四川桤柏混交林生物量的研究

 对四川省盐亭县桤柏混交林单株干重、平均净生产量、林分生物量和生产力动态的系统研究表明：桤木和柏木不同器官生物量随年龄积累变异显著,积累最多的是树干,其它器官积累较少。桤木各器官平均净生产量在2～12年上升,在12～14年左右达到峰值,随后下降,其生物量结构和垂直分布也程相同的趋势,表明桤木在16年以后已成熟,主伐年龄可定在18～20年间。柏木叶积累量的增长在幼龄期有“超前现象”。其各器官平均净生产量在2～18年内增长呈“J”型曲线．生物量结构和垂直分布仍处于剧烈分化期。在我国人工混交林中,桤柏混交林的生物量和生产力都比较高。     

缙云山马尾松种群数量动态初步研究

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群是我国亚热带森林植被演替的先锋种群之—。研究其数量动态对亚热带森林群落和生态系统的研究有着重要意义。“样地编年序列”的应用为长命多年生植物种群数量动态的研究提供了一条捷径。缙云山马尾松种群,约在7龄前,其密度随时间而增长,其后降低。其间关系可用下式近似表达：(07), 式中,D是种群密度估计值,A是种群年龄。缙云山马尾松种群生物量在灌草从到松阔混交林初期的演替中呈现Logistic增长。符合公式：式中,Bp是种群生物量的估计值,A,e是自然对数的底。在从混交林到常绿阔叶林的演替中,其生物量表现出随时间下降的趋势。在自疏过程中,马尾松种群平均植株生物量与种群密度服从-3/2稀疏定律。符合公式：式中,Bi是平均植株生物量,D是种群密度。导致缙云山马尾松种群数量动态变化的动力,主要是种内光资源竞争引起的自疏和种间光资源竞争引起的他疏。     

柏木低效林不同改造模式下细根分布特征

以四川省德阳市旌阳区低效柏木林改造8年后的3种模式(即:柏木+桤木+杂交竹模式(柏+竹+桤)、柏木+麻栎模式(柏+栎)、柏木+杂交竹模式(柏+竹))作为研究对象,柏木纯林作为对照,调查了柏木低效林不同改造模式的细根生物量。结果表明:不同改造模式与土层对细根生物量的影响非常显著(P0.01),柏+竹与柏+竹+桤模式细根生物量显著高于纯柏模式,柏+栎模式细根生物量最小。在不同改造模式中,柏木细根生物量在土壤层次上的分布也存在显著差异,柏+竹与柏+竹+桤模式中柏木细根生物量随着土层的加深呈上升趋势,而柏+栎模式中则随着土层的加深呈下降趋势,柏+栎模式中柏木死细根的比重明显高于其他模式。几种模式中,柏+竹+桤模式细根生物量分布相对稳定,而柏+栎模式的稳定性较差。     

海三棱藨草种群的密度与生物量动态

本文研究了上海市南汇县东海农场海堤外侧滩涂上海三棱藨草种群的密度动态、高度生长动态、生物量动态以及它们之间及其与环境之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:在环境条件相对稳定的地带A和B内,海三棱藨草种群的高度、高度生长和生物量在生长期内符合Logisfis增长。种群生物量动态与密度动态可分为3个阶段,其中阶段Ⅱ符合Yoda等提出的-3/2自疏定律。地带B为海三棱藨草种群生长的最适地带。地带C内生境条件极不稳定,种群的数量动态变化亦相当剧烈。在不同环境条件下,密度制约因素和非密度制约因素对种群数量动态的相对作用是不同的。在环境条件较稳定的生境中(地带A和B),密度制约因素是决定种群数量动态的主要因素;在环境条件变化剧烈的生境中(地带C),非密度制约因素是决定种群数量动态的主要因素。     

海三棱蔗草种群的密度与生物量动态

本文研究了上海市南汇县东海农场海堤外侧滩涂上海三棱藨草种群的密度动态,高度生长动态、生物量动态以及它们之间及其与环境之间的相互关系。研究结果表明：在环境条件相对稳定的地带A和B内,海三棱藨草种群的高度、高度生长和生物量在生长期内符合Logisfic增长。种群生物量动态与密度动态可分为3个阶段,其中阶段Ⅱ符合Yoda等提出的-3/2自疏定律。地带B为海三棱藨草种群生长的最适地带。地带C内生境条件极不稳定,种群的数量动态变化亦相当剧烈。在不同环境条件下,密度制约因素和非密度制约因素对种群数量动态的相对作用是不同的。在环境条件较稳定的生境中(地带A和B),密度制约因素是决定种群数量动态的主要因素;在环境条件变化剧烈的生境中(地带C),非密度制约因素是决定种群数量动态的主要因素。     

浙江省松阳县黄山松种群的密度与生物量动态

 本文研究了浙江省松阳县关山源地区黄山松种群的密度与生物量动态以及它们之间的相互关系。黄山松是该地区森林演替中的先锋种群之一。在演替过程中,黄山松种群的动态可分成三个阶段。大约在黄山松种群入侵次生裸地的最初10年期间,种群的密度和生物量迅速增长(阶段Ⅰ)。此后,种群密度达到饱和,由于自疏作用出现以及其他阔叶树种的入侵,种群密度开始急剧下降,个体平均重量和种群生物量迅速增长(阶段Ⅱ),–3/2自疏定律适用于种群动态的此阶段。随着阔叶树种进入林冠层,虽然个体平均重量仍缓慢增长,黄山松种群的密度和种群生物量逐渐下降直至退出群落(阶段Ⅲ)。但在一些特殊生境中(如裸岩陡坡或山脊),黄山松种群可形成稳定的地形顶极群落,其种群密度、个体平均重量和种群生物量可长期维持相对稳定的状态。     

松嫩草原拂子茅种群密度制约的研究

植物种群的密度制约机制是种群生态学研究的重要内容之一。自６０年代初开始,国外已进行了大量的研究,但国内关于这方面的报道很少。本文研究了松嫩草原低湿地拂子茅种群密度的制约规律,结果表明,拂子茅种群生物量与密度呈极显著正相关,并按ｙ＝９９．６１＋２．４１ｅ－０．０１２ｘ曲线消长。平均个体重和平均个体体积与种群密度也呈极显著相关关系,并分别按ｙ＝４．８９ｘ－０．４７和ｙ＝４．０２ｘ－０．７１幂函数变化。但种群密度与以营养枝高度计算的种群体积没有显著的相关关系。     

羊草＋杂类草群落数量特征季节动态的研究

本文对肇州羊草＋杂类草群落主要种群、种组及群落数量特征季节动态进行了探讨。结果表明,在生长季内,羊草、蔓委陵菜群种及丛生禾草种组高度和盖度,群落的盖度及密度特征呈单峰型变化,群落最大地上生物量出现在８月５日,其值为１９７３ｇ／ｍ２干物质,而后下降;在生长季内,符合拓广了的Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型增长,其模型为：Ｂ＝２２４６０３８１＋ｅ５．９２８９－５．５３８８×１０２·ｔ－４．８４８４×１０４·ｔ２＋３．５３６５×１０－６·ｔ３     

沙地云杉种群调节的研究

 本文运用种群密度调节的-3/2原则研究沙地云杉种群的自疏过程,模拟种群密度变化的动态规律。由于可塑性生长的影响,不同林型中沙地云杉种群的平均胸径、单株平均干重与种群密度关系之间的变化幅度也不相同,但都表现出幂函数的变化特征。运用主成分分析的方法探讨影响沙地云杉种群密度调节的主要因素,表明影响沙地云杉种群自疏过程的主要因子为：坡向、群落类型、坡位、土壤含水量、海拔、土壤平均容重、针叶密度7个因子。分析了沙地云杉种群自疏过程的机制及其在种群密度管理中运用的可能性,对沙地云杉种群的经营管理具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

四川盆地四种柏木林分类型的水文效应

四川盆地丘陵区是长江上游水土流失最严重地区之一,该区大面积柏木纯林林分结构不合理、天然更新不良、林分稳定性差、产品产量和水土保持功能低,急需进行结构调整。通过群落样地调查和坡面径流场观测,对比分析了四川盆地4种柏木林分类型的水文效应。结果表明:(1) 4种林分类型林冠截留量与降水量呈幂函数关系; 林冠截留率随雨量级的增大而减小,对次降雨的最大截留量为栎柏混交林 (9.5 mm) > 桤柏混交林 (9.2 mm) > 松柏混交林 (8.8 mm) > 柏木纯林 (8.5 mm)。(2) 4种林分类型之间未分解层和半分解层枯落物持水量随浸泡时间的变化存在极显著差异;枯落物总存储量变化范围为4.06-7.62 t/hm²,枯落物总持水量排序为栎柏混交林 (17.07 t/hm²) > 桤柏混交林 (13.26 t/hm²)> 松柏混交林 (8.89 t/hm²) > 柏木纯林 (7.57 t/hm²)。(3) 4种林分0-40 cm土层非毛管孔隙度变化范围为 4.21%-6.94％,土壤最大持水量排序为栎柏混交林(1820.83±124.80) t/hm² > 松柏混交林(1686.85±76.15) t/hm² > 桤柏混交林(1644.45±119.84) t/hm² > 柏木纯林(1574.14±119.89) t/hm²;4种林分类型雨季产沙量变化范围在534.2-1467.9 kg/hm²之间。综合分析表明,栎柏混交林是4种柏木林分类型中水土保持效果最优的;因此,该区柏木纯林的结构调整应以促进栎柏混交林的演替为目标。     

不同生境下刺五加种群构件生物量结构与生长规律

从构件水平对针阔混交林、蒙古栎林和次生杂木林3个生境的刺五加种群各功能构件的生物量结构及生物量比率与年龄之间的关系进行了定量分析. 结果表明,刺五加种群的个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切.不同环境条件下,刺五加种群各功能构件生物量平均值具有相同的规律：茎构件>根茎构件>叶构件.3个生境中刺五加整体种群水平具有一定的相似性.在郁闭度为40%的蒙古栎林中,刺五加种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较针阔混交林和次生杂木林中大.不同生境下刺五加种群分株生物量的差异蕴涵着重要的生长调节和物质分配策略.在分株较小的幼龄个体以及郁闭度较大而不利于分株生长的次生杂木林中,分株优先建造叶器官,以保证充分的物质生产. 3个生境刺五加种群的叶、茎与分株的相对增重均具有相同的幂函数异速生长规律.     

桤柏混交林根系的研究

研究了桤柏混交林和柏木纯林的根系组成、根系形态特征和根量分布,并比较了这两种林型根系的生物量、生产力和氮元素在根库中的积累与分布规律。结果表明,不同物种、同一物种在不同林型中根系的重量、组成、形态和分布有较大差异。在桤柏混交林中,桤木根系分布线,侧根发达,细根相对比例少;柏木根系分布较深,在不同土层分布较均匀,吸收根和细根相对含量较高。与混交林相比,柏木纯林根系主要集中在０￣４０ｃｍ土层中,吸收根     

A 27-year study of brown trout population dynamics and exploitation in Lake Songsjøen, central Norway

From 1968–1984 (period I), a brown trout Salmo trutta , population in a 70-ha oligotrophic lake in central Norway was exploited using larger mesh gill-nets selectively removing the larger fish. From 1985–1994 (period II), intermediate sized fish were removed using smaller-mesh sizes gill-nets. Fishing mortality and CPUE were correlated positively with effort and numbers of fish >3 years old for period II. The gill-net catchability was correlated negatively with spawner biomass and number of trout >3 years old. The significant positive correlation between natural mortality and stock biomass and spawning stock biomass indicated density-dependent mortality. The significant correlation between spawning stock and recruitment described by the Ricker model, indicated density-dependent recruitment of 1-year-old trout. The fishing regimes in the two periods affected the population dynamics and density differently. Selective removal of smaller fish permitted the larger fish to survive, and was beneficial in reducing fish density and maintaining stocks at low levels, consequently, achieving the expected increase in fish growth rates.     

Population structure and dynamics of Pinus massoniana Lamb. on mount Jinyun,Sichuan, China

Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is a pioneer in forest succession in the subtropics of East Asia. However, the species persits, though with decreasing abundance, throughout the various successional phases. Agestructure, spatial pattern, density, population biomass, and their dynamics are described for a population in Sichuan, China, on the basis of a census of all individuals in the population while substituting space with time. In the course of succession, the population density increases and its rate of growth decreases until self-thinning starts; during the phase of self-thinning density decrease and continues to decrease even afterwards, but the rate of growth increase markedly after self-thinning has stopped. The development of population biomass (Bp) during the early succession from shrub-grassland to the early stages of mixed pine and broad-leaved forest can be described by a logistic equation. Later, Bp decrease rapidly. These changes are governed partly by inherent biological features of P. massoniana and partly by the invasion, establishment and development of shade-tolerant evergreen broad-leaved trees. Both self- and alien-thinning occur. Soil conditions affect the rates of these processes.     

Density-dependent dispersal may explain the mid-season crash in some aphid populations

Aphid population dynamics during the season show a characteristic pattern with rapid increase in numbers at the beginning followed by a sudden drop in the middle of the season. This pattern is usually associated with predation and/or change in food quality during the summer. By developing a mechanistic model of aphid population dynamics we show that this pattern can arise from density-dependent dispersal behaviour of aphids. The dynamics produced by the model were similar to those observed in real populations of the alder aphid (Pterocallis alni). The two mechanisms required for these oscillations to arise were the perception of density through the number of contacts with other individuals and the inter-generational transfer of information (the maternal effect). Both mechanisms are examples of delayed density-dependence and, therefore, this study adds to the evidence that delayed density-dependence might cause complex population dynamics. To reproduce the seasonal dynamics of the alder aphid with the model, the maternal effect was essential, indicating that this could be an important factor in alder aphid dynamics. According to our model, external regulations (e.g., predation and/or change in food quality) were not required to explain the highly oscillatory population dynamics of aphids during a season.     

The role of density-dependent individual growth in the persistence of freshwater salmonid populations

Theoretical and empirical models of populations dynamics have paid little attention to the implications of density-dependent individual growth on the persistence and regulation of small freshwater salmonid populations. We have therefore designed a study aimed at testing our hypothesis that density-dependent individual growth is a process that enhances population recovery and reduces extinction risk in salmonid populations in a variable environment subject to disturbance events. This hypothesis was tested in two newly introduced marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) populations living in Slovenian streams (Zakojska and Gorska) subject to severe autumn floods. We developed a discrete-time stochastic individual-based model of population dynamics for each population with demographic parameters and compensatory responses tightly calibrated on data from individually tagged marble trout. The occurrence of severe flood events causing population collapses was explicitly accounted for in the model. We used the model in a population viability analysis setting to estimate the quasi-extinction risk and demographic indexes of the two marble trout populations when individual growth was density-dependent. We ran a set of simulations in which the effect of floods on population abundance was explicitly accounted for and another set of simulations in which flood events were not included in the model. These simulation results were compared with those of scenarios in which individual growth was modelled with density-independent Von Bertalanffy growth curves. Our results show how density-dependent individual growth may confer remarkable resilience to marble trout populations in case of major flood events. The resilience to flood events shown by the simulation results can be explained by the increase in size-dependent fecundity as a consequence of the drop in population size after a severe flood, which allows the population to quickly recover to the pre-event conditions. Our results suggest that density-dependent individual growth plays a potentially powerful role in the persistence of freshwater salmonids living in streams subject to recurrent yet unpredictable flood events. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.