一级生产水平下冬小麦、夏玉米的生产模拟

通过模拟计算得到一级生产水平下冬小麦和夏玉米的累积干物质动态曲线.两年的计算结果和实测值都比较吻合.研究表明,在黄淮海平原,可以把亩产吨粮作为冬小麦夏玉米一年两茬平作粮田达到一级生产水平的指标.若用中熟夏玉米套作代替早熟夏玉米平作,籽粒的年产量可增加一成.通过对不同叶面积指数下干物质产量的模拟计算,得到一年两茬平作的干物质产量最大可达46t·hm^-2,籽粒产量19.1t·hm^-2.     

硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥对小麦干物质积累分配及产量的影响

在田间高产条件下,设置硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥(SRCU)、树脂包膜尿素控释肥(RCU)、普通尿素加硫磺粉(SU)、普通尿素(U)处理,研究硫和SRCU对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及产量的影响.结果表明:施用RCU处理的植株干物质积累量和籽粒产量与分期施氮不施硫处理相比无显著差异.在土壤有效硫含量为43.2 mg·kg-1的条件下,施硫量为91.4 kg·hm-2的SRCU处理与相同施硫量分期施氮处理相比,花后干物质积累与分配及产量无显著差异;与无硫的RCU处理相比,花后同化物输入籽粒量、籽粒灌浆中期的灌浆速率、千粒重和产量均显著提高.在土壤有效硫含量为105.1 mg·kg-1的条件下,施硫量为120kg·hm-2的SRCU处理籽粒产量显著高于相同施硫量分期施氮处理,与不施硫分期施氮处理和RCU处理无显著差异.说明SRCU释放的氮素对冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的调节作用与速效氮素分期施用的效果一致.SRCU释放的硫素对冬小麦的调节作用受土壤有效硫含量高低的影响,在有效硫含量为43.2 mg·kg-1的条件下,能促进花后干物质积累和籽粒灌浆,显著提高籽粒产量;在有效硫含量为105.1 mg·kg-1的条件下,则无显著增产作用,过多施用硫磺粉还可导致产量显著降低.     

黄淮海平原冬小麦-春玉米-夏玉米复合种植模式生理生态效应研究

研究结果表明,与冬小麦－夏玉米平作和春玉米单作相比,冬小麦－春玉米－夏玉米复合种植模式各作物生残生长时期均处于高空间生态位,田间光、温、气等生态条件得以改善,改平面受光为立体受光,作物群体内相对光强明显提高,而且各作物行间地温升高种植带内风速加大,均有利于提高籽粒灌浆的强度和速度。同时,在籽粒灌浆过程中,各作物功能叶片内叶绿素含量和光合速率均比冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟平作或玉米单作有所提高,这是冬小麦－春玉米复合种植模式主要增产原因之一。     

不同氮素水平下施硫对高产小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以2个不同穗型的高产冬小麦品种为试验材料,在施240 kg·hm-2(N240)和330 kg·hm-2(N330)纯氮水平下,分别施纯硫60 kg·hm-2(S60)和0 kg·hm-2(S0),研究了施硫对小麦不同器官碳氮运转及其对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响.结果显示:(1)2个供氮水平下,施硫(S60)均比对照(S0)增加了2个小麦品种的叶片、茎、鞘、颖壳和穗轴等营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素的运转量和运转率以及总运转量和总运转率,提高了转运干物质、氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素的贡献率,极显著提高了籽粒和蛋白质产量.(2)施硫对豫农949品种籽粒和蛋白质产量提高幅度显著高于兰考矮早八;与对照(S0)相比,豫农949的N240S60和N330S60处理使籽粒产量分别增加12.74%和16.41%,蛋白质产量分别增加16.84%和16.14%.结果表明,中氮和高氮水平下施硫均可明显促进高产小麦植株的C-N运转,提高植株对氮的吸收利用和碳物质的积累,从而增加籽粒产量,但不同品种间的施硫效应存在差异.     

秸秆还田条件下灌水模式对冬小麦产量和水肥利用效率的影响

于2008-2010年,在山西省临汾市尧都区半干旱、半湿润季风气候区,通过大田试验研究了玉米秸秆连续还田条件下灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量、干物质转移及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:浇越冬水可促进小麦分蘖;浇拔节水可提高分蘖成穗率,增加成穗数;浇孕穗水可促进穗部干物质积累,提高千粒重.浇2水时,推迟第2次浇水时期使叶片干物质转移量和穗粒数增加;浇2水比浇l水的肥料表观利用率高,可促进穗部干物质积累.越冬水灌水量和总灌水量对分蘖、穗部干物质积累的影响较小;拔节期或孕穗期增加灌水量则更有利于养分吸收及干物质积累与转移,提高籽粒水分利用效率,产量构成因素协调,增产效果明显.因此,确保越冬水可实现稳产,在越冬水基础上,拔节期增量灌水(900 m3·hm-2)可满足冬小麦中后期生长发育的需要,提高籽粒水分利用效率,实现节水高产栽培.     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量

采用冬小麦季不同施氮处理(夏玉米季不施氮)研究了华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系夏玉米季土壤硝态氮的适宜含量.结果表明:在播前土壤无机氮含量较高的条件下,冬小麦季施用150kgN.hm-2即可满足冬小麦/夏玉米两季作物的氮素需求;各氮肥处理在冬小麦季的氮肥施用当季的利用率仅为11%～23%,在夏玉米季氮肥残效利用率则高达30%～52%.当夏玉米播前0～90cm土层硝态氮含量达到82kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证夏玉米十叶期的生长,达到151kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证整个生育期的生长.夏玉米十叶期和收获后0～90cm土层硝态氮含量低于46和65kg.hm-2时,则影响作物正常生长.综合考虑产量和环境效应,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中0～90cm土层硝态氮含量应控制在65～151kg.hm-2之间.     

不同控释氮肥对夏玉米同化物积累及氮平衡的影响

选用聚酯包膜尿素(Ncau、CRU)、磷矿粉包膜尿素(NhnP)和腐殖酸包膜尿素(NhnF)4种控释氮肥,研究了在区域推荐用量下一次性施用对夏玉米同化物累积分配及环境效应的影响.结果表明:控释氮肥CRU和Ncau的氮素释放曲线与夏玉米的氮素吸收吻合较好;与区域氮素推荐施肥技术相比,施用CRU的夏玉米产量可提高4.2%,施用Ncau可维持相近的产量水平;CRU显著增加了夏玉米花后干物质的累积量,Ncau则明显提高了花前干物质的累积比例;在降雨量较大的情况下,CRU可使氮素表观损失减少19 kg N·hm-2.一次性施用NhnF和NhnP可造成0.1%~8.9%的产量损失,氮素表观损失增加.CRU和Ncau两种控释氮肥均可在"总量控制、分期调控"的区域氮肥推荐用量下,作为区域氮肥推荐施肥的轻简化替代技术应用于夏玉米生产.     

不同密度混播对玉米植株13C同化物分配和产量的影响

为了探讨不同密度混播对玉米植株¹³C同化物分配和产量的影响,选用‘郑单958’(ZD)和‘登海605’(DH)为试验材料,在不同密度下(LD,67500株·hm^-2;HD,97500株·hm^-2)设置单播(SZD、SDH)与混播(M、1∶1、2∶2)处理,研究玉米品种不同密度混播对植株光合特性、¹³C同化物分配、干物质积累量和产量的影响.结果表明: 随密度增加,籽粒产量、¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配、干物质积累量和叶面积指数均提高;而叶绿素含量和净光合速率则降低.在67500株·hm^-2下,混播较单播处理无显著优势,但在97500株·hm^-2下,两品种混播提高了叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和穂位叶净光合速率,干物质积累量增加.混播促进茎等营养器官的干物质向籽粒的转运,提高了¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配比例.混播处理较单播产量增加,主要因为千粒重显著增加.在高密度种植条件下,混播有助于扩大光合面积,维持较高的净光合速率,提高群体干物质积累量,改善干物质的分配状况,增加同化物向籽粒的分配,最终提高夏玉米产量.可见,混播栽培可显著增加黄淮海区密植夏玉米产量.     

种植密度对夏玉米产量和源库特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和登海661(DH661)为试验材料,在4个不同区域(山东农业大学、汶口、兖州和莱州)设置22500、45000、67500、90000和112500株.hm-25个种植密度,研究了种植密度对夏玉米产量及源库特性的影响.结果表明:两品种在112500株.hm-2密度条件下玉米籽粒产量和生物产量最高,分别为19132和36965kg.hm-2,与22500和67500株.hm-2密度相比,籽粒产量分别增加了72%和48%,生物产量分别增加了152%和112%.两品种单株叶面积、最大花丝数、穗粒数和千粒重随密度增大而减小,但叶面积指数随密度增大而显著提高.收获指数与粒叶比随密度增大而显著减小,当密度超过67500株.hm-2时差异不显著,表明高密度条件下玉米通过增加群体库来提高产量.     

不同密度混播对玉米植株13C同化物分配和产量的影响

为了探讨不同密度混播对玉米植株¹³C同化物分配和产量的影响,选用‘郑单958’(ZD)和‘登海605’(DH)为试验材料,在不同密度下(LD,67500株·hm^-2;HD,97500株·hm^-2)设置单播(SZD、SDH)与混播(M、1∶1、2∶2)处理,研究玉米品种不同密度混播对植株光合特性、¹³C同化物分配、干物质积累量和产量的影响.结果表明: 随密度增加,籽粒产量、¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配、干物质积累量和叶面积指数均提高;而叶绿素含量和净光合速率则降低.在67500株·hm^-2下,混播较单播处理无显著优势,但在97500株·hm^-2下,两品种混播提高了叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和穂位叶净光合速率,干物质积累量增加.混播促进茎等营养器官的干物质向籽粒的转运,提高了¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配比例.混播处理较单播产量增加,主要因为千粒重显著增加.在高密度种植条件下,混播有助于扩大光合面积,维持较高的净光合速率,提高群体干物质积累量,改善干物质的分配状况,增加同化物向籽粒的分配,最终提高夏玉米产量.可见,混播栽培可显著增加黄淮海区密植夏玉米产量.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.