赤点石斑鱼两种芳香化酶cDNA的克隆及其表达的组织特异性

以赤点石斑鱼 (Epinephelusakaara)脑垂体中提取的RNA为模板 ,根据芳香化酶的保守序列设计引物 ,利用GeneRacerTM 技术 ,克隆出两种芳香化酶即脑芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromB)和性腺芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromA)的cDNA ,其全长分别为 190 1bp (编码 5 0 9aa)和 1833bp (编码 5 18aa)。序列分析结果表明 ,赤点石斑鱼两种芳香化酶cDNA序列的同源性为 5 1 6 % ,氨基酸序列之间同源性为 6 2 5 % ,与斜带石斑鱼两种芳香化酶氨基酸同源性分别为 94 7%和 97 9%。对 8个科的 10种鱼进行了分子系统进化树分析 ,结果与根据传统的形态学和生化特征分类进化地位基本一致。以特异性引物扩增雌、雄赤点石斑鱼各种组织 (垂体、嗅球、端脑、下丘脑、中脑、后脑、延脑、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、性腺、鳃、胃、肠、皮肤、脂肪、肌肉、头肾、胸腺、鳔 ) ,以β actin作内标比较各组织芳香化酶基因表达量的差异 ,结果表明 ,赤点石斑鱼脑芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromB)有广泛的组织分布 ,脑和垂体的表达量很高 ,各组织表达量有明显的雌、雄差异 ;而性腺芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromA)表达主要集中于垂体和性腺 ,且不论雌雄 ,其性腺表达量均高于脑垂体 ,和P4 5 0aromB的表达模式明显不同 ,表现为在脑部 ,P4 5 0aromB表达量高于P4 5 0aromA ,而在性腺 ,     

雄烯二酮对赤点石斑鱼内分泌及性腺发育的影响

采用腹部埋植法,应用连续组织切片技术、放射免疫测定方法和半定量RT-PCR技术,检测了间隔30d3次埋植不同剂量（高剂量H：100μg／g体重,低剂量L：10μg／g体重）的雄烯二酮（4-androstene-3,17-dine,ADSD）诱导2龄赤点石斑鱼性腺发育过程中血清性类固醇激素含量、芳香化酶表达和活性的变化。结果显示：第1次埋植ADSD后30d即可诱导雌性赤点石斑鱼发生不同程度的性逆转,性腺成熟指数明显下降,性腺中卵细胞退化,精原细胞增殖,出现大量精母细胞和精子细胞,第1次埋植ADSD后30d经轻微挤压腹部有10％（低剂量组）和15％（高剂量组）的鱼可排精;第2次埋植后30d明显提高性逆转效果,排精率分别达到80％和86．7％,性逆转雄鱼的精巢在组织结构上与正常雄鱼精巢一样,精子活力与正常雄鱼相同,对照组鱼卵巢发育良好;第3次埋植后30d排精率分别为90％和80％,埋植ADSD后性腺芳香化酶（P450aromA）表达和活性显著降低,脑芳香化酶（P450aromB）表达显著升高,前脑芳香化酶活性显著升高,血清T,11-KT水平显著高于对照组,而血清E2水平先升高,然后逐渐降低。说明血清T,11-KT水平增加,性腺芳香化酶表达及活性降低在控制雌雄同体的赤点石斑鱼的性转化和精子发生中起重要作用。     

赤点石斑鱼卵型芳香化酶基因启动子调控绿色荧光蛋白在斑马鱼早期生殖腺中的表达

P450芳香化酶(P450arom)是生物体内合成雌激素的关键酶。为研究赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)卵型芳香化酶基因(EaCyp19a1a)启动子的调控作用,构建了EaCyp19a1a启动子9个不同的5′端缺失片段与绿色荧光蛋白(Green fluorescent protein,GFP)组成的表达载体,分别命名为pEaCyp19a1a-EGFP1-9。在COS-7细胞中的瞬时转染实验证明载体pEaCyp19a1a-EGFP7具有很强的转录活性。通过显微注射,将线性化的pEaCyp19a1a-EGFP7载体注入斑马鱼单细胞期受精卵中,定期在荧光显微镜下观察GFP的表达。结果发现GFP在胚胎期(受精后约48h)开始表达,主要发生在斑马鱼早期生殖腺细胞中,具有明显的性腺特异性。这说明EaCyp19a1a的启动子序列中含有调控其性腺特异表达的顺势作用原件。研究为进一步探明芳香化酶在鱼类性别分化和性别转变过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

性逆转石斑鱼脑垂体差异表达基因克隆的筛选

以17α甲基睾丸酮投喂赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelusakaara),成功地获得了性逆转的有功能的雄鱼。用SMARTcDNA合成和长片段PCR技术构建了性逆转前后脑垂体cDNA文库;用抑制消减杂交技术建立了性反转前后抑制性差减文库。对获得的560个雄鱼脑垂体PCR阳性克隆和350个雌鱼脑垂体PCR阳性克隆进行斑点杂交,共筛选到103个差异表达cDNA片段。对其中29个克隆进行了测序,与GenBank中的已知基因序列进行同源性比较,发现有6个片段为促性腺激素α亚基前体基因(GenBank注册号:AY207430),与同属不同种的石斑鱼促性腺激素α亚基前体基因有97%的同源性;1个片段为生长激素前体(GenBank注册号:AY207431),与同属不同种的石斑鱼生长激素前体基因有99%的同源性;其余22个cDNA片段与GenBank中的序列无明显同源性 。     

性逆转石斑鱼性腺差异表达基因的克隆和筛选

以 17α 甲基睾丸酮 (17α MT)饲喂 2～ 4龄赤点石斑鱼 (Epinephelusakaara) ,成功地促使其性转变为具有生殖功能的雄鱼 .应用抑制性差减杂交 (SSH)技术构建了石斑鱼性反转前后性腺组织的SMARTcDNA文库及其cDNA差减文库 ,从中随机挑取 12 0 0个克隆进行了PCR和斑点杂交筛选 ,得到 12 0个差异表达cDNA片段 .挑选 71个cDNA克隆测序 ,将所测序列经GenBank检索和生物信息学比较 ,发现有 5 1个cDNA片段序列无明显的同源性 ,2 0个片段与报道的基因有较高同源性 .在这 2 0个具同源性的片段中有 3个片段可能是与性别分化密切相关的重要功能基因 ,它们是钙调蛋白基因、活性蛋白激酶C受体基因和一氧化氮合酶蛋白抑制剂基因 .这 3个基因被分别命名为鱼钙调蛋白基因 (GenBankaccession :AY2 8136 3)、鱼活性蛋白激酶C受体基因 (GenBankaccession :AY2 8136 4)和鱼一氧化氮合酶蛋白抑制剂基因 (GenBankaccession :AY2 8136 5 ) .     

运动疗法在乳腺癌芳香化酶抑制剂相关骨关节痛的研究进展

芳香化酶抑制剂(Aromatase inhibitors, AIs)是一类乳腺癌内分泌治疗药物,主要用于激素受体阳性的乳腺癌患者。芳香化酶抑制剂相关骨关节疼痛(Aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia, AIA)为其常见副作用之一,严重影响患者的生活质量及治疗依从性。目前,AIA尚无明确治疗指南,近年来运动疗法作为非药物干预手段日益受到重视。但我国目前对AIA患者进行运动疗法的研究较少。本文总结了近年来国内外关于应用运动疗法改善AIA的研究现状,以期为乳腺癌AIA患者的运动指导护理提供理论依据。     

芳香化酶抑制剂处理鸡胚对性分化和性激素分泌的影响

目的：研究雌激素对鸡性分化的作用。方法：本实验在受精蛋孵化的第3天,分别给对照组和实验组注入100ul生理盐水和芳香化酶抑制剂,石蜡封口,出雏后常规饲养到八月龄,然后检测性腺结构和血清性激素水平。结果：（1）反转完全母鸡的右侧性腺发育成为睾丸,而左侧性腺出现不同程度的反转,即：完全反转成睾丸,反转成卵睾体,未得到明显反转的卵巢,完全反转成为睾丸的母鸡仍保留输卵管残迹,并存在发育不良的输精管;反转成卵睾体的母鸡保留排卵功能;未能得到明显反转的母鸡排卵正常;（2）反转不完全母鸡的右侧 性腺退化,左侧性腺为完整卵巢,表现出雄性交配行为,组织学发现：正常母鸡卵巢存在许多卵泡;正常公鸡睾丸有很多精细管分布,精细管内部能看到各级精母细胞以及成熟精子;反转不完全母鸡性腺的生殖上皮增生,但结构和对照组均不同,反转完全母鸡的两侧性腺均出现类似睾丸的结构,但左侧生殖上皮比较发达,精细管较正常窄,未发现精子。RIA检测发现雌二醇含量为：反转不完全母鸡＞正常母鸡＞反转完全母鸡＞正常公鸡;睾酮含量为：反转完全母鸡＞反转不完全母鸡＞正常公鸡＞正常母鸡,结论：在胚胎期阻断雌激素的合成可以引起雌性性腺在形态结构上朝着雄性的方向变化,血清性激素水平也出现变化。     

LHRH-A缓释剂对雌性赤点石斑鱼卵巢发育、性类固醇激素分泌及脑垂体GTH细胞超微结构的影响

取75尾网箱养殖的2～3龄雌性赤点石斑鱼,分为3组（高、低剂量组和对照组）,各25尾。高剂量组埋植促黄体生成索释放激素类似物（LHRH—A）缓释剂,剂量为300μg／kg体重,低剂量组为100μg／kg体重,对照组埋植不含LHRH—A的药丸。分别在实验开始和埋植药丸后0、10、20、30、40天抽血,用放射免疫测定血清类固醇激素（E2、T）;解剖鱼体测定相关指标,计算性腺成熟系数;取性腺和肝脏组织常规组织学切片并透射电镜观察。埋植后第10-30天,两种剂量处理组的排卵率均高于对照组,高剂量组显著高于低剂量组。在第10天性腺成熟系数高剂量组为1．055％,卵母细胞已有部分迅速发育到Ⅳ期末（核偏位）;低剂量组相对缓慢。第20天性腺成熟系数高剂量组达1．858％,低剂量组为0．987％;处理组卵母细胞基本发育成熟。埋植后第10天,两处理组血清E2和T水平显著升高;第20天显著下降;此后E2保持在较低的水平,T显著低于对照组水平。超微结构的观察证实脑垂体GTH细胞在LHRH—A缓释剂诱导性腺发育成熟和排卵过程中处于活跃的合成与分泌状态。LHRH—A缓释剂能有效诱导赤点石斑鱼卵巢发育成熟和排卵,而性类固醇激素（E2、T）只与卵黄生成有关,与排卵无关。     

前蛋白转换酶枯草溶菌素9抑制剂降低脂蛋白(a)作用的机制

脂蛋白(a)(lipoprotein(a),Lp(a))在结构上与低密度脂蛋白相似,是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发病的独立危险因素和潜在的治疗靶点。前蛋白转换酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)抑制剂可有效降低Lp(a)的循环水平并减少心血管事件风险。本文综合近年来的相关研究,阐述PCSK9抑制剂减少Lp(a)合成和促进其降解的相关机制,分析该领域所面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂在乳腺癌方面的研究进展

乳腺癌是威胁女性生命的最常见肿瘤,它的发生和转移严重影响了患者的生存和生活状况.研究表明,组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)可以调节体内组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化的平衡,它的过度表达与乳腺癌的发生、发展密切相关.而组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACi)对HDAC的抑制作用为肿瘤的治疗带来曙光,成为近年来研究的热门话题.该文通过对多...     

Aromatase inhibitor induces complete sex change in the protogynous honeycomb grouper (Epinephelus merra)

The protogynous hermaphrodite fish change sex from female to male at the certain stages of life cycle. The endocrine mechanisms involved in gonadal restructuring throughout protogynous sex change are not clearly understood. In the present study, we implanted maturing female honeycomb groupers with nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), Fadrozole (0, 1, and 10 mg/fish) and examined changes in gonadal structures and serum levels of sex steroid hormones 2(1/2) months after implantation. The ovaries of control females had oocytes undergoing active vitellogenesis, whereas AI caused females to develop into functional males. These males had testes, which were indistinguishable in structure from those of normal males, but bigger in size, and completed all stages of spermatogenesis including accumulation of large amount of sperm in the seminiferous tubules. AI significantly reduced the serum levels of estradiol-17beta (E2) and increased levels of testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP). Further, AI suppressed in vitro production of E2, and stimulated the production of T and 11-KT in the ovarian fragments of mature female. In the honeycomb grouper, suppression of both in vitro and in vivo production of E2 and degeneration of oocytes by AI suggests that AI induces complete sex change through inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis, and perhaps, subsequent induction of androgen function.     

Socially controlled male-to-female sex reversal in the protogynous orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides

Socially controlled sex change in teleosts is a dramatic example of adaptive reproductive plasticity. In many cases, the occurrence of sex change is triggered by a change in the social context, such as the disappearance of the dominant individual. The orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides is a typical protogynous hermaphrodite fish that changes sex from female to male and remains male throughout its life span. In this study, male-to-female sex reversal in male Epinephelus coioides was successfully induced by social isolation. The body length and mass, gonadal change, serum sex steroid hormone levels and sex-related gene expression patterns during the process of socially controlled male-to-female sex reversal in E. coioides were systematically examined. This report investigates the physiological mechanisms of the socially controlled male-to-female sex reversal process in a protogynous hermaphrodite grouper species. The results enable us to study the physiological control of sex change, not only from female to male, but also from male to female.     

A set of 16 consensus primer pairs amplifying the complete mitochondrial genomes of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and Hong Kong grouper (Epinephelus akaara)

Groupers are of considerable economic value; however, their classification and evolutionary relationships have long been hindered by the overwhelming number of species and lack of morphological specializations. Mitochondrial genome is a source of original markers that are potentially useful in the study of phylogeny and population genetics of groupers. We describe a set of 16 new primer pairs that allow PCR amplification of the entire mitochondrial genomes of orange-spotted grouper and Hong Kong grouper. This primer set has been defined for consensus over eight other grouper species, facilitating further studies on the molecular evolution and population genetics of groupers.     

Detection of species-specific long VNTRs in mitochondrial control region and their application to identifying sympatric Hong Kong grouper (Epinephelus akaara) and yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara)

Length variation and heteroplasmy were observed in PCR products of the first half of mtDNA control region of both Hong Kong grouper (Epinephelus akaara) and yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara). DNA sequencing unveiled the phenomena were caused by the presence of species-specific long variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). This is the first report on the mtDNA VNTRs and their heteroplasmy in groupers. Moreover, these VNTRs are also the longest such structure found in teleost fish. Thereafter, we designed two species-specific PCR reverse primers according to the 3' end sequences of the VNTRs and successfully established assays for the identification of these two sympatric grouper species.     

Anatomical changes to the gonad during protogynous sex change in the half-moon grouper Epinephelus rivulatus (Valenciennes)

Anatomical changes to the gonad during sex change in the protogynous grouper Epinephelus rivulatus are described from histological observations. A decrease in ovarian mass occurred soon after the onset of sex change as oocytes atrophied and were removed from the gonad. Blood supply and abundance of unidentified somatic cells increased at this time as proliferation of sperm tissue commenced. As the gonad was cleared of ovarian tissue, the rate of spermatogenesis increased and the lamellae soon became dominated by sperm and connective tissue. Putative Leydig cells, the probable sites of male steroid production, appeared in transitional gonads and were most abundant in the testes of immature males. Peripheral sperm sinuses subsequently formed within basal tissue layers of the tunica and expanded as they filled with spermatids. The process of sex change, occurring as a result of experimental manipulation of wild populations at the start of the spawning season, took c. 3 weeks. This appears rapid compared to other hermaphroditic species and may reduce the impacts of fishing on reproductive output by E. rivulatus populations.     

Early development of dorsal and pelvic fins and their supports in hatchery-reared red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes: Serranidae)

Early morphogenesis of dorsal and pelvic fins and their supports in the larval and juvenile red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, was examined using a hatchery-reared series. The dorsal spine anlage first appeared suspended in the middle part of the finfold at ca. 2.5 mm TL. Dorsal and pelvic supports appeared by the time the fish reached ca. 3 mm and started to ossify at ca. 3.5 mm. Elongated spines and their supports developed synchronously in both dorsal and pelvic fins. The formation of dorsal fin supports proceeded from anterior to posterior. The ossification of supports was completed by ca. 33 mm. Spinelets on the second dorsal spine and pelvic spine appeared by ca. 3 mm. In specimens larger than 36 mm, all spinelets on the second dorsal spine and pelvic spine had disappeared. The maximum size of the second dorsal spine and pelvic spine lengths relative to TL were ca. 45% and 44% at 3.3 mm in fish size, respectively. Thereafter, their proportions decreased gradually. Considering the order of development of the elongated spines and mucous cells in the early life stages, the elongated spines might function as antipredator devices. Received: June 20, 2000 / Revised: April 28, 2001 / Accepted: June 11, 2001