陆地革菌的化学成分研究

从陆地革菌(Thelephora terrestris)子实体中分离得到9个已知化合物,经波谱学分析鉴定为:(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β -醇 (1),(22E, 24R)-麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β ,5α,6β -三醇 (2),(22E,24R)-麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮 (3),24-亚甲基羊毛甾-8-烯-3β -醇 (4),熊果酸 (5),木栓酮 (6),cerebroside B (7),(2S,3S,4R,2'R)-2-(2'-羟基二十二碳酰氨基)-十八碳烷-1,3,4-三醇 (8),(2S,3S,4R,2'R)-2-(2'-羟基二十三碳酰氨基)-十八碳烷-1,3,4-三醇 (9)。     

紫茎泽兰的化学成分研究

为了解紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)的化学成分,从其乙醇提取物中分离得到7 个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为万寿菊苷(1)、7-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (2)、4'-甲基醚万寿菊苷(3)、3-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (4)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (5)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯 (6)、1,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene (7)。其中化合物1~4 为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。     

南美蟛蜞菊中的酚酸类化学成分

为了解南美蟛蜞菊[Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.]的化学成分, 从其全株中分离得到9 个酚酸类化合物。经光谱分析, 分别鉴定为6-乙酰基-7-羟基-2,3-二甲基色原酮 (1)、七叶内酯 (2)、丁香醛 (3)、5-羟甲基糠醛 (4)、对羟基苯甲酸 (5)、水杨酸 (6)、反式对羟基桂皮酸 (7)、咖啡酸甲酯 (8) 和反式咖啡酸 (9)。化合物1~8 为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

毛山小橘枝叶中生物碱类成分的研究

为了解毛山小橘(Glycosmis craibii)的化学成分,采用硅胶柱层析、ODS柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和高效液相色谱等现代色谱分离技术,从毛山小橘枝叶95%乙醇提取物中分离得到9个生物碱类化合物。根据化合物的理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为de-N-methyl-O-noracronycine (1)、去甲山油柑碱(2)、glycocitrine Ⅱ (3)、acrifoline (4)、3-hydroxy- 2, 4-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridanone (5)、阿塔宁(6)、glycosolone (7)、3-(3?, 3?-dimethylallyl)-4, 8-dimethoxy-N-methyl-quinolin- 2-one (8)和4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone (9)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离,其中化合物2、3、5、6和9为首次从山小橘属植物中分离得到。     

北葶苈子黄酮苷类成分研究Ⅱ

为了解北葶苈子的化学成分,从其50%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了8个单体成分,经理化性质和波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为:槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(2)、槲皮素-3,7-二-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside (5)、槲皮素-3-O-[(6-O-trans-咖啡酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (6)、isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside (7)和异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-[2-O-(6-O-芥子酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)。化合物3为首次从该种中分离得到,化合物2、4、6、7为首次从独行菜属中分离得到,且化合物6的NMR 数据为首次报道。     

南美蟛蜞菊中二萜化学成分的定性与定量分析研究

为了解南美蟛蜞菊[Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski]植物的化学成分,从其全株乙醇提取物中分离得到8个二萜类化合物。经光谱分析,分别鉴定为ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-9(11)-kauren-19-oic acid (1)、cussovantonin B (2)、ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid(3)、ent-3β-hydroxy-16-kauren-19-oic acid (4)、16α-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (5)、2β,16α-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (6)、3α-angeloyloxypterokaurene L₃ (7)和pterokaurene L₃ (8)。化合物4为首次从蟛蜞菊属植物中分离获得,化合物1、2 和6为首次从南美蟛蜞菊中分离得到。化合物3具有显著的抗菌活性和显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性。采用五氟苄溴进行底物五氟苄基衍生化并结合GC-MS 分析表明,化合物3在南美蟛蜞菊茎和叶中的含量分别为(1.00±0.21) mg g^-1 FW和(0.78±0.04) mg g^-1 FW。     

全缘叶紫珠化学成分研究

全缘叶紫珠(Callicarpa integerrima)具有祛风散结和治风湿瘰疬的功效,但目前对其化学成分的报道较少。为探究全缘叶紫珠根、茎的化学成分,该研究利用硅胶柱层析色谱、Sephadex LH-20葡聚糖凝胶柱层析色谱、ODS反相硅胶柱层析色谱以及高效液相色谱等现代分离方法对全缘叶紫珠根和茎的95%乙醇提取物进行系统的分离纯化,并运用NMR和ESI-MS等现代波谱技术对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果表明:从全缘叶紫珠根和茎的95%乙醇提取物中共鉴定了15个化合物分别为豆甾烷-4-烯-3-酮(1)、(24R)-5α-豆甾烷-3,6-二酮(2)、2''-羟基-4''-甲氧基二氢查尔酮(3)、α-香树脂醇(4)、 β-谷甾醇(5)、熊果酸(6)、对羟基间甲氧基苯甲酸(7)、4-羟基吡啶(8)、对羟基苯甲酸(9)、连翘酯苷B(10)、nepetifosides D(11)、异毛蕊花苷(12)、毛蕊花苷(13)、pedicularioside M(14)、 β-甲氧基连翘酯苷B(15)。除化合物4-6、12和13外,其他化合物均为首次从全缘叶紫珠植物中分离得到,其中化合物1、2、3、8、11和14为首次从紫珠属植物中分离得到。该研究结果丰富了全缘叶紫珠植物的化合物库,为该药用植物的进一步开发利用奠定了科学基础。     

白木香果实化学成分研究

运用柱色谱技术从白木香(Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg)果实中分离得到7个化合物,经波谱解析和理化性质分别鉴定为: 3-吲哚甲酸(1)、6-羟基-2-[2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基]色原酮(2)、芫花素(3)、4', 5-二羟基-3',7-二甲氧基黄酮(4)、洋芹素-7,4'-二甲醚(5)、 β-谷甾醇(6)和胡萝卜苷(7)。其中化合物1为首次从瑞香科沉香属植物中分离得到。     

姜状三七根茎的皂苷类化学成分研究

为了解姜状三七(Panax zingiberensis)根茎的皂苷类化学成分,采用正相硅胶、反相硅胶和凝胶等色谱方法从其根茎的乙醇提取物中得到9个皂苷类化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为人参皂苷SL₁ (1)、人参皂苷Rh₁ (2)、三七皂苷R₈ (3)、竹节参皂苷IVa (4)、越南人参皂苷R₁₀ (5)、人参皂苷Rg₁ (6)、菠菜皂苷A 28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (7)、齐墩果酸28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (8)和姜状三七苷R₁ (9)。化合物1、3、5、7和8为首次从该植物中分离得到, 其中化合物5为奥克梯隆醇型皂苷,此类皂苷在该植物中未见报道。     

老鼠艻内生曲霉HU0206的抗细菌活性代谢成分

为阐明老鼠艻内生曲霉Aspergillus sp.HU0206发酵物的抗细菌物质基础，采用色谱分离法从其玉米发酵物中分离得到7个化合物，分别鉴定为6个甲基苯酚类化合物：sydowiol F (1)、5-methoxy-3,5''-dimethyl-2,3''-oxybiphenyl-1,1'',2''-triol (2)、corynesidone A (3)、鹿蹄草素(4)、3-羟基鹿蹄草素(5)、4-乙氧基-3-羟甲基苯酚(6)和1个甲基环己酮二聚体epoxydine A (7)，其中化合物1为新化合物。载样量为40 μg时，化合物1、2和4对金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、黑胫病菌和青枯病菌抑菌效果较好，抑菌圈半径≥2 mm，最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为50或100μg/mL；化合物3对这4种菌虽有1~2 mm的抑菌圈，但MIC大于400 μg/mL。所有化合物对大肠杆菌均无抑制活性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.