization closely correlated with increased plantlet growth. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

岭南槭叶色表现与色叶性状研究

岭南槭自然分布于泛珠三角低山丘陵区,春季新叶与秋冬变叶期色彩艳丽,可广泛用于岭南地区城镇绿化。选取广东省南岭国家级自然保护区、黑石顶省级自然保护区和深圳大鹏半岛国家地质公园七娘山的岭南槭天然群落为对象,开展其色叶期物候观测,量化其年周期叶片色彩值,比较研究其最佳观赏期,探究影响叶色表达的关键因子。结果显示：（1）不同地区岭南槭色叶期具有差异,南岭最佳观赏期为11月份,黑石顶为11月上旬~12月上旬,七娘山为12月份;（2）岭南槭色叶特征和土壤理化性质不同样地间差异显著（P<0.05）;（3）岭南槭红叶始期与经度、土壤速效K含量显著正相关,最大色差值与速效K呈极显著正相关,最佳观赏期持续时间与海拔、有效Cu显著负相关,最佳观赏期的最大色差值与纬度极显著负相关,红叶期持续时间与全K呈显著负相关,与有效P、有效Cu呈极显著负相关;（4）岭南槭红叶最佳观赏期由北到南逐渐延迟,海拔、经度、纬度较低,土壤中全K、有效P、有效Cu的含量较低,速效K含量较高,有利于岭南槭红叶景观的表达。     

采用俄罗斯橄榄叶片和茎段诱导产生不定芽的高效再生方法

俄罗斯橄榄(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)是一种具有很重要药用价值和生态意义的植物。以俄罗斯橄榄一年生幼苗的叶片和茎段为实验材料,探讨了细胞分裂素类(6-BA和Zt)和生长素类(NAA和IBA)两类激素不同组合以及不同配比对植株再生的影响,最后建立了一个高效的俄罗斯橄榄再生方法。结果表明,MS 培养基+ 0.5 mg/L 6-BA +0.2 mg/L NAA更适合叶片的再生,平均每个外植体能产生多达4.3个不定芽;而在MS培养基 + 1.0 mg/L Zt +0.5 mg/L NAA的条件下,茎段外植体再生出来的不定芽最多可以达到平均3.6个;再生芽在含有0.5 mg/L NAA的1/2 MS培养基上生根率达到100%。体外再生苗移栽到装有灭菌混合土(土∶泥炭∶沙子=1∶1∶1)的花盆中锻炼驯化,最后有77%的再生植株存活下来。此结果不仅对俄罗斯橄榄种质资源保护有重要的促进作用,另外也为其将来的遗传转化奠定了基础。     

'早红'草莓高效遗传转化受体系统的建立

本文以草莓主栽品种'早红'组培苗离体叶片和叶柄为外植体,进行叶龄、暗培养、植物生长调节剂配比及抗生素敏感性研究,建立草莓高效遗传转化的受体系统.在含3.0 mg/L 6-BA与0.1 mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基上,30 d叶龄的叶片再生频率高达98.31%,平均每叶片再生芽数5.09个,叶柄切段的再生频率为89.25%,平均每叶柄切段再生芽数4.92个,叶片的再生频率略高于叶柄;不定芽在含0.2 mg/L 6-BA与0.2 mg/L GA_3的MS继代培养基上培养成苗.将生长状态良好的不定芽转至含0.2 mg/L IBA的1/2 MS培养基上生根,生根率达100%,平均生根数量16.27条,平均根长1.85 cm.抗生素敏感性试验表明,草莓外植体适宜的卡那霉素选择压力为25 mg/L,头孢霉素的筛选浓度为300mg/L.本研究建立的再生体系可作为草莓遗传转化的受体系统.     

黄花菜不同外植体形成的愈伤组织再生苗观察

研究了黄花菜不同外植体愈伤组织的形成与植株再生。结果表明,出愈率是花柄>花茎>叶片。愈伤组织在MS+6-BA 2mg/L的培养基上出现致密愈伤组织颗粒,经增殖→分割→增殖的程序逐渐形成“球状体”似的愈伤组织。叶片、花茎形成的球状体经20代继代培养,再生能力没有减退,苗形态正常,根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22。该球状体经秋水仙素处理获得多种形态的四倍体苗和少数重复加倍现象。花柄球状体再生苗中出现了叶片花瓣状或类似花蕾状的形态异常苗,其频率与花柄所处的花期及花蕾大小有密切关系。再生异常苗的球状体继代培养,或者由异常苗叶片重新形成的球状体仍然再生异常苗。花柄球状体经秋水仙素处理,获得的变异株其染色体数目类型较多。因而不宜用花柄作黄花菜快速繁殖的外植体。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence water relations, gas exchange, abscisic acid and growth of micropropagated chile ancho pepper (Capsicum annuum) plantlets during acclimatization and post-acclimatization

Little is known about the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on physiological changes of micropropagated plantlets during acclimatization and post-acclimatization. Using chile ancho pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. San Luis), measurements were made of water relations, gas exchange, abscisic acid (ABA), plantlet growth and AMF development. Plantlets had low photosynthetic rates (A) and poor initial growth during acclimatization. Relative water content (RWC) decreased during the first days after transfer from tissue culture containers to ex vitro conditions. Consequently, transpiration rates (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) declined, confirming that in vitro formed stomata were functional and able to respond ex vitro to partial desiccation--thus avoiding excessive leaf dehydration and plant death. Colonization by AMF occurred within 3 days after inoculation. Colonized plantlets had lower leaf ABA and higher RWC than noncolonized (NonAMF) plantlets during peak plant dehydration (6 days after plant transfer)--and a higher A and gs as early as days 5 and 7. During post-acclimatization [after day 8, when RWC increased and stabilized], A increased in all plantlets; however, more dramatic changes occurred with AMF plantlets. Within 48 days, 45% of the roots sampled of inoculated plantlets were colonized and had extensive arbuscule development. At this time, AMF plantlets also had greater E, A, leaf chlorophyll, leaf elemental N, P and K, leaf dry biomass and leaf area, fruit production and differences in carbon partitioning [lower root/shoot ratio and higher leaf area ratio] compared with NonAMF plantlets. Rapid AMF colonization enhanced physiological adjustments, which helped plantlets recover rapidly during acclimatization and obtain greater growth during post-acclimatization.