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1.
In the Indian state of Goa, communally owned agricultural land has persisted through indigenous state rule, colonial occupation
and postcolonial liberation. We show that in Goa, and indeed elsewhere in the world, communally owned land provides protection
against scarcity, risk, and state revenue demands in wet rice agriculture. When wet rice agriculture is the primary agricultural
activity, communally owned land is an effective way to utilize resources. These findings add to the literature that challenges
the inevitability of the tragedy of commonly owned resources.
相似文献
Paul AxelrodEmail: |
2.
Smallholders and the ‘Household Responsibility System’: Adapting to Institutional Change in Chinese Agriculture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During the last quarter century, China’s agricultural sector has undergone a dramatic transformation from collective to private
production under the so-called “Household Responsibility System.” This incentive system, designed to increase yields, reallocated
communal land to peasant households, creating hundreds of millions of smallholders with relative autonomy over land use decisions
and crop selection. Based on recent ethnographic research, this paper discusses the smallholder farming system of a mixed-ethnic
community that intensively cultivates small land plots for subsistence and market exchange in China’s populous southwestern
province of Sichuan. The paper characterizes the smallholder system in terms of biodiversity of plant and animal species,
market distribution of crops, multiple cropping systems, and labor and technology inputs. The paper also describes how smallholders
adapt their agricultural practices and decisions to changing market conditions and agricultural policies. Significantly, these
adaptive strategies focus on shifting to the production of various cash crops, including melons and mangoes. Implications
for the long-term viability of China’s smallholders, particularly in ecologically and economically marginal areas, are also
discussed.
相似文献
Bryan TiltEmail: |
3.
Susan Charnley Rebecca J. McLain Ellen M. Donoghue 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(5):743-761
This paper examines the relation between public land management policy, amenity migration, and socioeconomic well-being using
the case of the Northwest Forest Plan—a forest management policy that caused 11.6 million acres of federal land in the US
Pacific Northwest to be reallocated from commodity production to biodiversity services. Our analysis focuses on three propositions
implicit in much of the amenity migration literature in the USA: land management policies that reduce commodity production
and/or increase environmental protection (1) improve the natural amenity values of public lands; (2) increase amenity migration
to communities near public lands; and (3) stimulate economic development and increase socioeconomic well-being in these communities.
Our findings indicate that all three propositions are problematic and demonstrate the importance of community-scale analysis
for understanding the relation between land management policies, amenity migration, and community well-being. We discuss the
implications of our findings for public land management and rural community development.
相似文献
Ellen M. DonoghueEmail: |
4.
Claire Aubron Hubert Cochet Gilles Brunschwig Charles -Henri Moulin 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(4):407-419
Globalization induces changes in the combinations of productions and activities within farming systems in all parts of the
world. These changes can only be apprehended through an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and diversity of these farming
systems. Labor, as a major technical determinant of differences in competitiveness, is central in these transformations. The
technical and economic analysis of labor in Andean dairy production in this paper illustrates this issue. Combining various
scales of analysis of labor and productivity highlights the technical obstacles faced by Andean dairy farmers, demonstrates
the technical and economic principles of these production systems, and puts them in a competitive context. This analysis also
discusses the benefits of a labor-centered approach of farming systems.
相似文献
Charles -Henri MoulinEmail: |
5.
6.
Policies,Political-Economy,and Swidden in Southeast Asia 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
Fox Jefferson Fujita Yayoi Ngidang Dimbab Peluso Nancy Potter Lesley Sakuntaladewi Niken Sturgeon Janet Thomas David 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(3):305-322
For centuries swidden was an important farming practice found across the girth of Southeast Asia. Today, however, these systems
are changing and sometimes disappearing at a pace never before experienced. In order to explain the demise or transitioning
of swidden we need to understand the rapid and massive changes that have and are occurring in the political and economic environment
in which these farmers operate. Swidden farming has always been characterized by change, but since the onset of modern independent
nation states, governments and markets in Southeast Asia have transformed the terms of swiddeners’ everyday lives to a degree
that is significantly different from that ever experienced before. In this paper we identified six factors that have contributed
to the demise or transformation of swidden systems, and support these arguments with examples from China (Xishuangbanna),
Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These trends include classifying swiddeners as ethnic minorities within nation-states,
dividing the landscape into forest and permanent agriculture, expansion of forest departments and the rise of conservation,
resettlement, privatization and commoditization of land and land-based production, and expansion of market infrastructure
and the promotion of industrial agriculture. In addition we note a growing trend toward a transition from rural to urban livelihoods
and expanding urban-labor markets.
相似文献
David ThomasEmail: |
7.
Farm Households and Land Use in a Core Conservation Zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve,Guatemala 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
David L. Carr 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(2):231-248
This paper employs cross-tabular analysis, and multivariate and logistic regression to explore demographic, political-economic,
socioeconomic, and ecological patterns of farm households and land use outcomes in an emergent agricultural frontier: the
Sierra de Lacandón National Park (SLNP)-a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Petén, Guatemala. Data
were obtained from a 1998 probability sample of 241 farm households, the first large detailed household land use survey in
Guatemala’s Selva Maya-the largest lowland tropical forest in Central America. Virtually all settler households were poor maize farmers who colonized
the SLNP in search of land for subsistence. While they faced similar ecological and economic conditions, land use strategies
and patterns of forest clearing varied with demographic, household, and farm characteristics. Findings support and refute
elements from previous frontier land use theory and offer policy implications for conservation and development initiatives
in the Maya Forest specifically, and in tropical agricultural frontiers in general.
相似文献
David L. CarrEmail: |
8.
This study focuses on community-based knowledge to analyze the impacts of range enclosures, crop farming, fire suppression
and bush encroachment on the communal rangelands of Borana, southern Ethiopia. The knowledge of local herders is the basis
for decision making in the utilization and management of grazing lands. We used Borana oral history associated with the period
of the gada system to reconstruct environmental change that spans a period of 48 years. Our results show that the use of communities’
perceptions as a basis for evaluating the impacts of land use change on the environment makes an important methodological
contribution. Communities’ responses to changing land use resulted in the development of range enclosures, the expansion of
crop farming and the fragmentation of the communal rangelands, while the suppression of fire contributed to the expansion
of bush encroachment. The overall impact was forage scarcity and greater vulnerability of stock during drought years. We conclude
that policymakers could use communities’ knowledge of environmental change to improve the use of the rangelands. We propose
that sustainable use of the southern rangelands in the future will require a greater focus on regulating the expansion of
enclosures, crop farming and ranching, as well as reintroducing fire where necessary, to control the expansion of bush cover.
相似文献
Gufu ObaEmail: |
9.
Risk Management by Communal Decision in Trans-Himalayan Farming: Manang Valley in Central Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is generally assumed that peasants optimize security of food supply rather than maximize profit. One way of securing the
survival of the household is to spread risk in farming by extending the planting and harvesting seasons in order to avoid
all crops being damaged if unfavorable production conditions should occur. It thus seems peculiar that some Himalayan peasant
communities act in the opposite manner by compressing peak agricultural activity into a minimum period, and furthermore that
all cultivators simultaneously start planting and harvesting on dates fixed by the village headman in consultation with a
lama (Buddhist priest). Rather than suggesting that any single explanation for this practice is the right one, however, this
article contends that specific farming system cannot be understood properly unless a combination of subsystems — or facets
— are included in the analyses.
相似文献
Ole R. Vetaas (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
Avrum J. Shriar 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(3):275-287
This article is based on a 2003 case study of the Special Program for Food Security in two dry, upland regions of Honduras
and Nicaragua. In particular the research sought to identify factors influencing farmers’ interest in various “best practices”
being promoted as alternatives to the use of fire in cropping and ranching systems. The economic feasibility and/or affordability
of several of these practices are questionable in light of most farmers’ priorities, risk concerns, or limited resources.
The technical feasibility of several of the practices is unclear, at least in the marginal agroecological environments in
which most of the farmers in these regions operate. The study highlights the weaknesses of agricultural development initiatives
designed without a sufficient understanding of existing agricultural strategies and their purposes. It also reveals the limitations
of technological approaches to problems of food insecurity and land degradation, and the need for broader, more integrated
rural development strategies. The findings support critiques regarding the biases of many development professionals that may
prevent them from giving sufficient attention to local knowledge and perspectives.
相似文献
Avrum J. ShriarEmail: |
11.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
12.
Comparing Inductive and Deductive Modeling of Land Use Decisions: Principles,a Model and an Illustration from the Philippines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Koen P. Overmars Wouter T. de Groot Marco G. A. Huigen 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(4):439-452
Understanding the causes of land use change is of great importance for issues of tropical deforestation, agricultural development
and biodiversity conservation. Many quantitative studies, therefore, aim to link land use change to its causal ‘driving forces.’
The epistemology of virtually all these studies is inductive, searching for correlations within relatively large, sometimes
spatially explicit, datasets. This can be sound science but we here aim to exemplify that there is also scope for more deductive
approaches that test a pre-defined explanatory theory. The paper first introduces the principles and merits of inductive and
more deductive types of land use modeling. It then presents one integrated causal model that is subsequently specified to
predict land use in an area in northeastern Philippines in a deductive manner, and tested against the observed land use in
that area. The same set of land use data is also used in an inductive (multinomial regression) approach. With a goodness-of-prediction
of 70% of the deductive model and a goodness-of-fit of 77% of the inductive model, both perform equally well, statistically.
Because the deductive model explicitly contains not only the causal factors but also the causal mechanisms that explain land
use, the deductive model then provides a more truly causal, as well as more theory-connected, understanding of land use. This
provides land use scholarship with an invitation to add more deductive (theory-driven and theory-building) daring to its methodological
repertoire.
相似文献
Koen P. OvermarsEmail: |
13.
Maria C. Morera Christina H. Gladwin 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(3):355-378
Soil conservation is widely regarded a critical component of sustainable livelihood strategies for the hillsides of Honduras. However, neoliberal polices have reduced economic incentives for agricultural intensification. Recent studies indicate off-farm work opportunities address poverty in a way conservation and development efforts do not. Yet off-farm work may discourage poor farmers from practicing soil conservation. A middle ground is needed. This study indicates micro-credit can substitute for off-farm work and encourage soil conservation practice. Many regions throughout Honduras have had extensive contact with soil conservation programs and would benefit more from credit services than redundant technological extension.
相似文献
Christina H. GladwinEmail: |
14.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
15.
16.
Melis Ece 《Dialectical Anthropology》2008,32(4):353-382
Based on research conducted in Senegal in 2004, this field report focuses on the politics of access to land at the northern
periphery of the Niokolo-Koba National Park, where a group of villages evicted from the national park were resettled in the
1970s. Conflicts over the allocation of land resurfaced in the 1980s, following the application of laws authorizing rural
community councils to allocate use rights in village agricultural lands. The land claims of evicted villages were challenged
by the rural council and local state authorities, who sought to define such claims as illegal or ambiguous based on exclusionary
discourses of productive use of land, autochthony and citizenship. The politics of access to land at the northern periphery
are shaped by land and administrative reforms undertaken since the end of colonial rule in Senegal and the on-going local
transformation of authority and property relations under increasing commoditization and insecurity of land use rights.
相似文献
Melis EceEmail: |
17.
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, indigenous communities in the Viceroyalty of Peru suffered forced resettlement,
introduced disease, and onerous colonial tribute levies. These produced an onslaught of petitions for new tribute counts,
as their diminished populations were obliged to pay the head taxes set by earlier censuses. The resulting visitas (administrative surveys) provide a wealth of information on the demography and agricultural systems of colonial Andean communities.
However, comparatively little quantitative research exists on the distribution of agricultural resources and the nutritional
demands of households. We model agricultural production and nutritional demand using household demographic and landholding
declarations in the visitas from the Colca Valley of southern highland Peru, combined with ethnographically-derived estimates
of agricultural production and nutritional demand. The results indicate that despite surplus agricultural production in the
aggregate, there were significant differences in intra- and inter-community land wealth and production sufficiency ratios,
leaving about 30% of households with caloric shortfalls. In contrast to regional-scale carrying capacity-type models, this
simulation characterizes agricultural inequality within colonial Andean communities, and thus accounts for the hardship evidenced
by tributary recount petitions, even in a breadbasket province from which much surplus production was extracted to fill colonial
coffers.
相似文献
Steven A. WernkeEmail: |
18.
19.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
20.
Sharon E. Brooks John D. Reynolds Edward H. Allison 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(6):835-851
This paper situates concerns for conservation of aquatic snakes and livelihood sustainability in Cambodia within a social–ecological
systems context and thereby presents a challenge to conventional species-based conservation programmes. Fishing for low-value
water snakes has become a widespread activity within the floating communities of Tonle Sap Lake in the last 20 years in response
to new market opportunities, provided primarily by a crocodile farming industry. The scale and intensity of this new form
of exploitation and reports of declines in catch per fisher have highlighted this activity as a conservation concern, yet
its role within local livelihood strategies was previously unknown. We show that it is of increasing importance to the less
well-off, and is linked to higher incomes within this group, where it potentially reduces their vulnerability to fluctuations
and declines in fish catches. It is particularly important as a means to smooth seasonality of incomes in this flood pulse-driven
social–ecological system. We argue that shifts between snake-hunting and fishing, as a market-driven adaptive livelihood strategy
by the poor, may be more compatible with wider ecosystem conservation and development goals than alternatives such as increased
fishing effort or converting floodplain habitats for seasonal agriculture.
相似文献
Sharon E. BrooksEmail: |