中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺胚后发育过程中细胞的增殖和凋亡

【目的】咽下腺(hypopharyngeal gland)是蜜蜂重要的外分泌腺,是工蜂合成和分泌蜂王浆的主要腺体。本研究的目的在于了解中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂咽下腺的胚后发育特点。【方法】通过组织形态学、Brd U免疫组织化学和TUNEL细胞凋亡检测等技术,对中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺的胚后发育过程及组织结构特点进行了比较研究。【结果】中华蜜蜂工蜂的咽下腺起源自预蛹阶段口器内壁的陷入,细胞分裂活动的高峰期集中在蛹发育的前3 d,随后分裂细胞数减少,并一直持续到蛹发育的第7天左右结束;分泌腺泡的出现大约在蛹发育的第5天。到蛹发育的末期,咽下腺已基本形成,但是没有发育完全;哺育蜂的咽下腺高度发育,分泌活动旺盛;采集蜂的咽下腺中有许多分泌细胞凋亡。【结论】本研究揭示了中蜂工蜂咽下腺胚后发育过程中细胞增殖和凋亡的模式,为昆虫咽下腺的发育和功能研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

中华蜜蜂工蜂嗅叶的胚后发育

通过形态解剖、免疫组织化学、原位细胞凋亡检测技术,对中华蜜蜂工蜂嗅叶的胚后发育过程进行了系统的比较研究.结果表明:(1)中华蜜蜂工蜂的嗅叶由神经纤维网区和外围的中脑神经细胞体层组成,在幼虫早期,神经纤维网的腹外侧和背外侧区内有几个大型的成神经细胞,呈现出典型的不对称分裂模式;在随后的发育过程中,神经纤维网的体积逐渐增加,神经细胞逐渐分散,细胞层变薄;分裂细胞主要集中在背外侧细胞区;在3龄幼虫期 ,触角嗅觉神经元的传入纤维开始进入嗅叶;在蛹发育的第3天,神经纤维网内的神经纤维球开始出现;(2)嗅叶发育过程中的细胞凋亡发生较少,增殖细胞和凋亡细胞数量的相对比率基本恒定;细胞凋亡的高峰期出现在幼虫末期;蛹发育的第4天左右,凋亡细胞完全消失 ;(3)中华蜜蜂的嗅叶存在雌雄异形现象[动物学报 54(3):546-554,2008].     

基于免疫组织化学方法的中华蜜蜂蕈形体胚后发育过程中细胞增殖和凋亡的观察

蕈形体是昆虫学习和其他复杂行为的整合中心。本研究通过形态解剖、BrdU免疫组织化学和原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)细胞凋亡检测等技术, 对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana蕈形体胚后发育过程中细胞的增殖和凋亡模式进行了比较研究。结果表明： 中华蜜蜂的蕈形体起源自幼虫早期脑背侧的几个大型的成神经细胞, 它们通过不对称的细胞分裂产生成神经细胞, 随后这些细胞经过多次对称分裂形成中增殖细胞群和侧增殖细胞群, 最终生成了所有的Kenyon细胞。蕈形体的蕈体柄出现在3龄幼虫; 蕈体冠体积的迅速增加发生在蛹期。蕈形体发育过程中, 细胞凋亡主要集中在蛹发育期的3-6 d内, 细胞凋亡的开始和细胞增殖的终止在时间和空间上非常一致。本研究为蜜蜂学习记忆等行为学研究提供了理论依据。     

中华蜜蜂工蜂视叶胚后发育过程中的细胞凋亡

本研究通过形态解剖和原位末端标记法(TUNEL),对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana视叶胚后发育过程中的细胞凋亡进行了研究,结果表明:视叶内的细胞程序性死亡开始出现在1龄幼虫末期,随后凋亡细胞数量逐渐增加;在视叶的胚后发育过程中,细胞凋亡经历了3个高峰期,即2龄幼虫、5龄幼虫和蛹发育的第2天;在视叶3个部分的发育中,视髓层中细胞凋亡的数量远远多于视小叶和视神经节层,而视神经节层最少,说明了细胞凋亡的数量和位置与各部分结构发育的时间以及神经投射有关。广泛的细胞凋亡是蜜蜂视叶发育过程中的一个显著特征。     

意大利蜜蜂胚后发育过程中中肠上皮组织细胞的更替

中肠是昆虫消化、 吸收营养物质的主要部位。本研究通过形态解剖、 BrdU免疫组织化学和原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)细胞凋亡检测等技术, 对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica中肠胚后发育过程中细胞的增殖和凋亡模式进行了比较研究。结果表明：意大利蜜蜂幼虫发育早期, 中肠的增加主要来自于上皮细胞的分裂以及再生细胞的增殖。在变态发育期间, 中肠上皮经历了广泛的重组, 由再生细胞重新形成的蛹上皮替代了幼虫上皮。再生细胞在蜜蜂中肠的整个发育阶段始终存在, 为中肠的生长和更替提供了主要的细胞来源。本研究为昆虫组织细胞自噬和凋亡机制的研究提供一定的证据。     

ame-miR-14在意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫肠道发育过程的调控作用

【目的】本研究旨在揭示ame-miR-14在意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂幼虫肠道发育过程的调控作用。【方法】通过Stem-loop RT-PCR和Sanger测序分别验证ame-miR-14在意大利蜜蜂工蜂6日龄幼虫肠道中的表达和序列真实性。饲喂ame-miR-14的模拟物(mimic-ame-miR-14)和抑制物(inhibitor-ame-miR-14)及其相应的阴性对照mimic-NC和inhibitor-NC对ame-miR-14分别进行过表达和敲降,利用RT-qPCR检测意大利蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道中ame-miR-14的表达量。利用生物信息学软件预测ame-miR-14的靶基因并进行相关分析。利用RT-qPCR检测ame-miR-14的过表达和敲降后其靶基因FoxO和Hedgehog在4-6日龄幼虫肠道中的相对表达量。【结果】ame-miR-14在意大利蜜蜂工蜂6日龄幼虫肠道中真实存在和表达。相较于饲喂mimic-NC,饲喂mimic-ame-miR-14后ame-miR-14表达量在意大利蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道中均为显著上调;相...     

西方蜜蜂发育基因AmWnt1的克隆鉴定及时空表达分析

本研究旨在克隆鉴定西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera发育相关基因AmWnt1,分析其在不同发育时期和刚出房工蜂不同组织的表达特征,为进一步研究Wnt1基因功能提供理论参考。根据NCBI中AmWnt1基因序列信息,利用Primer 6.0设计引物,RT-PCR扩增AmWnt1基因完整的CDS序列,进行生物信息学预测,用推导的氨基酸序列构建系统进化树;利用荧光定量PCR检测该基因在卵（1日龄、2日龄和3日龄）、幼虫（1日龄、3日龄和5日龄）、预蛹（1日龄和3日龄）、蛹（0日龄、2日龄、4日龄、6日龄和8日龄）、刚出房工蜂、哺育蜂和采集蜂以及刚出房工蜂8个组织中相对表达量。克隆获得西方蜜蜂的Wnt1基因CDS序列,命名为AmWnt1,上传NCBI,获得GenBank登录号MT993937。全长1 239 bp,编码412个氨基酸,预测等电点为9.48,相对分子质量为46.40313 kDa。序列比对和系统进化树结果表明：AmWnt1蛋白与其它膜翅目昆虫聚为一类,其中和东方蜜蜂Apis cerana亲缘关系最近,序列相似度为99.50%。时空表达谱结果表明：AmWnt1基因在各个时期中均有表达,且在胚胎后期表达量最高,预蛹期和蛹前期表达量相对较高,其它时期表达量相对较低;AmWnt1基因在刚出房工蜂头、胸、触角表达量高于其它组织。AmWnt1可能参与西方蜜蜂胚胎晚期的神经系统发育和化蛹过程中的四肢发育等关键历程,为进一步研究AmWnt1功能提供了理论参考。     

中华蜜蜂上颚腺的组织结构及其胚后发育

【目的】上颚腺（mandibular gland）是昆虫重要的外分泌腺,它产生的化学物质在昆虫的种内信息交流中起重要的作用。本研究目的在于了解中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana上颚腺的组织结构以及胚后发育特点。【方法】本研究通过组织形态学、BrdU免疫组织化学等技术,对中华蜜蜂上颚腺的结构和发育过程进行了比较研究。【结果】中华蜜蜂的上颚腺在不同级型间差异显著,蜂王的面积最大,工蜂较小,而雄蜂退化。上颚腺出现在末龄幼虫到预蛹阶段,细胞分裂活动的高峰期发生在蛹发育的第1天,随后分裂细胞数减少,并一直持续到蛹发育的第6天结束。在上颚腺发育早期,由分泌细胞分化的内膜就已经出现,并一直保持到成虫。【结论】本研究为昆虫上颚腺的发育和功能研究提供了理论基础。     

棉铃虫不同发育阶段微粒体P450酶系组成和活性的比较

比较了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 6龄幼虫、蛹、成虫微粒体P450单加氧酶系组成及其活性。P450含量在6龄幼虫中肠>（脂肪体=蛹）>成虫,NADPH-细胞色素还原酶在幼虫中肠>幼虫脂肪体>蛹>成虫;6龄幼虫脂肪体微粒体与蛹脂肪体微粒体P450含量相近,但NADPH-细胞色素还原酶活性前者是后者的4.2倍;成虫微粒体的细胞色素P450和NADPH细胞色素P450还原酶含量很低,几乎未检测出。用对-硝基苯甲醚和艾氏剂为底物测定P450酶系活性表明,与6龄幼虫相比,蛹和成虫具有极低的单加氧酶活性,其O-脱甲基酶活性未检出,艾氏剂环氧化酶活性比幼虫低2～3个数量级。     

中华蜜蜂DNA甲基化转移酶Dnmt3基因克隆及表达谱分析

为探究中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的DNA甲基化模式, 本研究采用RT PCR技术克隆了中华蜜蜂DNA甲基化转移酶3（Dnmt3）基因(GenBank登录号为JQ740768); 采用荧光定量PCR检测不同发育时期工蜂（4日龄蛹, 1, 7和30日龄成年蜂及产卵工蜂）和蜂王（4日龄蛹, 1日龄蜂王和产卵蜂王）头部的Dnmt3基因mRNA的表达量。结果表明： 该基因cDNA序列全长2 277 bp, 编码758个氨基酸残基, 预测的蛋白分子量为88.24 kD, 等电点为7.85。将中华蜜蜂与其他物种的Dnmt3基因的结构域进行比对, 同时将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种的Dnmt3氨基酸序列进行同源性比对和系统发育分析, 发现与西方蜜蜂的Dnmt3序列一致性高达99%。该基因在工蜂和蜂王不同发育时期均有表达, 1日龄工蜂与7日龄工蜂中没有显著差异(P>0.05), 30日龄工蜂中的表达量显著高于前两者 (P<0.05); 蜂王蛹中的表达量显著高于工蜂蛹 (P<0.05); 1日龄的蜂王中的表达量显著高于1日龄的工蜂(P<0.05); 产卵工蜂与产卵蜂王中的表达量没有差异（P>0.05）。这种表达情况提示其可能与工蜂劳动分工及蜜蜂卵巢发育有关。     

Metabolic shift from lipogenesis to glycogenesis in the last instar larval fat body of the silkworm,Bombyx mori

When [¹⁴C]glucose was injected into the last instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the label was incorporated into various tissues at varying degrees depending on the developmental stages. Fat body exhibited high incorporation rates throughout the feeding periods. Silk glands became active in incorporation but midgut decreased toward larval maturation. The pulse labeling experiment clearly demonstrated that the metabolic shift from lipogenesis to glycogenesis occurred in fat body at the middle of the last instar; a predominant incorporation was found in lipids when [¹⁴C]glucose was injected at the early stage, while at the late stage glycogen synthesis became most active. Incorporation into fat body proteins was not a major factor throughout the instar. Extirpation of silk glands enhanced incorporation into glycogen and proteins at the late stage but did not affect lipid synthesis. Long-term chase showed that fat body lipids and proteins synthesized at the early stage were totally carried over into the pupal fat body, while much glycogen produced at the late stage was used during the larval-pupal transformation with the remainder carried over into the pupa.From these results the metabolic shift from lipogenesis to glycogenesis in fat body is discussed in relation to the storage function of the fat body for pupal metamorphosis.     

Molecular characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis in the Egyptian armyworm, Spodoptera littoralis, and midgut cell death during metamorphosis

The cDNA corresponding to an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) from the Egyptian armyworm, Spodoptera littoralis, was cloned by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the IAP of S. littoralis (SlIAP) contains two baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) motifs, followed by a RING finger, an organization which is very similar to that of other lepidopteran IAPs. SlIAP mRNA was detected in ovary, testis, salivary gland, fat body, epidermis, brain and midgut of S. littoralis. During the last larval instar, prepupal and pupal stages, brain mRNA levels remained approximately constant, whereas those of midgut showed a large peak centred in the prepupal stage. Midgut morphology changed during metamorphosis from a semi-transparent, cylindrical structure in last instar larvae to a brownish globular mass in pupae. TUNEL assays, LysoTracker staining and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, indicated that programmed cell death in midgut starts actively at the onset of pupation process, coinciding with the dramatic decrease of SlIAP mRNA levels observed at the same time.     

Protein metabolism by the salivary glands and other organs of the larva of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala

Protein metabolism in salivary glands, gut, haemolymph, and fat body during the last larval instar of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala, has been investigated. In salivary glands, protein release, protein synthesis, amylase, and pepsin-like protease activity were maximal in 6 day larvae, this being at a time when the larvae had finished feeding. All these functions declined in glands from the rounded-off white puparial stage (R.O.) while acid phosphatase activity rose throughout the third instar to a maximum at the R.O. stage, Glands from 6 and 7 day larvae released protein which on disk gel electrophoresis separated into four minor bands and two major bands one of the latter possessing protease activity.In the gut, pepsin-like protease activity was maximal in 4 day larvae after which it fell rapidly thus following the feeding pattern of the larva in contrast to that in the salivary glands which did not.In vitro experiments showed that protease was released from 6 day glands through the basal membrane of the cells and not via the duct. A pepsin-like protease was also found in the haemolymph and fat body, the activity in the fat body rising rapidly during the latter part of the third instar, a rise which is attributed to the fat body sequestering protease from the haemolymph. Acid phosphatase activity in the fat body was maximal in 5 day larvae indicating that this enzyme was synthesized early in the third instar. It was shown that fat body sequestered ¹⁴C-labelled protein synthesized by and released from the salivary glands, most of the ¹⁴C activity being associated with a 600 g precipitable, acid-phosphatase rich fraction.It is proposed that in late third instar larvae the salivary glands function as glands of internal secretion, releasing protease into the haemolymph, which is then sequestered by the fat body (and perhaps other tissues) and is subsequently used in the lysis of the tissues at the time of metamorphosis.     

A Biochemical Evidence of the Inhibitory Effect of Diflubenzuron on the Metamorphosis of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori

Diflubenzuron (DFB) has been known to prevent metamorphosis of silkworm, Bombyx mori, from larval to pupal stage at low dose exposure. To explain this inhibitory action of DFB, a hypothesis was raised that DFB acts like juvenile hormone (JH) or DFB inhibits JH esterase to increase endogenous JH titer. A JH bioassay using isolated abdomen clearly indicates that DFB does not act as JH analog because DFB did not induce vitellogenesis in the isolated female abdomen, while endogenous JHs did significantly. General esterase activities in hemolymph were lower in DFB-treated fifth instar larvae than in the control larvae, but there was no difference between fat body esterase activities in both groups. Two hemolymph esterases (‘E1’ and ‘E2’) of the fifth instar larvae were separated and visualized by α-and β-naphthyl acetate. From in vitro incubation experiment, the cathodal esterase (‘E1’) was sensitive to DFB at its nanomolar range. Considering the fact that early fifth instar larvae have high level of JH esterase in the hemolymph, these results suggest that DFB inhibit larval to pupal metamorphosis by blocking JH degradation, which increases endogenous JH titer especially at the critical period when the larvae determine metamorphic development at the following molt.     

Properties,synthesis, and accumulation of storage proteins in Pieris rapae L.

Two kinds of storage proteins (SP-1, SP-2) were confirmed in hemolymph and fat body of Pieris rapae during metamorphosis. Both proteins were present in high concentrations in the hemolymph during the last larval instar. Hemolymph concentrations of SP-1 and SP-2 dropped after pupation as the proteins were being deposited in fat bodies. SP-2 is present in a larger amount than SP-1. Detailed studies on storage proteins determined their properties, mode of synthesis, and accumulation in the fat body. SP-1 has a molecular weight of 500,000 and consists of one type of subunit (M_r 77,000), while SP-2 has a molecular weight of 460,000 and is composed of two types of subunits (M_r 80,000 and 69,000). The pl values of SP-1 and SP-2 were determined to be 6.97 and 7.06, respectively. Fat body cells from 1-day-old fifth instar larvae synthesized storage proteins in large amounts, whereas those from late prepupae exhibited high protein sequestration. Proteins taken up in fat body accumulated in dense granules during the pupal stage but sharply decreased at the adult stage. Morphological changes in the fat body tissues were observed during the larval-pupal transformation; the nuclei of fat body cells became irregularly shaped, and the boundaries between cells seemed to be obscure. Synthesis, storage, or degradation of storage proteins in fat body during development is closely associated with morphological changes in the tissues.     

LncRNA63及其共表达基因Hr3在家蚕中的表达和功能分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过对一个新的长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)及其共表达基因在家蚕Bombyx mori中的表达和功能进行分析,进一步阐明lncRNA在调控家蚕变态发育中的分子机制。【方法】基于前期家蚕脂肪体转录组测序数据,我们发现在蜕皮激素20E(2 μg/μL)处理5龄幼虫早期的脂肪体中lncRNA63表达显著上调,家蚕激素受体基因Hr3与之共表达。利用qRT-PCR对lncRNA63和Hr3在家蚕不同发育时期(4-5龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、5龄幼虫不同组织(头、体壁、血淋巴、中肠、马氏管、脂肪体、丝腺、精巢和卵巢)和2 μg/μL 20E处理2, 6, 12和24 h后5龄幼虫脂肪体中的表达谱进行分析;采用核质分离检测和原位杂交技术检测lncRNA63在家蚕BmN细胞中的定位;利用dsRNA干涉家蚕5龄幼虫个体中lncRNA63的表达,并利用qRT-PCR检测RNA干涉lncRNA63对头、丝腺、脂肪体和体壁中Hr3表达的影响。【结果】qRT-PCR结果表明,lncRNA63和Hr3在家蚕羽化前的蛹末期有一个表达高峰;二者在家蚕5龄幼虫头、体壁和丝腺中都有较高表达;lncRNA63和Hr3在2 μg/μL 20E处理2, 6和12 h的家蚕5龄幼虫脂肪体中较对照组(无水乙醇处理组)都显著上调,24 h下降到与对照组相当水平,二者的表达趋势完全一致。LncRNA63主要定位于BmN细胞核,但20E可诱导lncRNA63的核质迁移。利用dsRNA干涉lncRNA63表达后,Hr3的表达显著下调。【结论】20E不仅可调控lncRNA63的表达,还可诱导lncRNA63的核质迁移;lncRNA63可通过调控共表达基因Hr3的表达参与家蚕的变态发育过程。     

20-Hydroxyecdysone mediated activation of larval haemolymph protein uptake by fat body cells of Corcyra cephalonica (Insecta)

Evidence is presented here to show that 20-hydroxyecdysone is essential for the activation of the larval fat body for differential uptake of larval haemolymph proteins (LHPs). By using radiolabelled LHPs it is shown that the fat body cells of Corcyra cephalonica selectively incorporate LHPs during late-larval and prepupal development. Fluorographic analysis of the labelled fat body proteins from prepupal stage separated on sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gels suggests that the LHPs are sequestered without any degradation. Although, during the last larval instar the uptake of all the three LHPs (LHP 1, LHP 2 and LHP 3) by the fat body cells is very low, 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment of early, mid or late-last instars causes a significant increase in uptake of all the three LHPs. However, the response to hormone treatment was more pronounced in late-last instar when compared to early and mid-last instar.