重点单项诱杀措施复合配置对棉铃虫的诱杀效果及规格比较

不同灯光与性诱剂或杨树枝把的复合配置处理对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera成虫均具有较明显的诱杀作用,其各自的田间控制效果各不相同,且明显与棉铃虫田间实际发生的相对程度有关。在一定范围内,棉铃虫发生量大的世代或年份,控制效果较好,发生量超常大时控制效果有所降低。综合分析比较该几种复合配置诱集源处理的诱蛾量、田间百株卵量、幼虫量及其对棉铃虫有效态天敌量的影响等因素,结果显示：在不同灯光与性诱剂或杨树枝把的复合配置处理中,以高压汞灯和性诱剂复配效果最好,双波灯与性诱剂的复配效果稍差。高压汞灯与性诱剂、双波灯与性诱剂复配处理区的百株卵量在160 m内分别比对照降低34.5%、28.6%。性诱剂宜设置于高压汞灯区外围80—160 m外,以形成两者空间和时间上的互补。     

棉铃虫食诱剂的田间诱捕效果

【目的】评价生物食诱剂对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera成虫的田间诱捕效果,为发展棉铃虫成虫诱杀防治技术提供科学依据。【方法】2016-2017年,在新疆昌吉和石河子、河南新乡、河北廊坊,利用粘板诱杀法、诱盒诱杀法和撒施诱杀法评价了棉铃虫食诱剂的诱集效果。【结果】食诱剂对各个地区棉花、花生和玉米田棉铃虫成虫均表现出了明显的诱捕作用。撒施诱杀法的诱虫量最高,是诱盒诱杀法的4.4-16.2倍。【结论】棉铃虫食诱剂适用于不同地区、不同作物上棉铃虫成虫诱捕,其中诱盒诱杀法适用于棉铃虫成虫种群监测,撒施诱杀法则适用于其成虫诱杀防治。     

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的环境友好型诱杀技术研究

2003年和2004年,在山东惠民采用杀虫灯、性诱剂、杨树枝把等措施开展了诱杀棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera成虫的防治试验.杀虫灯+10支性诱剂,杀虫灯+5支性诱剂+5支杨树枝把,杀虫灯+lO支杨树枝把,杀虫灯4种措施的日均诱蛾量分别为11.4、10.4、8.6和7.0头,性诱剂和杨树枝把均未显著提高对棉铃虫的诱杀效果.不同诱捕方案对棉铃虫累积诱蛾量随日期的变化符合Gompertz方程.普通灯和时控灯对棉铃虫的日均诱蛾量分别为19.9头和17.4头,二者差异不显著;时控灯对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的日均诱捕量均少于普通灯;减少开灯时间可在不显著降低棉铃虫诱杀量的同时,有效保护捕食性瓢虫.与普通灯相比,设置时间合理的时控灯(夜间19:00～23:00和3:00～5:00开灯)未显著降低棉铃虫的日均诱蛾量,而对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的日均诱捕量分别为2.0头和4.9头,均显著低于普通灯的3.7头和9.2头,合理设置开关灯控制模式可在不显著降低对棉铃虫诱杀效果的同时,降低近50%的天敌杀伤率,节约用电40%.     

不同性比对小菜蛾繁殖及田间种群数量的影响

不同雌雄比对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)繁殖的影响以及性诱剂对田间种群的控制效果研究试验结果表明:随雌雄比的提高,雌蛾的产卵量减少,孵化率降低,在1∶1,4∶1状态下平均单雌产卵量分别为79.33粒和76.03粒,平均孵化率为89.03%和78.44%,在13∶1状态下平均单雌产卵量为36粒,平均孵化率仅为46.05%,全雌状态下所产的卵无一孵化。田间应用性诱剂也可有效降低虫口数量。     

用性信息素诱剂防治烟青虫的效果

本文研究了两个烟青虫性信息素诱剂配方对烟青虫Helicoverpaassulta (Guen e)成虫的诱杀效果及诱杀成虫后田间烟青虫幼虫的虫口减退率和有虫株减退率。 1型诱芯配比为Z9 1 6 :Ald与Z1 1 1 6 :Ald 1 0 0∶9 5 ;Ⅱ型诱芯配比为 1 6 :Ald和Z9 1 6 :Ald与Z1 1 1 6 :Ald( 1 9 3∶1 0 0∶70 )。结果表明 :烟青虫性信息素诱剂Ⅰ ,Ⅱ型诱芯对烟青虫成虫都有很强的诱杀效果 ,在长达 85d的时间内 ,5个Ⅰ型诱芯共诱杀了4 0 4头雄性成虫 ,5个Ⅱ型诱芯共诱杀 4 1 9头 ,二者没有明显的差异。诱蛾地烟青虫幼虫的虫口密度和有虫株率都有明显的降低 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型诱芯使虫口密度和有虫株率的降低幅度均在 6 6 6 7%～ 90 91 %之间。性信息素诱剂使用方便、无毒、不污染环境 ,对烟叶不产生药害 ,防治效果良好 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

棉铃虫性诱剂在测报和防治上的应用研究

1993～1996年对棉铃虫性诱剂在测报和防治上的应用效果进行调查研究,结果表明,在3种不棉铃虫性诱剂中以中国科学院动物研究所生产的性诱剂诱蛾效果最好,其效果与进口性诱剂相当。在第1代,性诱剂诱蛾效果好于杨树把。在第2代,其效果与杨树把接近。在第3、4代,其效果差于杨树把。性诱剂与杨树把诱蛾的蛾量消长基本同步并且两者与田间卵量消长基本一致。因此,在第1、2代应以性诱剂取代杨树把,在第3、4代应以杨树把进行测报和防治。     

茶毛虫性引诱剂诱杀效果分析

20 0 2年在贵州省都匀茶场研究了茶毛虫性信息素引诱剂大面积诱杀茶毛虫的防治效果 ,并观察了不同浓度以及不同高度设置对诱蛾效果的影响。结果表明 :越冬代试验 2 0d ,诱杀成虫 42 60头 ,第1代试验 44d ,诱杀成虫 1 3 42 3头 ;防治后田间落卵量以及后代幼虫数分别比对照区减少 5 3 3 3 %和60 5 3 % ;诱蛾效果以浓度为 1 5mg 枚的诱芯效果最好 ,诱盆设置高度以 90cm左右为佳。     

加拿大杨树叶气味对棉铃虫的引诱作用

加拿大杨树枝把田间诱蛾试验,单把日平均诱蛾4.17头,雌性比为1.72;在加拿大杨树枝把中加入棉铃虫性诱剂诱芯后,单把日平均诱蛾5.5头,雌性比为1.86.鲜加拿大杨树叶粗提物对棉铃虫刚羽化处女雌蛾引诱效果为26.67%;经过堆放2天的杨树叶粗提物对棉铃虫刚羽化的处女雌蛾引诱效果为44.44%.     

性信息素大面积诱捕法防治东北越冬代水稻二化螟

2002年和2003年,在吉林省柳河县绿色大米生产基地,开展了应用性信息素诱捕法防治越冬代水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis的试验。与对照区相比,2002年和2003年两年诱捕区诱蛾量分别下降84.54%和83.75%,雌虫交配率分别下降54.10%和47.67%; 同时,诱杀区二化螟卵孵化率下降25.50%,卵块密度也显著降低。2002年二化螟雌雄性比由对照区的1.14上升为诱捕区的3.96,而 2003年由1.12上升到3.84;诱杀区二化螟幼虫为害率,无论是枯鞘、枯心,还是白穗,也较之对照区显著下降,造成稻谷产量损失也明显降低。通过上述一系列评价指标表明性信息素诱捕法能有效控制东北越冬代水稻二化螟,可为东北绿色大米的可持续生产提供技术支持。     

江苏无锡梨小食心虫发生动态及性诱剂防治

利用性诱剂调查江苏无锡地区三个水蜜桃Prunus persica种植区梨小食心虫Gtapholitha molesta成虫的年发生动态,并比较不同时间挂放诱芯的诱集效果。结果表明,在无锡地区,梨小食心虫年发生5代,部分发育较快的五代幼虫在越冬前发育为成虫,但因无法找到合适的产卵场所而成为无效虫口。越冬代成虫和一代成虫发生较为整齐,可以使用性诱剂集中诱杀,但从二代成虫开始,发生呈现多个高峰,田间世代重叠明显。对梨小食心虫的性诱剂防治试验表明,在无锡地区,需高密度放置诱芯并2周更换1次诱芯方能达到防治效果。     

棉铃虫成虫对高浓度性信息素的行为反应

室内行为实验表明,在高浓度性信息素环境中棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 雌蛾更加活跃、觅偶行为更加积极主动、求偶时间显著延长,而雄蛾主动求偶时间显著缩短、静止时间显著延长。高浓度性信息素并未引起成虫在取食活动和产卵行为的明显改变,也未能有效阻断其交配行为,而是推迟了它们的交配日期、夜间初始交配时间,缩短了交配蛾的交配持续时间。因此,高浓度性信息素主要影响其交配质量,而不是交配率。     

Behavioral and electrophysiological experiments suggest that the antennular outer flagellum is the site of pheromone reception in the male helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus

Sexually competent females of Telmessus cheiragonus (helmet crab) release two pheromones that elicit grasping and copulation behaviors in males (Kamio et al., 2000, 2002, 2003). Our study aimed to use behavioral and electrophysiological techniques to identify the site of reception of these sex pheromones. In behavioral experiments, either the inner or the outer flagella of the antennules were ablated bilaterally from male crabs, and responses of male crabs to female odor were examined. When the inner flagella were surgically ablated, the sexual response (i.e., grasping and copulation behavior) of male crabs was not significantly changed relative to control animals that had their second antennae ablated. In contrast, the sexual response was significantly reduced when the outer flagella of the antennules were ablated, suggesting that the outer flagellum is the receptor organ that detects the sex pheromones. In electrophysiological experiments, urine, which in females contains the pheromone that elicits grasping behavior by males but does not contain the pheromone eliciting copulation, whose release site is not known, was tested. Female and male urine as well as shrimp extract evoked phasic responses of chemosensory afferents innervating aesthetasc sensilla on the outer flagellum of male crabs. The response of the afferents had significantly higher magnitude and lower threshold when female urine was applied. Thus, behavioral and electrophysiological observations suggest that in male helmet crabs, the outer flagellum of the antennule is the chemosensory organ that detects female sex pheromone.     

Flash communication systems of Japanese fireflies

Japanese fireflies range from nocturnal luminescent species to diurnal non-luminescent species. Their communication systems are classified into 6 types based on the following criteria: 1) Female responds to male's flashes after a fixed delay; 2) Male is directly attracted by female's light signal, the male perches on a leaf near the female, then the male changes his flashes with twinkling, and copulation behavior is released. However, the female may not respond to the male; 3) Male seeks female calling signal during the male's flying and synchronous flashing, then the male approaches the female, emitting flashes with various patterns, displaying walking-luminescing, sedentary signaling, chasing, and copulating; 4) Male is attracted by continuous luminescent signals of the female, and male perches near the female, then the male distinguishes the female's light organs shape. Thereafter, the male copulation behavior is released by her sex pheromone; 5) Male and female flight occurs in the daytime; when the male approaches the female, copulation is released by the female's pheromone; weak luminescent signals may be fulfilling the function of supplementary communication signals; 6) Luminescent signals have nothing to do with communication between male and female, and copulation is released by a sex pheromone.     

Responses of male aphids to the female sex pheromone in Megoura viciae Buckton

Oviparae of Megoura viciae Buckton release a sex pheromone from numerous plaques on their hind tibiae. Adult males react to this scent in a variety of ways: inactive males are aroused; males already walking orient to the odour source; and copulatory activity is increased. These responses are only evoked within a few centimetres of the stimulus source and decline rapidly as the stimulus is diluted. Male responsiveness to the pheromone is unchanging throughout the light phase (of LD 12 : 12), although they show a marked circadian locomotor rhythm. Their sensitivity develops early in adult life and thereafter remains high, decreasing only slightly before death. However, although very young adults will orient to a pheromone source, they do not show copulatory responses until they are sexually mature. Larval males neither respond to the pheromone nor possess the antennal receptors (secondary rhinaria) which are essential for the adult reaction. Mating, and attempted copulation with suitable objects (e.g. coloured beads), is dependent upon appropriate visual and tactile stimuli; it can occur in the absence of the pheromone but is enhanced by its presence. Habituation to the scent does not prevent copulation, and conversely, copulation does not affect subsequent responsiveness to the pheromone. Once copulation has begun the pheromone has no effect on the efficiency of insemination. Vigorous intergeneric responses to the pheromones of female M.viciae and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris were observed.     

A female‐produced short‐range sex pheromone in the egg parasitoid Trissolcus brochymenae

The potential for short‐range sex pheromone communication by the egg parasitoid wasp Trissolcus brochymenae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) was investigated in closed arena bioassays. Males of this parasitoid showed more antennal drumming and more frequent mounting behaviour on 1‐ to 2‐d‐old virgin females compared with 8‐d‐old virgin females. Male copulation attempts were fewer with previously mated females than with virgin females. Males courted and made copulation attempts with 1‐ to 2‐d‐old female cadavers, but not with male cadavers or with female cadavers rinsed in organic solvents of different polarities. Male attraction to female cadavers was re‐established by treating cadavers with acetone extracts of females, but not with ether or hexane extracts. In experiments using female cadavers dissected into head, mesosoma, and gaster, and then reassembled using one unwashed body section and two body sections washed in acetone, males were attracted only to the reassembled cadavers with an unwashed mesosoma. These findings suggest that (1) courtship behaviour in males of T. brochymenae is triggered by a short‐range sex pheromone produced by females; (2) the age and the physiological condition of females (virgin/mated) influence pheromone release or production; (3) the female's mesosoma is the source of the sex pheromone; and (4) polar components of the sex pheromone play a major role in influencing male behaviour. Our results suggest that quasi‐gregarious egg parasitoids are selected for short‐range rather than long‐range sex pheromones.     

Effects of photoperiod and mating on sex pheromone production and release by oviparae of the aphid Schizaphis graminum

ABSTRACT. By extraction and bioassay procedures, it is shown that the sex pheromone released by oviparae of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), during the daylight hours of a light: dark regime, is present in the tibia of the metathoracic legs only during daily photophases.
Shortly after mating, pheromone-emitting oviparae cease to produce as well as to release the pheromone. This mating-induced response requires that copulation be completed, and suggests the involvement of sperm or seminal substances transferred by the males to the oviparae during copulation.
Although multiple matings increase the number of eggs deposited by an ovipara, the mating-induced termination of pheromone production/ release would enhance the chances for mating of neighbouring oviparae. This would result in a further increase in egg production as well as in the number of genetically similar offspring, because neighbouring oviparae are most probably sisters. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of kin selection.     

Copulation behaviour of Lygocoris pabulinus under laboratory conditions

As a prerequisite to the elucidation of the sex pheromone of the green capsid bug Lygocoris pabulinus (L.), we studied the bug's reproductive development and behaviour. When kept under long-day conditions (L18:D6) at 25 °C, both males and females start to copulate 4 days after the final moult. Second matings occur in some females, even on consecutive days. The premating period is 10 min on average and copulation lasts 1 to 2 min. At long range, when males are attracted to traps baited with live females, we did not observe a specific calling position of the females. At short range, a characteristic courtship behaviour of the females was not observed either. Males showed a characteristic vibration of the abdomen, which was repeated several times before copulation. This behaviour can be used as a bioassay to test potential sex pheromone compounds.     

A single sex pheromone receptor determines chemical response specificity of sexual behavior in the silkmoth Bombyx mori

In insects and other animals, intraspecific communication between individuals of the opposite sex is mediated in part by chemical signals called sex pheromones. In most moth species, male moths rely heavily on species-specific sex pheromones emitted by female moths to identify and orient towards an appropriate mating partner among a large number of sympatric insect species. The silkmoth, Bombyx mori, utilizes the simplest possible pheromone system, in which a single pheromone component, (E, Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol (bombykol), is sufficient to elicit full sexual behavior. We have previously shown that the sex pheromone receptor BmOR1 mediates specific detection of bombykol in the antennae of male silkmoths. However, it is unclear whether the sex pheromone receptor is the minimally sufficient determination factor that triggers initiation of orientation behavior towards a potential mate. Using transgenic silkmoths expressing the sex pheromone receptor PxOR1 of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in BmOR1-expressing neurons, we show that the selectivity of the sex pheromone receptor determines the chemical response specificity of sexual behavior in the silkmoth. Bombykol receptor neurons expressing PxOR1 responded to its specific ligand, (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), in a dose-dependent manner. Male moths expressing PxOR1 exhibited typical pheromone orientation behavior and copulation attempts in response to Z11-16:Ald and to females of P. xylostella. Transformation of the bombykol receptor neurons had no effect on their projections in the antennal lobe. These results indicate that activation of bombykol receptor neurons alone is sufficient to trigger full sexual behavior. Thus, a single gene defines behavioral selectivity in sex pheromone communication in the silkmoth. Our findings show that a single molecular determinant can not only function as a modulator of behavior but also as an all-or-nothing initiator of a complex species-specific behavioral sequence.     

应用性信息素迷向法防治茶毛虫的田间试验

2003年在贵州省黔南州都匀茶场进行了性信息素迷向法防治茶毛虫Euproctis pseudoconspersaStrand的田间试验。通过比较处理区和对照区内茶毛虫发蛾量、交配率和后代虫口密度,发现剂量为0.5mg的性信息素释放器按5 m的间隔施放的防治效果显著好于其它处理,它在越冬代和第1代试验中茶毛虫诱蛾量分别减少83.90%和70.25%,交配率分别下降78.18%和73.21%,虫口密度减少59.02%和45.71%。试验结果表明性信息素迷向法可以作为防治茶毛虫的一种手段。     

Pheromonal inhibition of male courtship behaviour in the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis: a mechanism for the rejection of potential mates

Pheromones play a central role in coordinating the events leading up to copulation in snakes. We report here a novel pheromone system in the brown tree snake in which females release a pheromone that inhibits male courtship behaviour. In a previous study, we made observations of female brown tree snakes releasing cloacal secretions (CS) during courtship that appeared to cause courting males to cease courtship. All snakes have glands that release CS through ducts located along the cloacal orifice. Although CS have been studied for many years, their function in the mediation of snake behaviour has not been experimentally well determined. We examined the role of CS in the reproductive behaviour of male and female brown tree snakes. We conducted four experiments to test the effect of both male and female CS on brown tree snake behaviour under two behavioural contexts, courtship and male-male ritualized combat. Within each experiment, we compared the effects of CS to a control. Female CS caused a decrease in the time that males spent courting females and a decrease in the intensity of courtship compared with the control treatment. Male CS did not, however, affect the time that males spent displaying courtship or the intensity of that courtship. Neither male nor female CS had significant effects on male ritualized combat behaviour, including time that males spent in combat or the intensity of combat behaviours displayed. Furthermore, neither female nor male CS had an effect on female courtship versus controls. The inhibition of brown tree snake reproductive behaviours is specific to female CS inhibiting male courtship behaviour. This pheromone acts in concert with the female sex pheromone to regulate the events leading to copulation.Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.