The versatility of the free osteocutaneous fibula flap in the reconstruction of extremities after sarcoma resection

Background

An understanding of the biology of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, knowledge of adjuvant therapies and refinement in techniques of reconstructive surgery have allowed limb-sparing and limb salvage surgery to become a reality in the management of malignant tumors of the extremities. Functional limb salvage following radical resection has become a possibility in many resectable tumors by the use of alloplastic prostheses, homograft or autogenous bone for skeletal reconstitution combined with vascularized soft tissue coverage. Although the free fibula flap has been well described for reconstructions of the mandible and oral cavity, it has not been widely presented as an ideal tool to preserve extremities and to circumvent amputation.

Patients and methods

We describe the complex surgical reconstruction in four patients with primary sarcomas of the extremities. The sarcomas (Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma and epitheloid sarcoma) were resected radically and the massive bone and soft tissue defect was replaced by vascularized free fibula transfer.

Results

We present our experience with versatility of this osteocutaneous flap to allow reconstruction and salvage of extremitity sarcomas. There were no operative or postoperative complication and all the four patients had good limb function. The flap was found to be versatile as it could be used for either upper limb or lower limb and for large defects. The results were better in upper limb than in lower limb.

Conclusions

Free fibular graft was found to be effective for salvaging limb function where a massive bone defect resulted from wide tumor resection in the extremities.     

Surgical treatment of a giant tibial high-grade mixofibrosarcoma with preservation of limb function: a case report

Myxofibrosarcoma is one of the most common sarcomas in elderly patients showing a slight male prevalence. The tumor is mainly located in lower and upper extremities and rarely in trunk, neck and feet. We present a case of a 84-year-old man referred to our tumour center with a giant and neglected high-grade tibial myxofibrosarcoma in the anteromedial side of tibial mid-diaphysis. Large size lesions in association with older age may jeopardise the maintenance of limb vitality, vascularity and stability.Authors performed a complete tumour resection, followed by reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects with cement, plate and a musculocutaneous gastrocnemius flap, in order to cover the underlying bone and promote uneventful healing and perfusion of the operated extremity.At 2 years postoperatively, limb salvage, good functional outcome and no tumour recurrence were reported while the patient was able to effectively perform the majority of the daily activities.     

Soft-tissue flap coverage maximizes limb salvage after allograft bone extremity reconstruction

Limb salvage after extremity tumor ablation may include the use of allograft bone. The primary complication of this method is infection of the allograft, which can lead to limb loss in up to 50 percent of cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of primary muscle flap coverage in the setting of allograft bone limb salvage surgery. This study is a prospective review of all patients with flap coverage of extremity allografts over the 10-year period 1991 to 2001. There were 20 patients (11 male and nine female patients) with an average age of 28 years (range, 6 to 72 years). Flap coverage was primary in 16 patients and delayed in four. Delayed coverage was performed for failed wounds that did not have a primary soft-tissue flap. Pathologic findings included osteosarcoma in nine patients, Ewing sarcoma in five patients, malignant fibrohistiocytoma in two patients, chondrosarcoma in two patients, synovial sarcoma in one patient, and leiomyosarcoma in one patient. Allograft reconstruction was performed for the upper extremity in 12 patients and for the lower extremity in eight patients. Flap reconstruction was accomplished with 20 pedicle flaps in 17 patients (latissimus dorsi, 12; gastrocnemius, four; soleus, three; and fasciocutaneous flap, one) and four free flaps (rectus abdominis, three; latissimus dorsi, one) in four patients. All pedicled flaps survived. There was one flap failure in the entire series, which was a free rectus abdominis flap. This case resulted in the only limb loss noted. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 50 months (average, 12.35 months). At the time of final follow-up, three patients were dead of disease and 17 were alive with intact extremities. The overall limb salvage rate in the setting of bone allograft and soft-tissue flap coverage was 95 percent (19 of 20). Reoperation for bone-related complications was required in 50 percent (two of four) of cases receiving delayed flap coverage compared with 19 percent (three of 16) of patients with primary flap coverage (statistically not significant). The results of this study support the use of soft-tissue flap coverage for allograft limb reconstruction. In this series, no limb was lost in the setting of a viable flap. Reoperation was markedly reduced in the setting of primary flap coverage. Pedicled or microvascular transfer of well-vascularized muscle can be used to wrap the allograft and minimize devastating wound complications potentially leading to loss of allograft and limb.     

新辅助化疗结合保肢手术治疗骨肉瘤的临床疗效

目的:探讨骨肉瘤新辅助化疗结合保肢手术的临床疗效。方法:收集我院就诊或住院治疗的50例骨肉瘤患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组25例。对照组患者采用囊外彻底切除,对瘤体以及周围正常组织5 cm以上进行根治性切除术;实验组患者行保肢手术术前以及术后行新辅助化疗。治疗过程中对患者的不良反应进行及时治疗。治疗结束后,对患者肿瘤复发率、转移率、生存状况、肢体功能以及患者临床疗效进行评价。结果:与对照组相比,实验组患者术后的复发率、转移率较低(P0.05),3年生存率以及肢体功能的优良率较高(P0.05),临床治疗有效率较高(P0.05)。结论:新辅助化疗结合保肢手术能够降低骨肉瘤患者的术后复发率和转移率、改善患者的生存状况、肢体功能,临床疗效较好,对临床有指导意义。     

Free-tissue transfer for limb salvage in Purpura fulminans

A series of 13 patients is described to demonstrate the experience of the authors with free-tissue transfer for limb salvage in patients with purpura fulminans. A total of seven free-flap procedures were performed, with a loss of flap in one patient. The flaps were used for lower-extremity salvage in six patients and for upper-extremity salvage in one. Purpura fulminans is a devastating illness caused by endotoxin-producing bacteria such as meningococcus and pneumococcus. Clotting derangements and systemic vasculitis often lead to widespread tissue necrosis in the extremities. Local tissue is usually not available to cover vital structures in these complex wounds. In these situations, free-tissue transfer is necessary to achieve limb salvage. Microsurgical reconstruction in patients with purpura fulminans is a formidable challenge. Because of high platelet counts and systemic vasculitis, successful microvascular anastomosis is difficult. Abnormally high platelet counts persist well into the subacute and chronic phases of the illness. Pretreatment with antiplatelet agents before microvascular surgery may be beneficial. The systemic nature of the vascular injury does not permit microvascular anastomosis to be performed outside the "zone of injury." Extensive vascular exposure, even at a great distance from the wound, does not reveal a disease-free vessel. The friable intima is difficult to manage with a standard end-to-side anastomosis, but conversion to end-to-end anastomosis may salvage free-tissue transfers in cases in which intimal damage is too severe to sustain a patent anastomosis. Patients often have peripheral neuropathies caused by the underlying disease; however, this resolves with time and is not a contraindication to limb salvage.     

Electromyographic assessment of Gait function following limb salvage procedures for bone sarcoma

Bone sarcomas are the fourth most common cancer in individuals under 25 years of age. Limb salvage procedures have become increasingly popular for the treatment of osteosarcomas as they have functional and physiological benefits over traditional amputative procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess locomotor patterns post lower limb salvage surgery via electromyographic and energetic measurement techniques on a group of intra-articular knee osteosarcoma patients greater than one year post surgery. A retrospective outcome study was undertaken on 20 limb salvage patients (10♀, 10♂) recruited from the Queensland Bone Tumour Registry. Results showed prolonged activation of rectus femoris and prolonged co-contraction of the rectus femoris and hamstring muscles (p > 0.05) in the affected limb of the limb salvage group compared to a control group. Prolonged rectus femoris activation and co-contraction was also evident in the unaffected lower limb suggesting alterations in gait programming within higher neuronal centres. The results are important for the development of rehabilitation programs as they suggest an overall reprogramming of the gait pattern, thereby limiting the impact of conventional strength and stretching interventions.     

The respective roles of plastic and orthopedic surgery in limb salvage

The evolution of techniques in plastic surgery and orthopedic surgery over the past few decades has enabled a great level of success in limb salvage. Limb salvage can now be achieved when faced with trauma, tumor, sepsis, or vascular disease. In fact, "What can be salvaged?" is now a less common debate among clinicians than "What should be salvaged?" Often discussions among surgeons from various subspecialties, including orthopedics, plastics, trauma, and vascular surgery, are characterized by how each of them can perform their respective part of the salvage operation, be it bony fixation, revascularization, or soft-tissue coverage, but none of them is certain whether it should be attempted. What is needed in these clinical situations is an interdisciplinary team approach led by individual or groups of clinicians who are familiar not only with their own subspecialized skills but also with those of their colleagues and the outcomes associated with integrated efforts at limb salvage. The concept of orthoplastic surgery is based on such an idea, where the combined skills and techniques of the orthopedic surgeon and reconstructive microsurgeon are used in concert to direct efforts toward limb salvage or decide against it when it is not indicated. This article presents a review of the roles of the two subspecialties and how an orthoplastic team can function with the current techniques to improve outcomes in limb salvage surgery.     

Limb-sparing surgery with reinnervated free-muscle transfer following radical excision of soft-tissue sarcoma in the extremity.

Limb-sparing surgery is the preferred approach in the management of patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas when local disease can be completely resected. However, conventional treatment focuses only on restoration of basic functions to the remnant limb. Lost functions are not restored to normal, leaving the patient with variable degrees of functional disabilities. This in turn may necessitate further massive reconstructive procedures. Transferred reinnervated free muscles were used to reconstruct functions lost after radical resection of malignant soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremities in 17 patients. The long-term functional outcome included survival of transplanted muscle, speed of neural recovery, and muscle strength and disabilities. All muscles survived. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 27 to 106 months. All muscles except those in a 75-year-old patient were successfully reinnervated. Powerful strength and almost normal limb functions were obtained. Functional scoring of the patients according to the rating system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society was 87 percent for the lower extremity and 93 percent for the upper extremity. All patients are presently disease-free. Use of the reinnervated free-muscle transfer in limb-sparing surgery after resection of soft-tissue sarcoma in the extremity may be indicated in the young adult when radical excision of the tumor will result in severe motor functional loss, provided adequate clearance can be obtained and that there is no presence of distant metastasis.     

Upper extremity limb salvage with microvascular reconstruction in patients with advanced sarcoma

Limb salvage is a viable alternative to amputation in many cases of advanced sarcoma. The authors examined their experience with microvascular reconstruction of upper extremity defects after sarcoma resection, focusing on oncologic and functional outcomes. A retrospective analysis yielded 17 patients who underwent 18 free flap procedures and met the inclusion criteria. Most patients (71 percent, n = 12) had recurrent sarcoma at presentation to the authors' institution. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma was the most common pathologic subtype (n = 6). High-grade tumors were present in 94 percent of patients (n = 16). The free flap survival rate was 100 percent. The rectus abdominis flap was the most common free flap used (39 percent; n = 7). Local recurrence occurred in nine flaps (50 percent), and five patients ultimately required amputations. Six patients (35 percent) had distant recurrence. The mean Enneking score for limb function was 73 percent of the maximum (21.9 of 30). The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 61.3 percent. In select patients with advanced upper extremity sarcoma undergoing limb salvage, microvascular flap reconstruction can provide reliable, safe coverage with reasonable preservation of function.     

The relative roles of aggressive wound care versus revascularization in salvage of the threatened lower extremity in the renal failure diabetic patient

Current literature indicates poor survival and limb salvage rates in renal failure diabetic patients who present with ulcerated or gangrenous lower extremities. Even in those limbs that were successfully revascularized, the amputation rate was as high as 37 percent. This has led some to advocate immediate amputation when treating the threatened limb of a renal failure diabetic patient. The authors reviewed all renal failure diabetic patients in their wound registry to determine whether such pessimism was warranted. The authors then analyzed the relative roles of revascularization and aggressive wound care on long-term limb salvage. Forty-five consecutive renal failure diabetic patients with 71 wounds in 54 limbs were identified. Twenty-seven patients had chronic renal insufficiency, 15 patients had end-stage renal disease, and three patients received kidney transplants. The revascularization procedures (46 percent of all limbs) included angioplasty, femoral-popliteal, femoral-distal, and popliteal-distal bypasses. Forty-three amputations in combination with 67 soft-tissue repairs (delayed primary wound closure, skin grafts, local flaps, pedicled flaps, and free flaps) were necessary to close the defects. After a mean follow-up of over 3 years, the data indicate that 79 percent of wounds healed, 89 percent of all limbs were salvaged, and 49 percent of patients survived. Revascularization improved the threatened limb's salvage rate from negligible to a level similar to that of the adequately vascularized limb. Fifteen out of 71 wounds did not heal because of the patient's early postoperative death, ischemia not amenable to revascularization, or noncompliance. Six below-knee amputations were performed (one despite a patent bypass and five in adequately vascularized patients). The average time for wounds to heal in the revascularized patients was 79 days versus 71 days in adequately vascularized patients. There was an overall 43 percent complication rate. Of the patients who were alive after the 3-year follow-up, 73 percent were independently ambulating, whereas 27 percent were bound to wheelchair or bed. Eighty-two percent of patients were very satisfied with the salvage attempt, 18 percent were moderately satisfied, and all patients said they would go through the process again. The authors believe that salvaging the threatened extremity in the renal failure diabetic patient is justified whether or not the limb requires revascularization. Revascularization improved the limb salvage rate, patient survival, and days for wounds to heal to a level comparable to that of the adequately vascularized limb. The key to subsequently achieving high salvage rates is the quality of perioperative wound care (e.g., serial debridements, antibiotics, dressings) and the timing and selection of appropriate soft-tissue coverage.     

高龄食管下段癌患者两种不同手术路径治疗的临床效果观察

目的：比较高龄食管下段癌患者采用二切口和三切口两种不同手术路径手术治疗的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析高龄食管下段癌患者135例,其中73例患者采用二切口术式,分为A组;62例患者采用三切口术式,分为B组,比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、食管切除长度、淋巴结清扫数目及术后并发症、术后死亡率和1年后生存率、生活质量。结果：A组术中出血量、手术时间优于B组;B组食管切除长度、淋巴结清扫数目优于A组;A组术后并发症及死亡率低于B组、术后生活质量优于B组;术后1年生存率两组无显著性差异。结论：高龄食管下段癌患者手术治疗时,应首选二切口术式,可减少术后并发症的发生,并提高术后生活质量。     

Expandable tumor prostheses in children

Any surgical resection in the lower extremities in children will cause a leg length discrepancy from physeal resection. To avoid the resulting functional deficit, leg length discrepancy must be reconciled with surgical techniques to approximate equal leg lengths at skeletal maturity. Currently there are several manufacturers who offer options for prosthetic reconstruction with expandable implants. These implants can be expanded to a length projected on the basis of three factors: the length of bone resected, the anticipated future growth of the contralateral extremity, and the estimated discrepancy of limb length at skeletal maturity. In this article, we review the basic principles and guidelines for prediction of remaining bone growth and planning lengthening in children, and present the currently available expandable prostheses and the evolution performed over time.     

Muscle-flap coverage of exposed endoprostheses

A well-entrenched tenet in the orthopedic community is that dehiscent wounds overlying exposed endoprostheses should be treated by implant removal and delayed reconstruction. A new management protocol utilizing thorough soft-tissue debridement and myocutaneous or muscle-flap coverage was evaluated in four patients at the UCLA Medical Center who presented with exposed endoprostheses. These prostheses were placed for total-joint replacement or limb salvage surgery. All four prostheses and extremities were salvaged without the need for endoprosthesis removal or exchange, and no infections developed. The results suggest that late aseptic wound dehiscence with an exposed endoprosthesis need not be managed with prosthetic removal, arthrodesis, or amputation. This one-stage procedure avoided infection, allowed early mobilization, and shortened hospitalization.     

The role of free-tissue transfers in lower-extremity reconstruction

Eighty-five free flaps were performed in 76 patients for defects in the lower extremity. A new classification of lower-extremity defects was devised to help define the role of free-tissue transfers: group 1, soft-tissue defects; group 2, soft-tissue and bone loss less than 8 cm; group 3, massive soft-tissue and bone loss greater than 8 cm; and group 4, bone defect only. Each group was further divided into clean (A) and infected (B) wounds. Our overall results include resolution of the presenting problem in 82 percent; there were 17 flap losses (20 percent), persistent osteomyelitis in 8, and 10 amputations. This review has prompted us to limit our indications for limb salvage, particularly in group 3B, in patients with compound injuries that include loss of plantar sensation, and in patients with large segments of infected bone.     

Limb salvage for soft-tissue malignancies of the foot: an evaluation of free-tissue transfer.

Free flaps may safely allow meaningful ambulation, durable limb preservation, and better quality of life in patients undergoing resections of soft-tissue cancers of the foot. To prove this, the records of a series of patients at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (n = 67) who underwent limb salvage following tumor-related resection (n = 71 procedures) from 1989 to 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen patients who were not candidates for local flaps or skin grafts received a total of 20 free flaps to preserve their limbs. Most defects (mean size, 78 cm2; range, 20 to 150 cm2) were on a weight-bearing surface of the foot (nine on a weight-bearing heel, three on a plantar foot); the remainder were on a non-weight-bearing surface (six on dorsum, two on a non-weight-bearing heel). Melanoma was diagnosed in nine cases (50 percent); soft-tissue sarcoma, in seven (39 percent); and squamous cell carcinoma, in two (11 percent). Fasciocutaneous and skin-grafted muscle flaps were used on both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing surfaces. Free-tissue transfer was successful in 17 of 20 cases (85 percent); the three flap losses occurred in two patients. Minor complications (i.e., small hematoma, partial skin graft loss, and delayed wound healing) occurred in five patients. In all cases of successful free-tissue transfer, patients began partial weight bearing at a mean of 7.4 weeks (range, 2 to 12 weeks), and all ultimately achieved full weight bearing. Sixty-seven percent still required special footwear. In one patient, an ulceration on the weight-bearing portion of the flap resolved after a footwear adjustment. Only one patient was lost to follow-up (mean, 23 months). In the 17 remaining patients, limb salvage succeeded in 15 (88 percent). Of these, nine (60 percent) were alive without evidence of disease, three (20 percent) were alive with disease, and three (20 percent) had died of disease. Local recurrence developed in two patients but was successfully treated by excision and closure. No late amputations were required for local control. Thus, it seems that free flaps help facilitate limb salvage and that they may preserve meaningful limb function in patients who undergo resection of soft-tissue malignancies of the foot.     

The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: clinical experience and anatomic study with emphasis on harvest techniques

The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap is a relatively new flap that has yet to find its niche in reconstructive surgery. At the authors' institution it has been used for limb salvage, head and neck reconstruction, and trunk reconstruction in cases related to trauma, burns, and malignancy. The authors have found the flap to be advantageous for cranial base reconstruction and for resurfacing the face and oral cavity. The flap has been used successfully for reconstruction of traumatic upper and lower extremity defects, and it can be used as a pedicled flap or as a free tissue transfer. The perforating branches of the thoracodorsal artery offer a robust blood supply to a skin-soft-tissue paddle of 10 to 12 cm x 25 cm, overlying the latissimus dorsi muscle. The average pedicle length is 20 cm (range, 16 to 23 cm), which allows for a safe anastomosis outside the zone of injury in traumatized extremities; the flap can be made sensate by neurorrhaphy with sensory branches of the intercostal nerves. Vascularized bone can be transferred with this flap by taking advantage of the inherent vascular anatomy of the subscapular artery. A total of 30 pedicled and free flap transfers were performed at the authors' institution with an overall complication rate of 23 percent and an overall flap survival rate of 97 percent. Major complications, such as vascular thrombosis, return to the operating room, fistula formation, recurrence of tumor, and flap loss, occurred in 17 percent of the patients. Despite these drawbacks, the authors have found the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap to be a safe and extremely versatile flap that offers significant advantages in acute and delayed reconstruction cases.     

Limb salvage in the patient with severe peripheral vascular disease: the role of microsurgical free-tissue transfer

Severe peripheral vascular disease has traditionally precluded the use of free-tissue transfer for lower extremity salvage. In the present series, 10 microvascular transfers performed over a 2-year period are critically evaluated. Vascular surgical consultation was obtained if the preoperative assessment revealed reconstructible vascular disease proximal to the offending wound. Flaps were performed for osteomyelitis in two cases and neurotrophic ulcers in eight cases. Seven of the 10 extremities had prior distal revascularization procedures before the tissue-transfer procedure. There were no anastomotic flap failures; however, one lower extremity underwent below-knee amputation due to sepsis and its cardiovascular sequelae. In properly selected peripheral vascular disease patients, limb salvage can be effected with microsurgical free-tissue transfer. The technique appears invaluable in those patients who have undergone prior contralateral amputation.     

术前心理准备对肺癌患者胸腔镜术后生存质量的影响

目的:探讨术前心理准备对肺癌患者胸腔镜术后生存质量的影响。方法:随机将100例胸腔镜肺叶切除术加淋巴结清扫术后肺癌患者分为两组,实验组患者及其家属术前接受行腔镜手术的健康教育与宣讲,并观看相应手术视频和手术室及监护室环境的图片,对照组患者及其家属术前只接受传统的的口头和文字叙述为主的术前宣教方式。采用欧洲癌症治疗与研究组织癌症生存量表核心量表(QLQ-C30)中文版评估和比较两组患者术前及术后1、3、6和12个月的生活质量。结果:1)术后12个月,实验组的角色、情绪和认知评分明显高于对照组,有统计学差异(P0.05);2)术后1个月,实验组的疲劳、疼痛和呼吸困难评分明显低于对照组,有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:术前视觉化的护理干预可明显提高肺癌患者胸腔镜术后的生存质量。     

胃癌患者术后生存质量与心理健康调查及干预效果探讨

目的:调查胃癌患者术后的生活质量及心理健康状况,探讨护理干预对胃癌患者术后恢复的积极意义,为胃癌的围术期护理提供参考。方法:选取2009年7月-2012年1月在我院接受手术治疗的胃癌患者70例,手术治疗方式根据患者的具体情况采用肿瘤剔除术、近端胃切除、远端胃切除及胃大切除术等。按照术后所采取的护理方式,将所选病例分为干预组和对照组。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后的焦虑、抑郁发生率及生活质量的评分变化。结果:对照组焦虑发生率为76.6%,抑郁发生率为83.3%;干预组焦虑发生率为55%,抑郁发生率为50%。干预组患者焦虑及抑郁的发生率显著低于对照组患者(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后的生理机能、躯体疼痛、社会功能、情感功能及认知功能评分均比治疗前有所改善,干预组患者改善更明显,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:护理干预不仅可以缓解胃癌患者术后出现的负面情绪,而且有利于改善患者术后的生存质量,值得在临床进一步推广。     

保乳手术与改良根治术治疗Ⅰ-Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者的疗效及生存状况比较研究

目的:比较分析乳腺癌保乳手术和根治术的临床疗效及患者生存状况。方法:回顾性分析2012年6月至2015年6月在我院乳腺外科行手术治疗的乳腺癌患者92例的临床资料,其中行保乳手术患者24例(保乳组),行根治手术患者68例(根治组),两组患者术后均采用个性化综合治疗巩固疗效,对比观察两组疗效及预后状况;通过乳腺癌生命质量测定量表(FACT-B)检测对比两组患者术后1、2年的生存质量;并对比两组患者术后乳房美容效果。结果:保乳组患者手术时间、术中出血量、引流量以及引流时间均明显较根治组少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而淋巴结清扫数则无明显差异(P0.05);两组患者上肢水肿发生率无明显差异(P0.05),而保乳组切缘皮瓣缺血发生率低于根治组(P0.05);两组患者术后2年生存率、复发率以及远处转移率无统计学差异(P0.05)。保乳组患者术后1、2年生理状况、情感状况、社会状况、功能状况、其他因素及生活质量综合评分均显著高于根治组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);保乳组术后乳房美容效果的优良率显著高于根治组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:相比于根治术,保乳手术不仅具有创伤小、术后恢复快的优势,患者预后状况与根治术相当,同时可更好的改善患者生存质量,术后乳房美容效果较好,临床应用价值更高。