根瘤菌属胞外多糖的研究

本文研究了豌豆根瘤菌(Rhizobum Leguminosarum),苜蓿根瘤菌(R. meliloti),三叶草根瘤菌(R. trifolii),菜豆根瘤菌(R. phaseoli),豇豆根瘤菌(Rradyrhizobium sp.(Vigna))和大豆根瘤菌(R. Japonicum)产生的胞外多糖化学组分的差异,结果表明,不同种的根瘤菌能产生具有不同组分的胞外多糖,其多糖组分的差异主要表现在糖醛酸和甘露糖的含量。豌豆根瘤菌、三叶草根瘤菌,菜豆根瘤菌产生的胞外多糖含有糖醛酸,大豆根瘤菌和苜蓿根瘤菌产生的胞外多糖一般不含有糖醛酸。根瘤菌有快生型和慢生型之别,这种差异也可由其产生的胞外多糖组分看到,一般快生型根瘤菌:豌豆根瘤菌,苜蓿根瘤菌,菜豆根瘤菌,三叶草根瘤菌,(包括最近证明的快生型大豆根瘤菌)的胞外多糖中甘露糖所占百分比较低(低于20％),葡萄糖所占的百分比较高(高于60％),而慢生型根瘤菌:大豆根瘤菌和豇豆根瘤菌的胞外多糖中甘露糖所占百分比较高(高于36％),葡萄糖所占的百分比较低(低于50％)。     

转座子Tn5-Mob对菜豆根瘤菌共生基因的诱变、转移和初步定位

转座子Tn5-Mob在质粒RP4-4配合下能诱动(Mobilization)菜豆根瘤菌RCR3622内源质粒的诱动转移。在种间根瘤菌杂交过程中,二个巨型质粒的转移频率均大于10~(-3);分子量约为285kb的psym3622是带有结瘤(nod)和产黑素(mel)基因的共生质粒(Symbiotic plasmid);这二个基因的最大距离不超过70kb左右。另一个分子量约为135kb的质粒在试验中为不具结瘤功能的隐蔽质粒。将psym3622共生质粒导入不结瘤(Nod-)的豌豆根瘤菌菌株B151,能够使后者在菜豆植物上表达结瘤的特性,形成无效根瘤。将psym3622共生质粒导入不结瘤的菜豆根瘤菌菌株JI8400,能够在菜豆植物上形成正常发育的有效根瘤。     

我国豆科植物根瘤菌资源多样性及应用基础研究

北京农业大学菌种保藏中心(CCBAU)现已保藏根瘤菌5000余株,是全世界最大的根瘤菌资源数据库。通过对其中的2000余株根瘤菌作多相分类研究,确定根瘤菌新属2个、新种11个。结合根瘤菌宿主及其生态环境的关系,提出根瘤菌与豆科植物共生关系的新认识;并得出豆科植物接种根瘤菌的新见解,这对于西部大开发中新区种植豆科植物接种适宜的根瘤菌具有重要指导意义。     

花生根瘤菌液体菌剂和不同载体固体菌剂的研究

自1956年至1985年,我国应用花生根瘤菌剂面积累计已达3000余万亩,根据1256次试验统计,接种根瘤菌比不接根瘤菌平均每亩增产28.6公斤,增产率达13％。近几年来,豇豆属根瘤菌除在花生上大面积推广应用外,在绿豆、豌豆、豇豆、红小豆等作物上也逐步扩大应用,并获得了10％以上的增产效果。     

马铃薯培养基中的根瘤菌自生固氮活性

以20％马铃薯提取液为主,加88毫克分子阿拉伯糖(或蔗糖、或葡糖酸盐)、2.5或25毫克分子琥珀酸钠以及0.7％琼脂,配成简易的马铃薯培养基。豇豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium sp·)330S、330V和32H1三个菌株,以及大豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium japonicum)C_8和B_(15)二个菌株纯培养在此培养基上,均具有自生固氮活性。 气相氧的浓度在0.75～2％时,根瘤菌的固氮活性最高。氧浓度超过10％时,活性显著被抑制。当根瘤菌的固氮酶活性已表达后,加入10％氧,2小时后活性就降低,44小时后随着气相氧浓度的下降,固氮活性又有所恢复。在加入不同碳源的马铃薯培养基中,根瘤菌固氮活性的水平因不同菌株而有差异。培养基中加入适当浓度的琥珀酸钠,根瘤菌固氮活性显著提高。培养基的pH在6.4～7.0范围内,豇豆根瘤菌的固氮活性较高,pH低于5.4或高于8.0时,都没有活性。预培养17天的豇豆根瘤菌仍有一定的固氮活性,但以5～7天的活性最高。分析马铃薯不同提取部分对根瘤菌生长和固氮活性的影响时,表明水溶部分比脂溶部分的效果好。     

根瘤菌新类群代表菌株的16SrDNA全序列测定及其系统发育地位

用双脱氧法测定了一个根瘤菌新类群代表菌株SH2672的16S rDNA全序列,将此全序列与根瘤菌各已知种及相关种的16S rDNA全序列进行了比较及聚类分析,得到系统发育树状图。在系统发育树状图中,菌株SH2672与百脉根中慢生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium loti),华癸中慢生根瘤菌(M. huakuii)、天山中慢生根瘤菌(M. tianshanense)、地中海中慢生根瘤菌(M. mediterraneum)、鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌(M. ciceri)共同构成一个分支,与各已知种的模式菌株16S rDNA相似性分别为:96.3％,96.4％,97.2％,95.1％,95.6％,均在95％以上,它们应归属于同一属。且分支内各种间DNA同源性低于70％,表明它们分别为不同的种,菌株SH2672代表着一个新的根瘤菌种。     

农肥和化肥施用对大豆根瘤菌多样性的影响

基于6年的黑土培肥定位试验,从大豆根瘤中提取根瘤菌DNA,采用PCR-DGGE与克隆测序技术相结合的方法,分析了施用农肥和化肥对根瘤菌多样性的影响。DGGE图谱分析表明:对照(不施肥)处理的nifH基因条带数和多样性指数最大,各处理多样性指数差异显著,大小顺序为:对照>农肥高量>农肥低量=农化1:1>化肥高量>化肥低量。聚类分析显示,施用化肥的处理与其他处理相似性仅为66%,说明施用化肥的处理与其他处理相比大豆根瘤菌群落结构差异较大,显著改变了根瘤菌的群落结构。DGGE测序结果显示,大部分根瘤菌属于慢生根瘤菌属。农肥和化肥的施用均降低了大豆根瘤菌多样性,其中化肥处理更明显地降低了根瘤菌多样性。     

毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌遗传多样性及16S rDNA全序列分析

野生豆科植物中间锦鸡儿是毛乌素沙地的优势种。从蛋白质和DNA水平分析与其共生的根瘤茵的遗传多样性。在蛋白质水平上,24株中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌和9株参比菌株分为2组,A组包含95．8％供试中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌,参比菌株聚为B组,菌株GH72不与其余供试根瘤菌聚类。应用16S　rDNA　PCR—RFLP方法将供试菌株分为22种基因型,中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌组成12种,其余10种由参比菌株构成。表明中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌具高水平遗传多样性。选取代表菌株GH2001进行16S　rDNA全序列测定。与已知相关根瘤菌菌株16S　rDNA进行同源性比较,构建系统发育树状图。GH2001位于Rhizobium分支,与且Agrobacterium radiobacter,Ag.rubi,Rhizobium giardinii,R.mongolense,R.yanglingense,R.galegae和R.huautlense的序列同源性分别达到99％、98．3％、96．3％、95．5％、95．6％、95．27％和95．7％。     

胡枝子属根瘤菌的多相分类研究

采用了数值分类、全细胞可溶性蛋白电泳分析、ＤＮＡＧ＋Ｃｍｏｌ％和ＤＮＡ相关性的测定以及１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析等多相分类技术对来源于不同地区的１６种寄主的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了系统的分类研究。数值分类的结果表明,在６７％的相似性水平上,全部供试菌可以分为快生型根瘤菌和慢性型根瘤菌两大群,在８０％的相似性水平上又可分为四个亚群。在此基础上,对各亚群的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了ＤＮＡ相关性的测定,以进一步证实和确定它们的分类地位,并通过１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析对各亚群的系统发育关系进行了初步研究。     

胡枝了属根瘤菌的多相分类研究

采用数值分类,全细胞可溶性蛋白电泳分析,ＤＮＡ,Ｇ＋Ｃｍｏｌ％和ＤＮＡ相关性的测定以及１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬ分析等多相分类技术对来源于不同地区的１６种寄主的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了系统的分类研究,数值分类的结果表明,在６７％的相似性水平上,全部供试菌可以为快生型根瘤菌和慢性型根瘤菌两大群,在８０％的相似性水平上又可分为两个亚群。在此基础上,对各亚群的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了ＤＮＡ相关性的测定,以进一步证     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.