若干种豆苗的硝酸还原酶的活性研究

一.绪言已经肯定证明,NO_3~-—N与NH_4~ —N同是植物的有效氮源。可是由于土壤内的有机氮化物通过自溶及硝化作用常产生大量的NO_3~-,所以除了少数嗜NH_4~ 植物外,无疑的,NO_3~-在高等植物的氮素营养中具有特别重大意义。大家知道,氮在氨基酸与蛋白质内是处于还原状态,因此,植物所吸收的NO_3~-在参与代谢之前,首要阶段必须进行还原,所以NO_3~-还原是决定植物氮素代谢的重要关键。     

NO_3~-上运和液泡内NO_3~-外流对小麦叶内硝酸还原酶活性的调节

NO_3~-亏缺能使叶片硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)和NO_3~-总量降低,而根部NO_3~-吸收及上运能力提高,以亏缺2d的幼苗最为明显,该幼苗经12hNO_3~-吸收,叶片的NRA高于未经亏缺的幼苗,但NO_3~-含量以后者为高,代谢库中NO_3~-含量前者高于后者。提高营养液中NO_3~-浓度,NO_3~-上运速率升高,叶片内NRA增加。叶片组织暗中无氧保温40min后,代谢库体积渐大,液泡内NO_3~-有外流产生;Cl~-可促使液泡内NO_3~-外流,代谢库中NO_3~-量增加,NRA升高。NRA在体内测定条件下,保温3h后,NO_2~-产生趋于稳值,NRA降至最低;系统中加KCl或KNO_3使NO_2~-产生趋于稳值的时间延长,且能提高NO_2~-积累总量。     

氮素营养对红萍生理特性的影响 Ⅰ硝态氮的作用

不同氮源对红萍(Azolla imbricata)的生长和固氮作用都有影响。尿素的抑制作用最为严重,铵态氮次之,硝酸态氮最轻,硝酸铵作用介于铵态氮和硝酸态氮之间。这几种氮源对萍体内游离氨基酸的组分和含量也有影响,变化较大的为苏氨酸和精氨酸。在0.05～51.2 mM NO_3~-浓度范围内,红萍的固氮活性随着NO_3~-浓度变化呈双抛物线形变化,在高浓度下,活性急剧下降。硝酸还原酶活性则相反,与固氮活性相互补。应用~(15)NO_3~-实验结果表明,在红萍体内~(15)NO_3~-能迅速还原成~(15)NH_4~+。NO_3~-浓度对萍体内叶绿素含量和a/b比影响不大。     

小麦叶内硝酸还原的代谢库

随营养液中No_3~-浓度升高,叶片内No_3~-总量、代谢库大小(NIPS)及硝酸还原酶(NR)活性均升高,其中MPS与NK活性呈同步变化;No_3~-浓度达2.0mmol/L时,两者趋于稳值;若再增加NO_3~-浓度,则被吸收的NO_3~-积累于液泡中,而代谢库中NO_3~-含量(MPS)与NO_3~-总量之比有一定程度降低。低氮(NO_3~-浓度为1.0 mmol/L)情况下,反应液中无NO_3~-时,叶片内NR活性品种间有差异,但在50 mmol/L NO_3~-反应液中则品种间无差异;NK活性高的品种鲁麦8号及品种321叶内有大的NO_3~-代谢库,反应液中NO_3~-对NR活性刺激程度低,代谢库NO_3~-含量与叶NO_3~-总量之比高,而叶组织长时间反应过程中其NR活性衰减速率低。     

氮素类型和剂量对寒温带针叶林土壤N2O排放的影响

大气氮沉降输入会增加森林生态系统氮素有效性,进而改变土壤N_2O产生与排放,然而有关不同氮素离子(氧化态NO_3~--N与还原态NH_4~+-N)沉降对土壤N_2O排放的影响知之甚少。以大兴安岭寒温带针叶林为研究对象,构建了3种类型(NH_4Cl、KNO_3、NH_4NO_3)和4个施氮水平(0、10、20、40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))的增氮控制试验,利用流动化学分析仪和静态箱-气相色谱法4次/月测定凋落物层和矿质层土壤无机氮含量、土壤-大气界面N_2O净交换通量以及相关环境因子,分析施氮类型和剂量对土壤氮素有效性、土壤N_2O通量的影响探讨氮素富集条件下土壤N_2O通量的环境驱动机制。结果表明:施氮类型和剂量均显著影响土壤无机氮含量,土壤NH_4~+-N的积累效应显著高于NO_3~--N。施氮一致增加寒温带针叶林土壤N_2O排放,NH_4NO_3促进效应最为明显,增幅为442%-677%,高于全球平均水平(134%)。土壤N_2O通量与土壤温度、凋落物层NH_4~+-N含量正相关,且随着施氮水平增加而增加。结果表明大气氮沉降短期内不会导致寒温带针叶林土壤NO_3~--N大量流失,但会显著促进土壤N_2O的排放。此外,外源性NH_4~+和NO_3~-输入对土壤N_2O排放的促进作用具有协同效应,在未来森林生态系统氮循环和氮平衡研究中应该区分对待。     

超氧物歧化酶活性与小麦对HSO3^—,NO2^—抗性之间的关系

用在培养液中加低浓度NO_2~-,HSO_3~-,Mn~(2 )及向地上部喷洒氯霉素等四种方法促使小麦苗超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性增加。SOD活性提高后,植株叶片对高浓度NO_2~-,HSO_3~-的抗性增强,表现在因NO_2~-,HSO_3~-害而产生的膜脂过氧化产物乙烷减少,叶绿素分解减轻。低浓度NO_2~-处理后的麦苗,不仅提高了对高浓度NO_2~-的抗性,同时对HSO_3~-的抗性也增强;同样,低浓度HSO_3~-处理也同时促进了麦苗对HSO_3~-和NO_2~-的抗性,即可交叉地提高。这些结果直接说明SOD和抗性有关。同时也为SO_2/HSO_3~-,NO_2/NO_2~-害的自由基学说提供了一个佐证。     

NO_2对菠菜的伤害机理的研究

以NO_2~-处理作为模式试验,研究了大气污染物NO_2对菠菜的伤害。NO_2~-对植物细胞的伤害可分为两类,一类是直接伤害,在暗中或光下皆发生,表现为对膜透性的破坏和酶活力的抑制;另一类仅发生在光下,通过自由基反应引起膜脂过氧化和叶绿素的破坏,O_2~-和·OH的自由基清除剂能明显减轻由NO_2~-引起的伤害。     

小麦吸收、累积硝酸根的品种间差异

小麦苗在弱光下吸收NO_3~-的速率在品种间观察不到有差异;在强光下,吸收速率在品种间有较大的差异。 小麦苗用0.2 mMKNO_3预处理3小时,再在强光下吸收,NO_3~-吸收速率在品种间的差异显著。品种间吸收速率的差异为:扬麦1号>扬麦3号,郑州3>郑州761号。 从NO_3-吸收动力学的资料来分析,在KNO_3浓度0.05～2 mM范围内,郑州761、郑州3号有较低的 Km(0.30、0.25 mM),能在低浓度溶液中有效地吸收 NO_3~-;扬麦1号、扬麦3号的Km为0.59及0.84 mM,在低浓度溶液中吸收NO_3~-将不如郑州761及郑州3号。但扬麦1号、扬麦3号的Vmax比郑州761、郑州3号为高,有利于在较高浓度溶液中吸收NO_3~-。 NO。一在第1叶内的积累,随吸收溶液浓度的提高而增加。积累量扬麦1号>扬麦3号。     

玉米幼苗NO_3~-的吸收、溢泌和硝酸还原酶活性在品种间的差异

玉米品种间NO_3~-吸收的表观米氏常数(K_m,app)、最大吸收速率(I_m)有明显的差异。品种813NO_3~-吸收速率大于中单2号;溢泌液体积及其NO_3~-含量也是这样。硝酸还原酶(NR)的体外测定表明,地上部的活性比根部的大得多;不论地上部或根部的NR活性(NRA),品种813的大于中单2号。NRA的体内测定表明,去胚乳和盾片的幼苗经诱导,反应液有NO_3~-,813的第1叶的NRA大于中单2号;不去胚乳和盾片幼苗的第1叶NRA中单2号大于813。     

NADH和KCN对水稻硝酸还原酶的不可逆钝化作用

硝酸还原酶(NADH:硝酸氧化还原酶,EC.1.6.6.1,NR)是高等植物氮同化的关键酶,是将NO_3~-还原为NH_4~-的限速因子。其活性受多种内在(如激素、活化因子和钝化蛋白等)和外界(如光照、氧气、水份和无机离子等)因子的影响。一些作者已开始探讨将它作为栽培或育种指标的可     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.