刺五加提取物对断奶仔猪血常规和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究日粮添加刺五加提取物对断奶仔猪血常规和抗氧化功能的影响,选择21日龄断奶仔猪60头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理20个重复,单栏饲养,分别饲喂基础日粮+0.1%刺五加提取物、基础日粮+0.02%粘杆菌素和基础日粮.于试验开始后第7、14和28 d每个处理随机选取5头试猪,前腔静脉采血,测定血常规和抗氧化指标.结果表明:刺五加提取物能显著改善断奶仔猪的抗病能力,减轻应激反应,机体抗氧化酶活性明显升高;第7 d时提取物组MID、PLT、MDA和NO含量显著小于基础日粮组(P＜0.05);第14 d时提取物组WBC显著小于、CAT活性显著大于基础日粮组(P＜0.05);第28 d时提取物组WBC、MID和GRA显著小于(P＜0.05),SOD活性大于基础日粮组(P＞0.05).     

低蛋白质日粮对断奶仔猪生长相关激素和肠道微生物区系的影响

【目的】在饲喂低蛋白质日粮条件下,探究断奶仔猪生长相关激素、回肠和盲肠微生物组成及其代谢产物的变化。【方法】选取体重相近杜长大断奶仔猪54头,随机平均分为3组,每组18头,分别饲喂含20%(NP组)、17%(MP组)和14%(LP组)粗蛋白日粮,平衡日粮中的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸,于试验第10、25和45天每组屠宰6头,采血测定血常规和生长相关激素;于第45天采集回肠和盲肠食糜,分析微生物及其代谢产物。【结果】与NP组相比,第25和45天时MP和LP组尿素氮水平显著降低(P0.05),第25天时LP组甘油三脂含量、第45天时LP组胆固醇含量显著增加(P0.05)。各时间点血液胰高血糖素、胰岛素、生长激素、T3和T4在3组之间差异均不显著。门水平上,回肠和盲肠中的微生物均以厚壁菌门占主导地位,但各组间差异不显著;随日粮蛋白质含量降低,乳酸杆菌属呈上升趋势,严格梭菌属呈下降趋势,但差异不显著。降低日粮蛋白质含量显著减少了回肠和盲肠中氨氮的产量(P0.05)。【结论】断奶仔猪日粮蛋白质降低3或6个百分点不影响机体生长相关激素的分泌,但能降低血液尿素氮和肠道内氨氮的浓度,对肠道有益菌乳酸杆菌属的相对丰度有一定的提高作用。这说明低蛋白质日粮能提高断奶仔猪对饲料氮源的利用率,且有利于肠道健康。     

鱼油对断奶大鼠脏器指数及肠道菌群影响的研究

目的探讨鱼油对断奶大鼠脏器指数及肠道菌群的影响。方法选取（21±3）d日龄断奶SD大鼠96只,雌雄各半,随机分为2组,实验组饲喂添加0．5％鱼油的饲料,对照组饲喂正常饲料。分别于第7、14、21、28天处死各组大鼠12只,分别测定大鼠肝脏指数、胸腺指数及脾脏指数;应用梯度稀释法和培养法测定大鼠4种肠道正常菌群,即肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、葡萄球菌。结果实验组第7天脾脏指数与对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,第28天肝脏指数和胸腺指数与对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;实验组第7、14和21天肠道内肠杆菌数量与对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,第7天大鼠肠道内葡萄球菌数量与对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,第14天大鼠肠道内葡萄球菌数量与对照组相比差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）,实验组大鼠肠道内乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量与对照组相比虽有所增高,但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论鱼油可以明显提高断奶大鼠的脏器指数,并且可通过增加断奶大鼠肠道内双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,降低肠道内肠杆菌和葡萄球菌数量,进而调节断奶大鼠的肠内菌群,改善肠道内环境。     

枯草芽孢杆菌YK-1R对断奶仔猪肠道菌群的影响

本研究旨在运用高通量测序技术研究益生菌Bacillus subtilis YK-1R对断奶仔猪肠道菌群的影响。挑选21日龄断奶仔猪14头,随机分成两组,即益生菌组与空白对照组,每组各7头仔猪。益生菌组每头仔猪每天灌胃15 m L浓度为109cfu/m L的益生菌,对照组每天灌胃15 m L磷酸缓冲液(PBS)。在实验第0天、第14天、第28天采集每头仔猪新鲜粪便样品,采用高通量测序技术分析仔猪肠道菌群组分与结构变化。研究表明,在实验第14天时,益生菌显著提高断奶仔猪生长性能(p0.01)、肠道菌群alpha多样性(p0.05),降低仔猪腹泻率,提高饲料利用率;基于unweighted Uni Frac距离多元方差分析(MANOVA)表明,此时益生菌组与对照组仔猪肠道菌群结构有显著差异(p0.01)。由此可见,益生菌Bacillus subtilis YK-1R能增加仔猪肠道菌群多样性,促进仔猪健康生长。     

山药对环江香猪营养物质消化代谢的影响

为了探讨山药对环江香猪营养物质消化代谢的影响,本研究选用体重为4.55±0.63 kg的环江香猪10头,随机分为2组,每组5头,单笼饲养,分别饲喂山药日粮和基础日粮,试验期为7 d。试验开始和结束时分别称取试验猪体重,记录日采食量;试验第5～7 d收集粪样,用TiO2指示剂法测定常规营养成分的消化率;试验第7 d采血分离血浆,分别用全自动生化分析仪和氨基酸分析仪测定生化指标和氨基酸浓度。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和干物质消化率均有所提高(P>0.05);血浆尿素氮和血氨浓度均显著降低、总蛋白浓度显著升高(P<0.05),白蛋白和葡萄糖浓度及碱性磷酸酶活性均有所升高(P>0.05);血浆丙氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸和总氨基酸浓度均显著升高(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,山药可改善环江香猪的消化代谢功能,这为开发环江香猪的绿色环保饲料提供了一定的科学依据。     

运输应激对食蟹猴血清生化指标、丙二醛及总抗氧化能力的影响

目的 研究食蟹猴在长途运输后血浆皮质醇、血清生化指标、丙二醛(MDA)及总抗氧化能力(TAOC)变化情况.方法 对雄性食蟹猴在运输前后不同时间采血,进行血清生化指标、血清MDA及TAOC测定.结果 运输后ALT、AST及LDH显著升高(P<0.05),BUN、CREA、TP及ALB显著下降(P<0.05);ALP、GLU及TBIL升高,TCHO及CK下降,但差异均不显著.除CK与LDH外,其余指标均在第29天时恢复正常.运输后血清MDA逐渐升高(P<0.01),第2天达到峰值,第29天趋于稳定;TAOC逐渐降低,第2天降至最低(P<0.05),第29天趋于稳定.结论 运输不仅可引起多个血清生化指标发生变化,还可以使食蟹猴处于氧化应激状态中;运输后至少应该有29天的适应饲养期,以保证血清生化指标恢复到正常水平及机体氧化与抗氧化状态恢复平衡.     

中草药超微粉对断奶仔猪氨基酸消化吸收的影响

为了研究中草药超微粉对断奶仔猪氨基酸消化吸收的影响,将60头21日龄断奶仔猪随机分为3组,分别为添加中草药超微粉日粮组、粘杆菌素日粮组及基础日粮组.于添加后第7、14和28 d每组随机取5头试猪,前腔静脉采血,测定血清游离氨基酸含量;采血试猪经麻醉后处死,取回肠末端食糜测定其中的氨基酸含量.结果表明,中草药超微粉组的血清总氨基酸含量在第14和28 d显著高于基础日粮组,回肠末端食糜氨基酸含量在第28 d显著低于基础日粮组和粘杆菌素日粮组,故认为中草药超微粉能显著促进蛋白质在胃肠道的消化,且能显著增加氨基酸在肠道的吸收.     

刺五加提取物对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化参数的影响

早期断奶会使仔猪产生心理、环境和营养应激反应,引起仔猪腹泻、营养不良和生长迟滞等。本试验通过在日粮中添加刺五加提取物,饲喂21日龄断奶仔猪,观察其生长性能、腹泻指数、器官指数和血清生化参数等指标的变化,为开发绿色防病促生长剂提供理论依据。结果表明,刺五加提取物能够显著提高早期断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),降低料肉比,显著防治早期断奶仔猪腹泻(P<0.05),其作用强于粘杆菌素;刺五加提取物组第1周的α-淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性均大于对照组(P>0.05),第2周的尿素氮含量极显著大于抗生素组和对照组(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶活性显著小于对照组(P<0.05),第4周的α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,刺五加提取物能够缓解仔猪的早期断奶应激,增强机体抵抗力,促进生长。     

应用16S rRNA基因技术研究仔猪结肠梭菌Ⅳ群变化

【目的】研究从7日龄到35日龄(断奶后两周)仔猪结肠中梭菌Ⅳ群(柔嫩梭菌群,Clostridium Leptumgroup)结构以及数量的变化,探究该菌群与结肠中丁酸浓度的关系。【方法】选取3窝新生仔猪,分别在7、14、21(断奶)、24和35日龄每窝随机屠宰1头,收集结肠内容物,利用气相色谱测定挥发性脂肪酸(Volatilefatty acid,VFA);提取结肠内容物总细菌DNA,利用基于16S rRNA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)和Real-time PCR技术定性、定量分析梭菌Ⅳ群。【结果】对仔猪结肠中梭菌Ⅳ群DGGE图谱进行相似性分析显示,7日龄仔猪样品归于一簇,数值达90%以上,而与其他日龄的样品间相似性较低,断奶前(21日龄)和断奶后3天菌群则没有显著变化。Real-time PCR定量分析显示,仔猪结肠总细菌拷贝数在断奶后3天显著降低,这一趋势与结肠中的总挥发性脂肪酸和丁酸浓度变化相似,而梭菌Ⅳ群拷贝数变化则不显著。克隆和测序分析表明,仔猪结肠梭菌Ⅳ群中的优势菌为Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii,Subdoligranulum variabile以及一些未培养细菌。【结论】7日龄至14日龄仔猪结肠中梭菌Ⅳ群发生改变,但断奶对其影响不大;该菌群和结肠丁酸浓度关系还需进一步研究。     

中药渣发酵物对母猪繁殖性能和血浆指标的影响

为了探讨中药渣发酵物在母猪饲粮中的添加效果,试验选用2~6胎次长白×大白二元妊娠母猪32头,随机分为对照组和试验组,单栏饲养。于妊娠90 d至产后28 d,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.5%中药渣发酵物。于分娩当天记录产活仔数、死胎数和木乃伊数,称取仔猪出生窝重;于产后21 d称取仔猪断奶窝重,计算断奶窝增重。分别于母猪妊娠110 d及产后21 d测量母猪的背膘厚,计算背膘损失;于分娩当天和产后21 d耳缘静脉采集母猪血液,肝素抗凝,离心分离血浆,用于血浆生化参数和抗氧化性能指标测定。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组仔猪的断奶窝增重有升高趋势(P=0.068),断奶后1~7 d发情率呈升高趋势(P0.05),分娩当天血浆ALT活性和MDA含量显著降低(P0.05)、UN浓度显著升高(P0.05),产后21 d血浆AST活性显著降低(P0.05)、UN浓度显著升高(P0.05)、SOD活力有升高趋势(P=0.063)。上述结果表明,中药渣发酵物可在一定程度上提高母猪的繁殖性能、增强抗氧化能力,增加仔猪断奶窝增重。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.