COPD的下呼吸道微生态研究进展

新一代测序技术的发展,拓展了人类对肺微生物组的认识,下呼吸道微生物组与呼吸系统疾病的关系日益受到关注。下呼吸道微生物组包含平衡的共生菌群和致病菌群,在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)中,其疾病的严重性、炎症程度或抗生素等治疗因素均会影响肺部微生物群稳态,下呼吸道微生物群落的改变又可能通过操纵炎症或免疫过程,对COPD的病程产生影响。据此,本文通过回顾近年来对COPD下呼吸道微生态的研究,总结了COPD患者的下呼吸道微生态特征及菌群定植情况,探讨下呼吸道微生态与COPD发病机制之间的相关性和治疗对策,希望为COPD的诊断和治疗提供新思路。     

肺部微生态与肺癌的关系

近年来肿瘤相关微生物的研究已成为热点,主要涉及细菌、免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞之间的相互作用、细菌致癌途径及其在肿瘤诊断及治疗意义等方面。随着微生物检测手段的飞速发展,人们发现,肺部具有独特的微生态,越来越多的研究在求证肺部微生态与呼吸系统疾病之间的联系。肺癌目前仍然是威胁人类健康的最常见、预后极差的恶性肿瘤。寻求早期筛查、干预、诊治手段是目前攻克肺癌的重点和难点。肺癌患者的肺微生态有其特征性改变,微生物可能通过产生细菌毒素和其他炎性因子而影响肺癌的发生及发展。本文对肺微生态与肺癌相关性进行了综述,并对今后的研究提出了展望。     

微生态失调对“肺-肠”相关疾病作用机制和进展研究

慢性肠道和肺部疾病的发生与进展已被证明与微生态的紊乱和失调相关。肠道微生物改变可能促进肺部感染,肺部疾病也可能影响肠道菌群的组成。而微生物群可通过“肺-肠”轴介导慢性肠道疾病如炎症性肠病与肺部慢性疾病之间的相互作用。本文对微生态在肺和肠相关疾病的“肺-肠”轴相互影响过程中所起的作用,以及相关机制研究进展进行综述。     

口腔微生态与干燥综合征相关性研究进展

干燥综合征是一种炎性细胞侵犯外分泌腺体的慢性自身免疫疾病,口干是其最常见的症状。伴随着干燥综合征患者口腔内微环境的改变,口腔各种微生物之间及微生物与宿主之间的平衡被打破,进而出现口腔微生态失调。口腔微生态失调与自身免疫疾病关系密切,其不仅是疾病所导致的结果,也可能是疾病进一步发展的原因。目前研究认为干燥综合征患者口腔微生态失调与唾液微环境的改变及口腔黏膜免疫受损存在密切的关系,本文对口腔微生态与干燥综合征关系的新近研究进展进行综述。     

基于高通量测序分析哮喘小鼠呼吸道菌群的变化

目的 通过高通量测序分析哮喘模型小鼠呼吸道菌群的变化情况。方法 将12只SPF级BALB/c雄性小鼠随机分为对照组和模型组,每组6只。采用卵清蛋白致敏方法建立哮喘小鼠模型后,进行支气管组织切片病理学观察,ELISA法检测血清IgE水平,测定肺指数,采集咽拭子后提取DNA行高通量测序分析。结果 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清IgE水平明显升高(P<0.05),肺指数明显上升(P<0.05),可见支气管上皮粘膜有水肿,少量淋巴细胞浸润,平滑肌增生。模型组小鼠呼吸道菌群与对照组比较,菌种丰度升高,厚壁菌门较对照组减少(P<0.05),放线菌门和变形菌门增多(P<0.05),菌群结构有明显差异。结论 哮喘小鼠存在呼吸道微生态菌群失衡。     

吸烟对呼吸道感染患者的微生态影响

呼吸道感染是常见病多发病,而呼吸道感染可导致微生态失调。有报道,宿主的任何病理变化都可作为生态失调的微观环境因素。微观环境对正常微生物群的影响是直接的;而且是主要的。为此,我们对吸烟和被动吸烟者的微生态变化及呼吸道感染患者微生态的变化以及二者之间的关系进行了研究。以进一步探讨吸烟对呼吸道感染患者直接或间接的影响。研究结果表明,吸烟及被动吸烟者患反复呼吸道感染的年发生率明显高于不吸烟者。健康对照组与患者口咽部菌群数相比有显著差异,无论是吸烟还是不吸烟的患者菌群含量均高于健康对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。结果表明,吸烟不仅有害于自身健康,而且危害被动吸烟者,其对呼吸道微生态的影响都是一致的,即可导致微生态失调,从而导致呼吸道疾病     

论“风邪犯肺”的肺微生态失调与中医药干预

肺为"娇脏",易受风邪侵袭而出现咳嗽喘息等症状。研究发现,微生态的平衡对人体健康的保持意义重大。在本文中我们解释了中医病机"风邪犯肺",并从微生态失衡的角度来思考"风邪犯肺"的科学内涵,探讨风邪犯肺与微生态失衡的联系。认为中医药主要通过直接作用于微生物、改变机体内部环境以及肺—肠轴这三种途径来调整风邪犯肺导致的微生态失衡。旨在将现代研究理论与中医理论相结合,挖掘中医药在调整微生态失衡方面的可能作用机制和潜力,深入探讨中医认识疾病、治疗疾病的本质和优势,以期为微生态学的研究和中医药的现代化开拓思路。     

肺部菌群对过敏性哮喘的影响CSCD

过敏性哮喘是一种常见的过敏性疾病,其发病机制尚未完全清楚,但共生微生物与宿主免疫稳态的建立及维持关系密切。近年来的研究发现肠道菌群在过敏性哮喘的发生发展中起主要作用,“肺-肠轴”概念的提出阐释了肺部菌群与肠道菌群之间的串扰关系。研究证实肺部菌群与过敏性哮喘密切相关,并通过肺-肠轴直接或间接影响过敏性哮喘的发生发展。本文分析肺部菌群与过敏性哮喘的相关性及可能的机制,深入了解肺部菌群在过敏性哮喘中的作用及意义,以期为过敏性哮喘的临床预防及诊疗拓宽思路。     

肺微生物组与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究进展

摘要：慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种慢性炎症性呼吸道疾病,其特征是持续气流受限和肺部炎症反应异常。气道内微生物是COPD恶化的主要原因,并且使气道中的炎症反应持续存在而促成COPD进展,这导致肺功能的进一步损害和巨大的医疗保健成本。近年来随着高通量测序技术的发展和运用,人类肺微生物组的研究逐渐成为热点。大量研究表明,COPD患者肺内存在明显不同的微生物群落,而且与COPD的疾病严重程度及恶化状态有关。肺微生物组学的研究有助于人们更全面地理解COPD患者肺内的微生态系统及其在该病恶化和进展中的作用。本文就肺微生物组在COPD中的研究进展作一综述,并探讨未来的研究前景。     

肠道微生物群对肺部免疫微环境稳态影响的研究进展

肠道微生物群是与宿主共生的最大的微生态系统的重要组成部分,它们通过调节宿主的内分泌、代谢、神经和免疫微环境影响人体的多种基本功能。近年来,肠道微生物群对机体局部和远端免疫器官的影响引起了科学家们的广泛关注。肠道微生物和肺之间的相互作用被称为“肠-肺轴”,对肺部免疫微环境稳态的维持至关重要。研究表明,肠道微生物群失调与哮喘、肺炎和囊性纤维化等多种肺部疾病密切相关。本文将对肠道微生物群对肺部免疫微环境稳态的影响及在多种肺部疾病中的作用进行阐述,为临床通过调整肠道微生物群来治疗肺部疾病和维持肺部免疫微环境稳态提供理论依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.