Interêts du dosage des adénosines 5′-phosphate pour l'étude de la dynamique des populations phytoplanctoniques lacustres (le Pavin - France)

A study on A.T.P., A.D.P. and A.M.P. in the phytoplankton of Lake Pavin was carried out from November 1976 to December 1977. Samples were collected at nine depths, between the surface and 50 m.A.T.P., A.D.P. and ( = A.T.P.+ A.D.P. + A.M.P.) show a similar behaviour in space and time but A.M.P. behaves independently. The A.M.P. concentration is high only when primary production of phytoplankton is high.The energy charge [CE = (ATP + % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGaaeaaca% aIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa!3776!\[{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}\]ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP)] could be used as measure of adaptation in algal populations. Indeed, the energy charge increases as algal cells experience difficulty in maintaining themselves in the biotope.

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Interêts du dosage des adénosines 5-phosphate pour l'étude de la dynamique des populations phytoplanctoniques lacustres (le Pavin - France)

     

Metazoans from a sandy aquifer: dynamics across a physically and chemically heterogeneous groundwater system

We investigated the relationship between groundwater metazoans and their physical and chemical environment in a shallow Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. Average abundance of the groundwater organisms over a 1 % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGaaeaaca% aIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa!3776!\[{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}\] year period were large (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG4baaaaaa!36FB!\[\overline x \] = 471⁻¹; range = 0–10001⁻¹) and included a wide range of taxa (nematodes, rotifers, copepods, oligochaetes, and others). Highest meiofaunal abundances occurred in the summer and fall with considerable variation across a study site that spanned hundreds of meters. We found that over 70% of the variability in the abundance of total meiofauna at Wye Island could be explained by date, sampling location, and conductivity. Additional physical and chemical factors (e.g., dissolved oxygen, nitrate, dissolved organic carbon) which were significantly related to faunal abundances, differed among taxa. Nematode abundances were negatively related to nitrate concentrations. Copepod and oligochaete abundances were highest at intermediate pH values (4–6). Copepods also occurred in higher abundances at higher conductivity (> 0.25 dS m ⁻¹). Rotifers were most abundant at higher oxygen values (> 6 mg l⁻¹). The high faunal abundances found in this sandy aquifer, and the degree to which such habitats are understudied (especially in North America), suggest a great need for additional research to elucidate factors that control faunal dynamics.     

Culture and mental disorder: The case of bebainan in Bali

This is an investigation of bebainan, a disorder which Balinese believe to be caused by sorcery. Most attacks are brief, lasting % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGaaeaaca% aIXaaabaGaaGinaaaaaaa!3778!\[{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 4}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$4$}}\]–1 hour. The most common symptoms are sudden feelings of confusion, crying, screaming and shouting, followed by inability of the sufferer to control his or her actions. Most sufferers are aware of their behavior during an attack, and remember the occurrence afterwards.The investigator interviewed all the members (296 persons) in the compound of the descendants of the former royal family of Klungkung, among whom 27 people had suffered bebainan attacks. The victims, mostly females, offspring of endogamous marriges, experienced their first attack between the ages of 16 and 30. Analysis of the psychological and social pressures acting on these women suggests that bebainan attacks provide sufferers with an opportunity to release feelings of frustration and anger without risk of widespread disapprobation or stigmatization. However, bebainan is not instrumental in altering access to resources within the restricted environment of the royal compound, nor does it empower the victim within this environment in any but the most transitory ways. Bebainan cannot be regarded as a form of psychosis, even of the reactive or atypical type, it is neither an organic mental disorder, nor a form of neurosis. Instead bebainan can be considered a form of dissociation which is only understandable in the local context of Balinese culture.     

Biologische reisestudien in südamerika.

Ohne ZusammenfassungAufzeichnungen vom ersten Standlager Lapango der vom Autor geleiteten Deutschen Chacoexpedition, etwa südl. Breite und westl. Länge, September 1925.     

A study of the hatching process in aquatic invertebrates

Summary The hatching process was observed in eggs of Notonecta melaena. A thick outer egg membrane ruptured at the cephalic end by pressure from within, exerted by the expansion of an inner egg membrane which forms a blister over the head. The osmotic nature of this expansion is demonstrated. The pronymph then drank water and its head pushed forward. At the same time, the blister membrane broke. The pronymph then emerged by a combination of a swelling of its body and a worm-like expansion and contraction in the abdominal region. The body swelled from a copious ingestion and absorption of water. The appendages did not participate in any way during hatching. At the termination of the emergence, a second inner membrane was ruptured. Shortly thereafter the pronymph underwent an ecdysis and swam away as a fully formed nymph.The eggs of Ranatra absona hatched in a somewhat similar manner, but the blister membrane was broken only after the head pushed against it. Also, the second inner membrane was ruptured long before the emergence of the nymph had been completed. In addition, there was no pronymphal stage and no ecdysis immediately after emergence.The eggs of Amnicola (?) hydrobioides are described. They were laid at an advanced stage of development. The young were very small (ca. 350 × 270 µ) and were surrounded by single egg membranes whose diameters were about % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmaKaaGm% aaliaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa!385B!\[2{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}\] times that of the young. Hatching was through a mechanical tearing motion by the foot and proboscis, but the tearing reflex set in only after the egg membrane collapsed. Evidence is presented which suggests that the collapse was caused by the enzymatic softening of the membrane.

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Sumario Eclosión se observa en los huevos de Notonecta melaena. La membrana exterior del huevo se rompe en la extremidad cefálica por presión desde el interior. Esta presión se deriva de la expansión de una membrana interior, que forma sobre la cabeza una ampolla. Es demonstrado que ésta expansión es de tipo osmótico.. Entoncces la proninfa bebe agua y empuja hacia adelante. Al mismo tiempo la membrana la de ampolla se rompe. Entonces sale la proninfa por combinación la de hinchazón del cuerpo y la expansón y abreviatura del abdomen,, como de la un gusano. El cuerpo se hincha debido a la gran imbibición de agua. Las patas no participan en algunas de estas acciones. Al final de la eclosión la segunda membrana interior se rompe. Poco tiempo despues la proninfa vierte su esqueleto exterior y nada como una ninfa verdadera.Los huevos de Ranatra absona se rompen de una manera semejante, pero la membrana dela ampolla se rompe despures de que la cabeza la ha empujado. Además, la segunda membrana interior se rompe despues de que la ninfa ha salido completamente. Tampoco hay etapa proninfal y no hay muda de esqueleto exterior immediatemente despues de la salida.Los huevos de Amnicola (?) hydroboides han sido descritos. Ellos son puestos en un estado avanzado de desarrollo. Los jóvenes son muy pequeños (ca. 350 × 270 µ) y están circundados por membranas únicas que tienen diámetros cerca de% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmaKaaGm% aaliaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa!385B!\[2{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}\] veces más que los de los jóvenes. Eclosión es por causa de una rotura mecánica de la membrana por accion del pie y probóscide, pero la acción refleja de rotura occure solamente despues de un hundimiento de la membrana del huevo. Se han presentado evidencias que indican que este hundimiente es ocasionado por un ablandamiento enzimático de la membrana.

     

Studies on the behaviour of Oscinella frit L. (Diptera) adults of the panicle generation

Evidence from direct observations in the oatfield and from catches in various traps shows that Oscinella frit adults of the panicle generation, emerging in the oatfield, have a high level of migratory activity.

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Zusammenfassung Direkte Beobachtungen in einem erntereifen Haferfeld wiesen auf eine hohe Abflug-intensität der Vollkerfe der Rispengeneration von Oscinella frit hin. In der untersuchten Periode lag dieser Höhepunkt morgens, ungefähr Stunden nach Sonnenaufgang. Direkte Beobachtungen ergaben weiterhin, daß bei diesem Flug die Fliegen von Luftströmungen in horizontaler und senkrechter Richtung vom Feld weggetragen werden. Daß bei guten Wetterverhältnissen ein großer Anteil der Population abwandert, wurde durch aufeinanderfolgende Schätzungen der vorhandenen und der ausschlüpfenden Individuen im Haferfeld bestätigt sowie durch die rings um das Haferfeld aufgestellten, wassergefüllten Fallen. Es zeigte sich ferner, daß die große Mehrzahl von Oscinella frit am frühen Morgen aus den Puparien schlüpft und daß die Paarung nicht vor der Mitte des Vormittags stattfindet, womit die Angaben von Riggert (1935) bestätigt werden. Es wurde beobachtet, daß sich die Fliegen im Haferfeld von Honigtautropfen der Blattläuse und von verfaultem Pflanzengewebe ernähren. Sämtliche Stufen der Vorflugreifeperiode (teneral period), die bei 20° C 3–4 Stunden dauert, werden beschrieben.

     

Identification and assay of pyrethrins in Chrysanthemum cinerariefolium calli

Summary Callus from four clones of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium have been investigated for pyrethrins biosynthesis. Calli from disc-flowers, bud-flowers, stems and leaves of clone HY D were cultivated. Best growth was obtained by initiating the culture on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3% sucrose, 1% agar, 4 ppm -naphtoxy acetic acid (ANA) and 0.4 ppm 6- benzyl aminopurine (BAP) for 28 d, then transfering explants on i.e. at the beginning of the stationnary phase. Disc-flowers calli from two high-producers clones (HY C and HY D) and two low-producers clones (SY A and SY B) were also cultivated. Pyrethrin amounts found in callus cells showed a direct relationship between parental clone synthesis ability and callus cell production. Selection of high-producers clones is thus essential for optimisation of pyrethrin synthesis.     

Response by macrozoobenthos biomass to water level regulation in some Finnish lake littoral zones

The relationship of the macrozoobenthos biomass in the littoral area to the yearly fluctuation in water level and the characteristics of the area or lake are studied using data collected from sheltered bays in regulated and natural waters. Most of the lakes were clear and oligotrophic. The benthos biomass at all depths in the littoral decreased with increased water level fluctuation, provided that the transparency of the water was uniform.The macrozoobenthos biomass in the 0–3 m depth zone could be predicted fromlog macrozoobenthos biomass (mg ODW) m^-2=4.25-1.33 (log Biomass Index) in which the Biomass Index is calculated as% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeOqaiaabM% gacaqGVbGaaeyBaiaabggacaqGZbGaae4CaiaabccacaqGjbGaaeOB% aiaabsgacaqGLbGaaeiEaiaab2dacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGa% GaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabcca% caqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiai% aabccadaWcaaabaeqabaGaae4DaiaabggacaqG0bGaaeyzaiaabkha% caqGGaGaaeiBaiaabwgacaqG2bGaaeyzaiaabYgacaqGGaGaaeOzai% aabYgacaqG1bGaae4yaiaabshacaqG1bGaaeyyaiaabshacaqGPbGa% ae4Baiaab6gacaqGGaGaaeyAaiaab6gacaqGGaGaaeiDaiaabIgaca% qGLbGaaeiiaiaabchacaqGYbGaaeyzaiaabAhacaqGPbGaae4Baiaa% bwhacaqGZbGaaeiiaiaabMhacaqGLbGaaeyyaiaabkhaaeaacaqGOa% GaaeyBaiaabUdacaqGGaGaae4yaiaabggacaqGSbGaae4yaiaabwha% caqGSbGaaeyyaiaabshacaqGLbGaaeizaiaabccacaqGMbGaaeOCai% aab+gacaqGTbGaaeiiaiaab2gacaqGVbGaaeOBaiaabshacaqGObGa% aeiBaiaabMhacaqGGaGaaeyBaiaabwgacaqGHbGaaeOBaiaabccaca% qG2bGaaeyyaiaabYgacaqG1bGaaeyzaiaabohacaqGPaaaaeaacaqG% tbGaaeyzaiaabogacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabMgacaqGGaGaaeizaiaabM% gacaqGZbGaae4AaiaabccacaqG2bGaaeyyaiaabYgacaqG1bGaaeyz% aiaabccacaqGPbGaaeOBaiaabccacaqG0bGaaeiAaiaabwgacaqGGa% Gaae4CaiaabggacaqGTbGaaeyzaiaabccacaqGVbGaaeiCaiaabwga% caqGUbGaaeiiaiaabEhacaqGHbGaaeiDaiaabwgacaqGYbGaaeiiai% aabohacaqGLbGaaeyyaiaabohacaqGVbGaaeOBaiaabccacaqGOaGa% aeyBaiaabMcaaaaccaGae8hiaaIaaKiEaiab-bcaGiaaigdacaaIWa% GaaGimaiaac6caaaa!CBD8!\[{\text{Biomass Index = }}\frac{\begin{gathered} {\text{water level fluctuation in the previous year}} \hfill \\ {\text{(m; calculated from monthly mean values)}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} }{{{\text{Secchi disk value in the same open water season (m)}}}} \user1{x} 100.\]The whole illuminated littoral shifts due to water level fluctuation, which disturbs the zonation of the benthos. Such an increase or decrease in benthic biomass has been observed after one year of disturbance due to water level fluctuation. It need, however, a study based on the carefully planned and collected data, in which it can be taken account by a multivariate statistical analysis also the interactions between the important factors affected the littoral benthos.     

Measurement of amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop

Summary The amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop can be calculated from the relationship % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGbb% GaaeyBaiaab+gacaqG1bGaaeOBaiaabshacaqGGaGaae4BaiaabAga% caqGGaGaaeOzaiaabMgacaqG4bGaaeyzaiaabsgacaqGGaGaaeOtai% aabccacaqG9aaabaGaaeypaiaabccadaqadaqaaiaaigdacqGHsisl% daWcaaqaaiGacggacaGG0bGaai4Baiaac2gacaGGGaGaaiyjaiaacc% cacaGGobGaaiylaiaacgdacaGG1aGaaiiiaiaacwgacaGG4bGaai4y% aiaacwgacaGGZbGaai4CaiaacccacaGGPbGaaiOBaiaacccacaGGSb% GaaiyzaiaacEgacaGG1bGaaiyBaiaacwgacaGGGaGaai4yaiaackha% caGGVbGaaiiCaaqaaiGacggacaGG0bGaai4Baiaac2gacaGGGaGaai% yjaiaacccacaGGobGaaiylaiaacgdacaGG1aGaaiiiaiaacwgacaGG% 4bGaai4yaiaacwgacaGGZbGaai4CaiaacccacaGGPbGaaiOBaiaacc% cacaqGYbGaaeyzaiaabAgacaqGLbGaaeOCaiaabwgacaqGUbGaae4y% aiaabwgacaGGGaGaai4yaiaackhacaGGVbGaaiiCaaaaaiaawIcaca% GLPaaacaqI4bGaaKiiaiaabshacaqGVbGaaeiDaiaabggacaqGSbGa% aeiiaiaab6eacaqGGaGaaeyAaiaab6gacaqGGaGaaeiBaiaabwgaca% qGNbGaaeyDaiaab2gacaqGLbGaaeiiaiaabogacaqGYbGaae4Baiaa% bchaaaaa!9A78!\[\begin{gathered} {\text{Amount of fixed N = }} \hfill \\ {\text{ = }}\left( {1 - \frac{{\operatorname{atom} \% N - 15 excess in legume crop}}{{\operatorname{atom} \% N - 15 excess in {\text{reference}} crop}}} \right)\user1{x }{\text{total N in legume crop}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \]when a suitable reference crop is chosen. The implications and interpretation of this method of measurement are described.     

Root biomass fraction as a function of growth degree days in wheat

Root, underground and above-ground biomass were measured on various wheat cultivars from 1986 to 1988 in the south-east of France. The results are expressed as root: total (f _r) or underground: total (f _u) biomass fractions. Observed f _r and f _u values are in good agreement with previous results. f _r and f _u decrease steadily from emergence to maturity, with an exponential tendency. When using cumulative growth degree days since emergence relative to cumulative growth degree days until ear emergence () as time scale, f _r and f _u can be expressed as simple functions of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaWGMb% addaWgaaqaaiaadkhaaeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqa% aiaacQcaaaaamiaawIcacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaG% imaiaaiwdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiwdacaaI4aGaamyzamaa% CaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaac6cacaaI0aGaaGioaiabeI7aXn% aaCaaameqabaGaaiOkaaaaaaaakeaacaWGMbaddaWgaaqaaiaadwha% aeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqaaiaacQcaaaaamiaawI% cacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGymaiaaikdacqGHRaWk% caaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIdacaaI4aGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0% IaaGOmaiaac6cacaaIYaGaaGioaiabeI7aXnaaCaaameqabaGaaiOk% aaaaaaaaaaa!610D!\[\begin{gathered} f_r \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = 0.05 + 0.58e^{ - 1.48\theta ^* } \hfill \\ f_u \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = 0.12 + 0.88e^{ - 2.28\theta ^* } \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \]The incremental root biomass partitioning coefficient, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySde2aaS% baaSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadsgacaWGxbWaaSba% aSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaOGaai4laiaadsgacaWG0bGaaiykaiaac+caca% GGOaGaamizaiaadEfadaWgaaWcbaGaamiDaaqabaGccaGGVaGaamiz% aiaadshacaGGPaaaaa!4834!\[\alpha _r = (dW_r /dt)/(dW_t /dt)\], which describes the net increase in root biomass dW _r over time dt relative to the increase in total biomass (dW _r) over the same time period, has been derived from f and the relative growth rate. Its time course is accurately represented by% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdegdda% WgaaqaaiaadkhaaeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqaaiaa% cQcaaaaamiaawIcacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaaicdacaGGUa% GaaGymaiaaiwdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiAdacaaIZaGaamyz% amaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGimaiaac6cacaaI5aGaaGioaiabeI% 7aXnaaCaaameqabaGaaiOkaaaaaaaaaa!4D15!\[\alpha _r \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = - 0.15 + 0.63e^{ - 0.98\theta ^* } \]Under our experimental conditions, with no severe water stresses or nutrient deficiencies, and for our sampling frequency, around 2 weeks, the development scale , is the main factor governing the time courses of f _r, f _u and _r.     

Limnology and plankton periodicity of Jos Plateau water reservoir,Nigeria, West Africa

Limnological data (Dec. 1980–Jan. 1982) on the plankton and water chemistry of Lamingo Dam, located within the Jos biotite granite area of the Plateau State (Nigeria) are presented. The water-body falls in Beadle's (1981) category I of African lakes (conductivity < 40 µS cm^–1). Alkalinity (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmiEayaara% aaaa!3914!\[\bar x\] = 0.3 meq l^–1), principally composed of bicarbonates, dominated the anions % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaK4waiaajI% eacaqIdbGaaK4tamaaxababaGaeyOeI0caleaacaaIZaaabeaakiaa% b6dacaqIdbGaaKiBaiaaj2cacaqG+aGaaK4uaiaaj+eadaqhaaWcba% GaaKinaaqaaiaajkdacaqITaaaaOGaaKyxaaaa!4657!\[\user1{[HCO}\mathop -\limits_3 {\text{ > }}\user1{Cl - }{\text{ > }}\user1{SO}_\user1{4}^{\user1{2 - }} \user1{]}\]The plankton were characterized by a moderate standing crop of phytoplankton, and zooplankton were, generally, very limited in species and abundance. The order of dominance for the categories of phyto and zooplankton was: [Bacillariophyceae > Chlorophyceae > Dinophyceae] and [Rotifera > Crustacea] respectively. A diel cycle was characterized by nocturnal upward migration of the zooplankton, and the reverse behaviour in the phytoplankton.Interrelations between the biotic assemblages of plankters and various physical and chemical variables are discussed.     

Mikroanatomic des Bauchmarks von Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida,Oligochaeta)

Zusammenfassung Die Nervenzellen and -bahnen der Bauchmarkganglien von Lumbricus terrestris wurden in osmiumfixierten Serienquersehnitten möglichst vollständig identifiziert and eingehend besehrieben. Folgende Gruppen lassen sich trennen:In jeder Bauchmarkseite wurden 5 Bündel von sensorischen, anscheinend aus den Epidermissinnesorganen stammenden Fasern lokalisiert (SLB). Sie sind mit den von Coggeshall (1965) elektronenoptiseh dargestellten and als Neuropil bezeiehneten Fäserchen von nur 0,I bis 0,3 m Durchmesser identisch.Die Zellsomata der ventralen Riesenfasern (VRF) wurden aufgefunden. Diese Fasern bestehen ebenso wie die dorsalen RF aus unizellulären, rich über eine lange Strecke überlappenden, segmentalen Abschnitten. Sie stehen in enger morphologischer Beziehung zu einem der sensorischen Längsbündel.Die identifizierten Bauchmarkneurone mitperipherwärtsverlaufenden Axonen (PN) wurden in 4 Gruppen unterteilt: Die PN1 Bind hoterolaterale, monopolare Neurone mit Kollateralen im dorsalen Neuropil; ihre Axone verlassen das Bauchmark durch alle 3 Seitennerven-Paare. PN2, PN3 and PN4 sind homolaterale Neurone mit Kollateralen im ventralen Neuropil. PN2 and PN4 sind monopolar ; ihre Axone treten durch die SN3 des gleichen bzw. des vorangehenden Segments aus dem Bauchmark. Die PN3 sind bipolar, gelegentlich tripolar ; ihre Axone verlassen das Bauchmark durch 2 (bzw. 3) SN, eines stets durch den SN3 des gleichen Segments, das (oder die beiden) andere(n) durch den SN1 des gleichen oder (und) des nachfolgenden Segments. Lage, Anzahl und Cytologie der in Gruppen vorkommenden PN-Somata werden eingehend geschildert.Die Interneurone des Bauchmarks (IN; RF nicht einbegriffen) werden drei Hauptgruppen zugeordnet : Der größere Teil der IN (über die Hälfte aller Bauchmarkneurone) besteht aus kleinen Neuronen mit kurzen, sich our in das homolaterale Neuropil erstreckenden Fasern (KIN). Die zweite Gruppe wird von größeren Interneuronen gebildet (GSIN), die anscheinend streng metamer und symmetrisch in beiden Ganglionhälften vorkommen. Sie machen je nach Körperregion aller Neurone des Ganglions aus. Ihre homo- oder heterolateralen Axone können in Längsrichtung intra- oder intersegmental oft über eine Segmentlänge hin verfolgt werden. Die dritte Gruppe wird von polysegmentalen IN (PSIN) gebildet, mit sehr großen Zellkörpern, die weder metamer noch bilateral-symmetrisch angeordnet sind. Die Axone erstrecken sich polysegmental über mindestens 30 Segmente und bilden auffällige Hauptfaserzüge (HFZ) in der Peripherie der Faserregion des Bauchmarks.Zuletzt wird die Anzahl und Verteilung der Neurone in Ganglien verschiedener Bauchmarkregionen angegeben und mit der Anzahl der Nervenfasern in den Konnektiven verglichen. Die Anzahl der kleinen Interneurone (KIN) ist je nach Bauchmarkregion sehr unterschiedlich, während die übrigen Neurone regelmäßig auftreten.In der Diskussion wird einerseits die morphologische und cytologische Konstanz vieler Einzelelemente im Regenwurmbauchmark hervorgehoben und auf die funktionellen Konsequenzen hingewiesen. Außerdem wird versucht, durch Vergleich mit Angaben über andere Tierarten und Gegenüberstellung morphologischer und funktioneller Befunde allgemeine Prinzipien für den Zusammenhang zwischen Struktur und Funktion im Bauchmarkaufbau herauszustellen.

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Microanatomy of the Ventral Nerve Cord of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida, Oligoehaeta)

Nerve cells and tracts in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris are thoroughly described and partly individually identified: sensory bundles, ventral giant fibers, central neurons with peripheral axons and various types of interneurons are recognized.

     

Die produktion von potamopyrgus jenkinsi (SMITH) (Gastropoda,prosobranchia) im bodensee

Two cohorts p. a. are identified. The mean annual biomass % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaci% GGcbaaaaaa!36C6!\[\overline \operatorname{B} \] is 88 mg fresh weight/ l00 cm². The ratio production/% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaci% GGcbaaaaaa!36C6!\[\overline \operatorname{B} \] is P/% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaci% GGcbaaaaaa!36C6!\[\overline \operatorname{B} \] = 2,51 for the first and P/% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaci% GGcbaaaaaa!36C6!\[\overline \operatorname{B} \] = 3,67 for the second cohort. The actual net production of the total population is 7% of potential net production.

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Die produktion von potamopyrgus jenkinsi (SMITH) (Gastropoda, prosobranchia) im bodensee

Zusammenfassung P. jenkinsi bringt jährlich zwei Generationen hervor, deren wahrscheinliche Verknüpfung untereinander in Abb. 3 dargestellt ist. Für fie Produktions berechnungen wurde eine etwas vereinfachte Vorstellung zugrundegelegt (Tab. 1), nach der die getrennten Abundanz- und Biommasse-Kurven der Abb. 4 berechnet wurden.Aus Geburtsraten und Beständen der maturen Tiere konnte die Zahl der Neonatae errechnet werden, die in jede Generation eingeht. Mit diesen Daten und mit denen der Abb. 4 wurde über Allen-Kurven die Produktion bestimmt. Die Resultate sind in Tab. 2 zusammengefaßt.

     

Can the positive aromatic ring be as ��-electron donor in ��-halogen bond? A MP2 theoretical investigation on the unusual ��-halogen bond interaction between three-membered ring \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} and X1X2 (X1, X2?=?F, Cl, Br)

The unusual ??-halogen bond interactions are investigated between $ \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} $ and X1X2 (X1, X2?=?F, Cl, Br) employing MP2 at 6-311?+?G(2d) and aug-cc-pVDZ levels according to the ??CP (counterpoise) corrected potential energy surface (PES)?? method. The order of the ??-halogen bond interactions and stabilities of the complexes are obtained to be $ \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} \ldots {{\hbox{F}}_2} < \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} \ldots {\hbox{ClF < }}\left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} \ldots {\hbox{C}}{{\hbox{l}}_2} < \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} \ldots {\hbox{BrCl}}\quad { < }\quad \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} \ldots {\hbox{B}}{{\hbox{r}}_2}\quad { < }\quad \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} \ldots {\hbox{BrF}}{.} $ at MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level. The analyses of the Mulliken charge transfer, natural bond orbital (NBO), atoms in molecules (AIM) theory and electron density shifts reveal that the nature of the ??-halogen bond interaction in the complexes of ClF, BrF and BrCl might partly be charge transfer from the delocalized ??-HOMO orbital of $ \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} $ to X1X2. This result suggests that the positive aromatic ring $ \left( {\hbox{BNN}} \right)_3^{+} $ might act as a ??-electron donor to form the ??-halogen bond.

Reproductive biology of Mystus vittatus (Bloch) (Bagridae: Siluriformes) from Guntur,Andhra Pradesh

Maturation, minimum length at first maturity, spawning season, spawning periodicity, sex-ratio and absolute fecundity of Mystus vittatus, a common bagrid catfish, have been investigated. The observations show that spawning takes place during September and October. Each individual spawns only once in the season as evidenced by the study of the intraovarian ova. Females dominate the catches, and absolute fecundity (F) can be expressed by% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOabaeqabaGaciiBai% aac+gacaGGNbGaaeiiaiaabAeacaqGGaGaaeypaiaabccacaqGTaGa% ae4maiaab6cacaqGYaGaaeyoaiaabkdacaqGGaGaae4kaiaabccaca% qG0aGaaeOlaiaabgdacaqG3aGaaeymaiaabgdacaqGGaGaaeiBaiaa% b+gacaqGNbGaaeiiaiaabYeaaeaacaqGHbGaaeOBaiaabsgacaqGGa% GaaeOraiaabccacaqG9aGaaeiiaiaab2cacaqGXaGaaeOlaiaabwda% caqG0aGaaeinaiaabwdacaqGGaGaae4kaiaabccacaqGWaGaaeOlai% aabMdacaqG0aGaae4naiaabkdacaqGGaGaae4vaaaaaa!5FCC!\[\begin{gathered} \log {\text{ F = - 3}}{\text{.292 + 4}}{\text{.1711 log L}} \hfill \\ {\text{and F = - 1}}{\text{.5445 + 0}}{\text{.9472 W}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \]     

Different responses to changes in phosphorus,P, among lakes. A study of slopes in chl-a = f(P) graphs

The least squares estimator of a linear regression coefficient _L will give an overall expression for the change in with x. In fresh water ecology, however, subgroups, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaSGaci% 4Aaaaa!37BE!\[P\operatorname{k}\], of a parent population may have slopes which differ from the overall slope, _L. By constructing frequency histograms for the set of angles: Arctang % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4uaSGaam% yAaiaadQgaaaa!38AE!\[\operatorname{S} ij\],% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4uaSGaam% yAaiaadQgaaaa!38AE!\[\operatorname{S} ij\]= para sa y and x% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadM% faliaadMgakiabgkHiTiaadMfaliaadQgakiaacMcacaGGVaGaaiik% aiaadIhaliaadMgakiabgkHiTiaadIhaliaadQgakiaacMcaaaa!42F0!\[(Yi - Yj)/(xi - xj)\], i < j, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaSGaam% yAaOGaeyiyIKRaamiEaSGaamOAaaaa!3BAB!\[xi \ne xj\], peaks in the distribution may be identified and related to ecological phenomenon. To identify peaks we fit Gaussian distributions to the frequency histograms. For a set consisting of 142 observations of chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus (nutrient) concentrations (TP) from 16 lakes we found four Gaussian peaks corresponding to four subgroups, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaSGaci% 4Aaaaa!37BE!\[P\operatorname{k}\]k = 1,4. One group identified a response of chl-a to changes in TP which correspond approximately to the average slope found by least square regression (the slope was 0.49). The second group consisted of steeper response than the average (1.28). A third group showed that there is an enhanced proportion of cases where chl-a does not respond to TP (zero slope, all the three deep lakes > 10 m, included in the date set contributed to this group). The size of the last group, spanning a wide range of slopes, suggested that about 30% of the inter annual changes in chl-a is unrelated to TP. The results are compared to result obtained by simple least squares regression and to the Theil non-parametric slope estimator.     

Electronic and utermöhl comparative techniques in quantitative analysis of freshwater particulates

The Coulter Counter Model B and the Millipore Particle Measurement Computer System were compared with the Utermöhl technique in counting and sizing test objects and suspended freshwater particulate matter. Replicate samples of lake water and pulp mill effluent were analyzed with the electronic instruments for an estimate of counting error % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaada% WcaaqaaiGacofaciGGfbGaaiOlaiaacshacaGGUaGaaiymaiaaccda% caGGWaaabaGabiiEayaaraaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa!3EB7!\[\left( {\frac{{\operatorname{S} \operatorname{E} .t.100}}{{\bar x}}} \right)\] Coulter Counter error for determinations of number, volume, and diameter of homogeneous particles was less than io%, and for natural populations of freshwater particles, less than 2o%. Millipore errors of number, area, and horizontal chord were roughly twice these values. Precision was least at low concentration of particles. In practical applications, pulp mill effluent analyses were characterized by close correlation between electronic methods of counting, but lake water particle determinations failed to relate. Microscope counts and sizes of freshwater particles were generally unrelated to electronic measurements. A definite electronic instrument specificity for homogeneous particles was apparent. Wide variations in determinations of characteristics by electronic and manual methods existed. The greatest problem in the. estimation of freshwater biomass is the determination of the unknown detrital fraction.