Carbon source utilization and accumulation of respiration-related substances by freshwater Thioploca species

Carbon source utilization of Thioploca species from freshwater and brackish lakes in Japan was investigated. Microautoradiography demonstrated that freshwater and brackish Thioploca samples assimilate acetate. In addition, vertical nitrate transportation by freshwater Thioploca was examined by measuring substances accumulated in Thioploca filaments. The filaments of Thioploca sp. from Lake Biwa, a Japanese mesotrophic lake, contained nitrate at concentrations higher than ambient by two to three orders of magnitude. They also accumulated high concentrations of sulfate and abundant elemental sulfur. The results suggest that the Thioploca-specific strategy for sulfur oxidation, migration with accumulated nitrate, is effective even in freshwater habitats of lower sulfide supply.     

Functional succession of bacterioplankton on the basis of carbon source utilization ability by BIOLOG plates

Changes of bacterioplankton diversity in lake water were followed in triplicate, continuous-flow experimental tanks. Most probable numbers (MPN) were obtained for 95 different carbon sources using BIOLOG plates and were used to characterize bacterioplankton diversity. During 70 days of incubation, MPN declined for 15 of the 95 substrates while three of 95 appeared to be newly used, indicating functional succession in the bacterioplankton. Total bacterial cell abundance was constant from day 7 to day 70 of the incubation period. The succession of species composition of phyto- and zooplankton was also observed and suggested some involvement by phyto- and zooplankton species in the changes of bacterioplankton diversity. Thus, BIOLOG-based MPN assays is a simple but sensitive method for characterizing the changes in the bacterioplankton carbon utilization profile and is also useful for tracing the functional succession of bacterioplankton diversity within a community.     

大理河沉积物微生物碳源利用特征及其影响因素

沉积物是河流生态系统中氮磷等物质循环的重要场所,而微生物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,探究沉积物中微生物群落碳源利用特征和功能多样性对于河流生态环境保护具有重要意义。利用Biolog Eco微平板法、基于主成分分析、冗余分析阐明了大理河流域沉积物中微生物群落碳源利用强度和功能多样性变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）从流域上游到流域下游,沉积物中微生物碳源利用强度逐渐降低,与上游相比,支流、中游、下游沉积物中微生物碳源利用强度分别降低了13.4%、30.5%、30.7%。（2）沉积物中微生物群落功能多样性存在差异,沉积物中微生物群落功能多样性（Shannon-Wiener多样性指数）表现为上游 > 支流 > 中游 > 下游,常见物种优势度（Simpson多样性指数）则表现为下游 > 支流 > 中游 > 上游。（3）与微生物代谢活动相关性较高碳源为糖类,其次是氨基酸类,聚合物类、羧酸类、胺类、酚酸类与微生物代谢活动相关性较低。（4）沉积物中全氮、氨氮、硝氮、有机碳含量是影响微生物群落功能多样性和碳源利用特征差异的主要因素。流域沉积物中合适的碳、氮水平对维持河流水生态健康具有重要的意义。     

铁棍山药多糖对四氯化碳诱导的急性小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

为了研究铁棍山药(D.oppositacv.Tiegun)多糖对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用,取72只昆明小鼠随机分为对照组,四氯化碳(CCl4)模型组,阳性对照(联苯双酯)组,铁棍山药多糖低、中、高剂量组,每组12只,灌胃处理后使用CCl4制备急性肝损伤小鼠模型,观察各组形态学变化,同时测定生化指标。实验结果显示,经铁棍山药多糖处理的小鼠的肝损伤程度明显轻于模型组,铁棍山药多糖能降低小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。本研究结果表明,铁棍山药多糖对CCl4所诱导的小鼠肝损伤起到一定的保护作用。     

聚球藻7942混养培养中碳代谢与能量利用

为了考察聚球藻7942在混养条件下的能量利用效率,分别以葡萄糖和乙酸为碳源开展了聚球藻7942的混养培养研究,并在此基础上利用代谢通量分析方法对聚球藻7942混养条件下的碳代谢和能量利用进行了探讨。结果表明:葡萄糖和乙酸均能促进藻细胞生长,且乙酸促进藻细胞生长的作用更为明显;葡萄糖利用可明显增加藻细胞糖酵解途径中碳代谢流量,而乙酸利用则导致糖酵解途径中碳代谢流量减小,两种有机碳源均增加了柠檬酸循环中碳代谢流量;有机碳源导致藻细胞光化学效率下降,而葡萄糖较之乙酸降低藻细胞光化学效率更为明显。虽然混养条件下光能的贡献率要小于光自养,但基于能量的细胞得率和能量转换率均高于光自养,光自养和以葡萄糖、乙酸为碳源的混养中基于ATP生成的能量转换效率分别为6.81%、7.43%和8.77%。     

Carbon and nitrogen utilization and acid production by mycelia of the ectomycorrhizal fungusTricholoma bakamatsutake in vitro

Mycelial growth of an isolate ofT. bakamatsutake was tested in media with C/N ratio ranging from 0 to 50 and with 32 carbon and 12 nitrogen sources. The isolate grew best at the C/N ratio of 30. It utilized the monosaccharidesd-glucose,d-mannose, andd-fructose, the disaccharide trehalose, and polysaccharide pectin among the carbon sources; and yeast extract,l-glutamic acid, and ammonium compounds among the nitrogen sources. The growth of ten isolates and secretion of gluconic and oxalic acids were compared ind-glucose, trehalose, and pectin media. The utilization ofd-glucose, trehalose, and pectin differed among the ten isolates, but all the isolates secreted gluconic acid in thed-glucose media and oxalic acid in the pectin media.     

杉木人工林土壤微生物生物量和碳源利用能力对模拟氮沉降和干旱的响应

杉木林是我国亚热带地区最主要的人工林和重要的碳汇。本研究以杉木人工林为对象,通过设置氮素添加(40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和隔离降雨(-50%)试验分别模拟氮沉降和干旱,在夏季(7月)和冬季(1月)采集表层土壤,通过磷脂脂肪酸、平板计数、Biolog等方法综合分析土壤微生物生物量、数量及碳源利用能力。结果表明: 土壤微生物生物量及微生物组成在两季节间存在显著差异;氮添加和隔离降雨可在一定程度上减少可培养细菌和真菌的数量,细菌数量较真菌数量对氮添加和隔离降雨的响应更敏感。隔离降雨显著抑制了土壤中微生物的碳源利用能力,而氮添加无显著影响。土壤细菌数量与微生物碳源利用能力呈显著正相关,表明可培养细菌是介导微生物碳转化的关键组分。本研究强调了氮沉降和干旱对亚热带杉木人工林表层土壤微生物的影响,可为评估未来全球变化情景下亚热带森林生态系统的土壤微生物生态功能提供科学依据。     

长期施肥对红壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物碳源利用的影响

采集湖南省祁阳县红壤长期定位施肥19年的土壤样品,分析长期不同施肥红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,以揭示长期施肥对红壤微生物学性状的影响.结果表明：施肥19年后,有机肥单施或与化肥配合施用均显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率.单施有机肥的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别为231和81 mg·kg^-1,化肥有机肥配施分别为148和73 mg·kg^-1,均显著高于化肥配施秸秆、不施肥和单施化肥;施用有机肥和化肥配施秸秆的土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例平均为6.0%,显著高于单施化肥和不施肥.Biolog-ECO分析中,平均吸光值(AWCD)的大小为：化肥有机肥配施、单施有机肥>对照>单施化肥、化肥配施秸秆.单施有机肥或与化肥有机肥配施增加了红壤微生物对碳水化合物、羧酸、氨基酸、聚合物、酚类和胺类的碳源利用率;化肥配施有机肥的红壤微生物对聚合物类碳源利用率最高,化肥配施秸秆的红壤微生物对碳水化合物类碳源的利用率最高.表明施用有机肥能显著提高红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,提高红壤肥力,保持作物高产.     

Carbon source regulation of cephem antibiotic production by resting cells of Streptomyces clavuligerus and its reversal by protein synthesis inhibitors

The effect of utilizable carbon sources on the production of cephem antibiotics by Streptomyces clavuligerus has been studied. The pattern of utilizable carbon sources was found to be very restricted. Glycerol, maltose and starch supported the most extensive growth. Increasing the initial concentrations of carbon sources decreased both the volumetric and the specific production of cephems. A resting cell system was adopted for this study. Linear production of cephems continued for 4–7 h. The production rate of the resting cell system was higher with mycelia harvested at an early exponential stage than with those harvested at a late stage of growth. Addition of carbon source to the resting cell system decreased the production rate of cephems. This suppressive effect was prevented by the addition of chloramphenicol (or streptomycin) although uptake of carbon source was not inhibited by such a protein synthesis inhibitor.     

望天树人工幼林混交对土壤微生物功能多样性与碳源利用的影响

研究望天树(Parashorea chinensis)在幼龄阶段分别与巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla)、降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)混交对土壤微生物群落功能特征和碳源利用的影响, 以期为濒危树种望天树人工林培育模式和桉树纯林改造中的树种选择提供科学依据。该研究采用Biolog-ECO技术对比分析了望天树混交林和纯林土壤微生物对6类碳源的利用特点和代谢活性, 探讨微生物功能多样性的差异及与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明: (1)望天树×巨尾桉混交林的Shannon-Wiener、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数均最高, 其土壤微生物功能多样性显著高于纯林; (2)望天树混交林的土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力和代谢活性及微生物数量高于纯林, 并随土层加深而下降; 混交林和纯林的土壤微生物对酚酸类碳源的利用程度均最高、胺类次之、多聚物最低, 不同点在于混交林和纯林分别对氨基酸类、羧酸类碳源的依赖度更高; (3)望天树混交林土壤的含水率、总孔隙度以及有机质、全氮、全钾、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分含量高于纯林; 并且除全磷和全钾外其他养分含量的垂直分布特征呈现出明显的表聚效应; (4)环境因子分析表明, 土壤pH、有机质、全钾和速效钾含量是造成混交林和纯林间以及不同土层间土壤微生物功能多样性和碳源利用存在明显差异的主要驱动因子。综上所述, 望天树混交造林模式对幼林土壤微生物群落及其生存环境有显著影响, 尤其与巨尾桉混交可以有效提高土壤微生物代谢活性和功能多样性, 促进凋落物和有机质的分解。与纯林相比, 望天树混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤质量和肥力, 为望天树幼树生长营造了较好的土壤环境和光照条件。     

陆地生态系统植物的氮源及氮素吸收

氮是植物生长发育所必需的营养元素,也是其主要的限制因子之一.陆地生态系统植物所需氮的来源及植物对氮素的吸收利用均受控于其种类和生长环境.环境条件的改变,一方面可能改变植物生长区原有氮的形态、浓度、赋存方式等,从而改变氮对植物的供给状况;另一方面可能引起植物生长区土壤质量、水分利用状况、光照等的改变,从而产生耦合现象,直接影响植物的生理生态特性,使植物对氮素的吸收利用发生改变,导致植物生长区的种群类型及物种多样性发生改变,并直接影响到生态系统的功能及演替.本文主要对陆地生态系统中高等植物生长发育所需氮素的来源及植物对氮素吸收利用过程中的影响因素进行了综述和讨论,并结合国内外在该领域的研究现状对其研究前景进行了展望.     

Carbon source utilization of soil extracted microorganisms as a tool to detect the effects of soil supplemented with genetically engineered and non-engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum and a recombinant peptide at the community level

Abstract: Substrate utilization of microbial cells extracted from soil with a 0.85% aqueous sodium chloride solution, was determined to estimate effects on soil microorganisms at the community level with microtiter plates (Biolog GN®) containing 95 different sources of organic carbon. A consistent pattern of utilized substrates was obtained after 24 h of microtiter plate incubation at 28°C. The absorbance values (OD₅₉₀) obtained from a microtiter plate reader after background correction were transformed by using the average absorbance values of oxidized substrates as a threshold to distinguish between well utilized and poorly or non-utilized substrates and thereby reduce variances between replicates. Doubling times of the extracted soil microorganisms in the microtiter plates were tested with 12 substrates and ranged from 1.96 h to 3.23 h, depending on the carbon source. The carbon source utilization assay was used to assess the effects of soil inoculation with Corynebacterium glutamicum with and without a genetically engineered plasmid (pUN1; 6.3 kb), which encoded for the synthesis of the mammalian protease inhibiting peptide, aprotinin. Additionally, aprotinin itself was added at two concentrations to soil samples. An identical decrease in the number of carbon sources utilized, especially carbohydrates, occurred upon soil inoculation with both C. glutamicum strains after inoculation with 10⁶ cells g⁻¹ soil. This effect was only detectable during the first three weeks of incubation, as long as cell numbers of C. glutamicum (pUN1) were above 10⁵ cfu g⁻¹. Soil amendment with aprotinin resulted in utilization of additional substrates, most of them carbohydrates. With 0.1 mg aprotinin g⁻¹ soil this stimulation lasted 2 days and with 10 mg g⁻¹ it lasted for 7 days.     

共存碳源对克雷伯氏菌NIII2发酵蔗糖产絮凝剂的影响

研究了共存碳源对克雷伯氏菌NIII2以蔗糖为主要碳源发酵产絮凝剂的影响.实验结果表明:柠檬酸为共存碳源时,克雷伯氏菌NIII2分泌絮凝剂过程中容易产酸,使得絮凝剂的产量和碳源转化率都较低.当丁二酸、乙酸、乳酸为共存碳源时,发酵液pH均高于7.5,絮凝剂产量有所提高,最高可达10.87g/L,碳源转化率也较高,为43.48%.与柠檬酸为共存碳源相比,当投加丁二酸时,克雷伯氏菌NIII2所产微生物絮凝剂中蛋白质与糖含量比值提高了33%,絮凝剂的Zeta电位值由-60.00 mV升高至-28.07 mV,絮凝剂分子粒径广泛分布在0~300μm之间且大粒径分子所占比例增加,聚合度加大,絮凝剂表面形貌呈现结块团状无定型结构,从而提高絮凝剂的活性和性能.该微生物絮凝剂投加量为4.0 mg/L,对2 g/L高岭土的SS去除率可达97.3%.     

Analysis of the variability of Drosophila azteca and D. athabasca populations revealed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA

The disribution ranges of Drosophila azteca and D. athabasca overlap in northen California and southern Oregon. Seven populations, four of which are located in this area, were studied. Large random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation was found within species; nevertheless, more than half the primers used in the study yielded greater diofference between than within species. A nested analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the variance between populations within species was significantly greater than zero for 55% of the oligonucleotides used, which provided evidence for an underlying geographical structure of these populations. Specimens of D. azteca and D. athabasca from Salem (OR), where both species were collected together, presented the highest similarity encountered between species.     

Nitrogen use efficiency by a slow-growing species as affected by CO2 levels, root temperature, N source and availability

This study examines the importance of N source and concentration on plant response to distinct CO₂ concentrations and root temperatures. The experimental design of this work was a factorial combination of: CO₂ concentration, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen source and root temperature. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) was assessed as a potential model of a slow growing Mediterranean species.

The results showed that: 1) biomass increment under high CO₂ varied between 13 and 100 percnt; in relation to plants grown under the same conditions but at ambient CO₂ concentrations, depending on the root temperature and nitrogen source; 2) nitrate-fed plants attained a larger increase in biomass production compared to ammonium-fed ones. This performance seems to be linked to the co-ordinated regulation of the activities of glutamine synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthase. The variations in the magnitude and nature of growth responses to elevated CO₂ observed resulted in substantial changes in the chemical composition of the plant material and consequently in plant nitrogen use efficiency.

Although performed with seedlings and under controlled conditions, this work emphasizes the importance of the nitrogen source used by the plants, a factor rarely taken into consideration when forecasting plant responses to global changes. Particularly, the results presented here, highlight the potential for uncoupling biomass accumulation from increment of air CO₂ concentration and show that more than nitrogen availability N source may offset positive plant growth responses under elevated CO₂ and root temperature.     

N-Ethylmaleimide inhibition of the catalytic activities of the Dunaliella salina coupling factor 1 (CF1) and the restoration of the inhibition of the CF1 ATPase activity by N-ethylmaleimide

The sensitivity of the catalytic activities of the D. salina chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF₁) to chemical modification by N-ethylmaleimide has been investigated. (i) When D. salina thylakoid membranes are treated with N-ethylmaleimide, both photophosphorylation and the inducible CF₁ ATPase activity are partially (approx. 60%) inhibited. The inhibition of both activities does not require the presence of a proton-motive force, and the inhibition of photophosphorylation is directly related to the N-ethylmaleimide-covalent modification of CF₁ as shown by (a) the time-course for the inhibition and (b) the maximal extent of inhibition. (ii) Treatment of the purified, latent, D. salina CF₁ with low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide also results in the partial (approx. 60%) inhibition of the inducible ATPase activity (I₅₀ ≈ 50 μM). The inhibition does not require the presence of the chemical modifier during the activation of the enzyme. (iii) N-ethylmaleimide-induced inhibition of the ATPase activity of either membrane-bound or solubilized CF₁ is partially reversed by either (a) prolonged incubation at low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide or (b) short incubation times at high concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide. The results are interpreted as indicating multiple binding sites on the D. salina CF₁ that have different rates of reactivity with N-ethylmaleimide. Those sites (or site) that react rapidly with N-ethylmaleimide cause(s) an inhibition of both ATP synthase and ATPase activities, whereas those sites (or site) that react more slowly partially restore(s) the original-ATPase activity. The effects of N-ethylmaleimide on the catalytic activity of D. salina CF₁ are probably mediated by N-ethylmaleimide-induced conformational changes of the enzyme.     

The Morphological Variation and the Karyotypical Characters of Dendranthema indicum and D. lavandulifolium

Dendranthema indicum L. and D. lavandulifolium (Fisch. ex Trautv. ) Ling et Shih are two species which are greatly variable in morphology. The specimens collected from different habitats show distinct variation in characters such as leaf division、 leaf pubescence、 size of capitula and number of capitula. Some authors (Li 1983; Du 1989; Nakata 1987)have studied the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium and reported the basic chromosome number and polyploidy of these two species. But some questions, such as the patterns and trends of morphological variation, the relationships between morphological and karyotypical variations and the phylogenetic relationship between D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium remain unclear . Based on wide field investigation and cultivation experiments, the present authors made a thorough study on D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium from morphology、 cytology with reference to geographical distribution and habit conditions. The results show that the amount of leaf pubescence of D. indicum is closely related to the water content in its habitat; the diameter of capitula decreases, while the number of capitula of D. lavandulifolium increases with the increase in elevation. Comparing the karyotypical constitution of different populations of D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium, the authors infer that natural hybridization, both intraspecific hybridization and hybridization between D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium, has played an important role in the origin of polyploids and in the evolutionary process of karyotypes of D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium. By a synthetic analysis from morphology, cytology and geography, the authors also suggest that D. indicum and D. lavandulifolium be sister species, derived from a common ancestor, and it is unreasonable to consider one of themevolved from the other.     

Genotypic variation in source and sink traits affects the response of photosynthesis and growth to elevated atmospheric CO2

This study aimed to understand the response of photosynthesis and growth to e-CO₂ conditions (800 vs. 400 μmol mol⁻¹) of rice genotypes differing in source–sink relationships. A proxy trait called local C source–sink ratio was defined as the ratio of flag leaf area to the number of spikelets on the corresponding panicle, and five genotypes differing in this ratio were grown in a controlled greenhouse. Differential CO₂ resources were applied either during the 2 weeks following heading (EXP1) or during the whole growth cycle (EXP2). Under e-CO₂, low source–sink ratio cultivars (LSS) had greater gains in photosynthesis, and they accumulated less nonstructural carbohydrate in the flag leaf than high source–sink ratio cultivars (HSS). In EXP2, grain yield and biomass gain was also greater in LSS probably caused by their strong sink. Photosynthetic capacity response to e-CO₂ was negatively correlated across genotypes with local C source–sink ratio, a trait highly conserved across environments. HSS were sink-limited under e-CO₂, probably associated with low triose phosphate utilization (TPU) capacity. We suggest that the local C source–sink ratio is a potential target for selecting more CO₂-responsive cultivars, pending validation for a broader genotypic spectrum and for field conditions.